Pronation Muscles of Anterior Forearm Deep Layer

Pronation Muscles of Anterior Forearm Deep Layer/The muscles are largely involved with flexion and pronation. The superficial muscles have their origin on the common flexor tendon. The ulnar nerve and artery are also contained within this compartment. The flexor digitorum superficialis lies in between the other four muscles of the superficial group and the three muscles of the deep group. This is why it is also classified as an intermediate group.
Pronation Muscles of Anterior Forearm Deep Layer

Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Forearm (Flexors of Forearm)

Superficial layer

Pronator teres

  • Function: Pronation of radio-ulnar joint
  • Origin: Coronoid process and medial epicondyle of humerus
  • Insertion: Lateral surface of the radius
  • Innervation: Median nerve (C6, C7)

Flexor carpi radialis

  • Function: Flexion and adduction at the wrist
  • Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
  • Insertion: Base of second metacarpal
  • Innervation: Median nerve (C6, C7)

Palmaris longus

  • Function: Flexion at the wrist, tensing of the palmar aponeurosis
  • Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
  • Insertion: Flexor retinaculum
  • Innervation: Median nerve (C7, C8)

Flexor carpi ulnaris

  • Function: Flexion and adduction at the wrist
  • Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon
  • Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate and fifth metacarpal
  • Innervation: Median nerve (C7, C8)

Intermediate Layer

Flexor digitorum superficialis 

  • Function: Flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, and fifth finger. Also has a weaker flexion action on the metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers
  • Origin: Medial epicondyle, coronoid process, and anterior radius
  • Insertion: Second, third, fourth, and fifth middle phalanges
  • Innervation: Median nerve (C7, C8, T1)

Deep Layer

Flexor digitorum profundus

  • Function: Flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, and fifth finger
  • Origin: Medial and the anterior surface of the proximal ulna and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Second, third, fourth, and fifth distal phalanges
  • Innervation: Ulnar nerve (C8, T1) for the medial part, anterior interosseous nerve (C8,T1) for the lateral

Flexor pollicis longus

  • Function: Flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb
  • Origin: Anterior aspect of radius as well as interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of thumb
  • Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Pronator quadratus

  • Function: Pronator of the forearm
  • Origin: Anterior aspect of distal ulna
  • Insertion: Anterior aspect of the distal radius
  • Innervation: Anterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Brachioradialis

  • Function: Weak flexor of the forearm
  • Origin: Proximal supracondylar ridge on the humerus
  • Insertion: Lateral surface of the distal end of radius
  • Innervation: Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Muscles of Posterior Compartment of Forearm

Superficial

Extensor carpi radialis longus

  • Function: Extension and abduction of the wrist
  • Origin: Proximal supracondylar ridge on the humerus
  • Insertion: Dorsal base of the second metacarpal
  • Innervation: Radial nerve (C6, C7)

Extensor carpi radialis brevis 

  • Function: Extension and abduction of the wrist
  • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • Insertion: Dorsal base of the third metacarpal
  • Innervation: Deep branch of the radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor digitorum

  • Function: Extension of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, fourth, and fifth fingers. Also has a weaker extension action on the metacarpophalangeal joints of the same fingers
  • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • Insertion: Extensor expansions on the dorsal aspect of second, third, fourth, and fifth middle and distal phalanges
  • Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor digit minimi

  • Function: Extension of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint and interphalangeal joint
  • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
  • Insertion: Extensor expansion on the dorsal aspect of fifth phalanx
  • Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor carpi ulnaris

  • Function: Extension and adduction of the wrist
  • Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior ulna
  • Insertion: Fifth metacarpal base
  • Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Deep Layer

Extensor indices

  • Function: Extension of the index finger
  • Origin: Dorsal surface of distal ulna and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Extensor expansion of second finger
  • Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Supinator 

  • Function: Supination of the forearm
  • Origin: Lateral epicondyle and supinator crest of ulna
  • Insertion: Lateral surface of radius
  • Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Abductor policies longus 

  • Function: Abduction of the thumb by acting on the carpometacarpal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Origin: Dorsal aspects of the proximal radius, ulna, and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Base of the first metacarpal
  • Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor pollicus longus 

  • Function: Extension of the thumb by acting on the carpometacarpal joint, the metacarpophalangeal joint, and the interphalangeal joint.
  • Origin: Dorsal aspects of the middle ulna and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Distal phalanx of 1st finger
  • Innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor pollicus brevis

  • Function: Extension of the thumb by acting on the carpometacarpal joint and the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Origin: Dorsal aspects of middle radius and interosseous membrane
  • Insertion: Distal phalanx of 1st finger
  • innervation: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)

Intrinsic Muscles of Hand

Thenar muscles

Opponents policies 

  • Function: Opposition of the thumb
  • Origin: Flexor retinaculum  and tubercle of trapezium
  • Insertion: Lateral aspect of first metacarpal
  • Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Abductor policies Brevis

  • Function: Abduction of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Origin: Flexor retinaculum  and tubercle of scaphoid
  • Insertion: Lateral aspect of proximal phalanx of first finger
  • Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Flexor pollicus brevis 

  • Function: Flexion of the thumb at the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Origin: Flexor retinaculum  and tubercle of trapezium
  • Insertion: Lateral aspect of proximal phalanx of first finger
  • Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8, T1)

Adductor Compartment

Adductor pollicus 

  • Function: Adduction of the thumb
  • Origin: Second, third metacarpal, and capitate
  • Insertion: Proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of 1st finger
  • Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Hypothenar Muscles

Abductor digiti minimi

  • Function: Abduction of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Origin: Pisiform
  • Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of fifth finger
  • Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Flexor digiti minimi brevis

  • Function: Flexion of the little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint
  • Origin: Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
  • Insertion: Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of fifth finger
  • Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Opponens digiti minimi

  • Function: Opposition of the little finger
  • Origin: Flexor retinaculum and hook of hamate
  • Insertion: Medial aspect of fifth metacarpal
  • Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Short Muscles

Lubricants 

  • Function: Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints with extension of the interphalangeal joints
  • Origin: Arise from tendons of flexor digitorum profundus. First 2 are unipennate, and the third and fourth are bipennate
  • Insertion: Extensor expansions of second, third, fourth, and fifth finger
  • Innervation: Median nerve (C8, T1) for the lateral 2 lumbricals, deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) for the medial 2 lumbricals

Dorsal interossei 

  • Function: Abduction of the second, third, and fourth finger away from the axial line
  • Origin: Adjacent metacarpals
  • Insertion: Extensor expansions and proximal phalanges of the second, third, and fourth fingers
  • Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Palmar interossei

  • Function: Adduction of the second, third, and fourth finger towards the axial line
  • Origin: Palmar surfaces of second, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
  • Insertion: Extensor expansions and proximal phalanges of the second, fourth, and fifth fingers
  • Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1)

Surgical Considerations

The deltoid is a significant factor when considering the anterior surgical approach to gain access to the shoulder joint.  Some of these technical procedures include, but are not limited to the following:

  • Open Bankart repair/capsular reconstructions – indicated in the setting of recurrent anterior (or other directional) instability of the shoulder
  • Shoulder arthroplasty – indicated for cases of post-traumatic deformity, advanced degenerative arthritis, and/or avascular necrosis includes hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA), reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA)
  • The long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) – repair versus tenotomy versus tenodesis procedures  indicated in the setting of either LHBT/bicipital groove instability or advanced/end-stage LHBT tendinopathy and degeneration
  • Rotator cuff repair contemporary –  indications remain somewhat controversial although most of these procedures are now being performed arthroscopically popular approaches (as opposed to the deltopectoral approach) include the mini-open approach (lateral deltoid-splitting approach)

References