Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 deficiency, often shortened to CPT1A deficiency, is a rare, inherited energy-use problem in the liver. Our bodies store fat and then burn it to make energy, ...
Hepatic vein obstruction means the blood leaving the liver cannot flow out normally through the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and then to the heart. The blockage can be inside the ...
Unconjugated bilirubin is a yellow waste pigment that your body makes when it breaks down old red blood cells. First, hemoglobin from red cells becomes biliverdin, then turns into bilirubin. In this ...
Kernicterus is brain damage caused by very high levels of a yellow substance in the baby’s blood called unconjugated bilirubin. When bilirubin is too high, it can cross into the brain and injure deep ...
Bilirubin encephalopathy means brain injury caused by very high levels of unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin in a newborn’s blood. Unconjugated bilirubin can cross into the brain. It is fat-soluble ...
Non-syndromic biliary atresia is a liver disease in newborn babies. The tiny tubes that carry bile (the bile ducts) become inflamed, scarred, and blocked. Bile cannot flow to the intestine. It gets ...
Isolated atresia of the bile ducts means the tubes that carry bile from a baby’s liver to the intestine are blocked or missing. Bile is a fluid that helps digestion and carries waste out of the ...
Congenital biliary duct atresia (biliary atresia) is a disease of newborn babies. The small tubes that carry bile from the liver to the intestine do not open and drain normally. The tubes can be ...
Atresia of bile ducts means that the tubes that carry bile from a baby’s liver to the intestine are scarred, narrowed, or completely blocked. Bile is a digestive fluid made by the liver. It helps us ...
Biliary atresia is a rare disease in newborns where the bile ducts outside (and sometimes inside) the liver are blocked or missing. Bile cannot flow from the liver into the intestine, so bilirubin ...
Bile acid-CoA ligase deficiency and defective amidation is a rare, inherited problem in how the liver “finishes” bile acids. Normally, the liver first activates a bile acid by attaching CoA (the ...
Your liver makes bile acids. Bile acids help digest fat and absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K. Before bile acids can work well, the liver must “activate” and “conjugate” them. Activation uses an enzyme ...
Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2) is a rare, inherited liver condition. People with BRIC2 have repeated “attacks” (episodes) in which their liver cannot move bile out properly. ...
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 is a rare, inherited liver condition. “Benign” means it usually does not cause permanent liver scarring. “Recurrent” means symptoms come and go in ...
Benign recurrent cholestasis (BRC/BRIC) is a rare liver condition where bile flow from the liver slows or stops for weeks to months, then gets better by itself and can come back later. During an ...
Benign familial recurrent cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare, inherited liver condition. “Benign” means it does not usually lead to permanent liver damage. “Familial” means it runs in families. “Recurrent” ...
Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare, inherited liver condition. It causes repeated “attacks” when bile cannot flow out of liver cells the way it should. During an attack, bile ...
Ciliary dysentery is a bowel infection caused by a large, single-cell parasite named Balantidium coli. It is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. The parasite lives in the large ...
Balantidial dysentery is a bowel infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Balantidium coli (also written in newer papers as Balantioides coli; older papers may use Neobalantidium coli). It ...
Balantidiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by a single-celled parasite called Balantidium coli (also known in newer science papers as Balantioides coli or Neobalantidium coli). It is ...
Introduction Gallbladder cancer is a rare but serious disease that develops when cancerous (malignant) cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder a small organ located just beneath the liver. ...
Introduction Liver cancer is one of the most challenging cancers worldwide, known for its aggressive nature and often late diagnosis. The liver, a vital organ responsible for ...
Pelvofemoral muscular dystrophy (PFMD) is an older descriptive name for a limb-girdle pattern of muscular dystrophy in which weakness starts in the pelvic and upper-thigh (femoral) muscles first, and ...
Isolated congenital polycystic liver disease is a rare condition in which many fluid-filled sacs (cysts) grow throughout the liver over a lifetime, even though the rest of the body is otherwise ...
Fibrocystic disease of the liver (often called fibropolycystic liver disease) is a family of rare birth-related liver problems where the tubes that carry bile (the bile ducts) do not form normally ...
Congenital polycystic liver disease is a condition you are born with. It causes many fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, to form in the liver. These cysts come from the tiny tubes that line the bile ...
Congenital cystic disease of the liver is an umbrella term for birth-related (genetic or developmental) problems where tiny tubes in the developing liver (the bile ducts) do not form in the normal ...
Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD) is a genetic condition where many fluid-filled cysts grow in the liver. Over time, cysts can become numerous and large. The healthy liver tissue ...
Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special kind of chronic inflammation of the pancreas that happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks the pancreas. It often causes painless yellowing of the ...
Autoimmune hepatitis is a long-lasting liver disease where the body’s immune system wrongly attacks liver cells. This attack causes inflammation, raises liver enzymes in blood tests, and—without ...
Autoimmune enteropathy and endocrinopathy – susceptibility to chronic infections syndrome is an extremely rare, inherited immune-system disorder. It happens most often because of a change (mutation) ...
Severe immune-mediated enteropathy means the small intestine is badly inflamed or injured because the immune system is attacking or mis-controlling the lining of the gut. “Severe” means the damage is ...
Urethral atresia means the urethra (the tube that lets urine exit the bladder) did not form a usable opening during fetal development. Urine cannot leave the fetal bladder, so pressure backs up to ...
Atresia of the urethra means the urethra—the tube that should carry urine from the bladder to the outside—did not form an open channel. It is blocked completely. Because urine cannot leave the ...
Jejunoileal atresia is a birth defect where a segment of the small intestine (jejunum and/or ileum) fails to form a normal, open tube, causing a complete blockage. Babies typically present in the ...
Jejunal atresia is a birth problem where a section of the middle small intestine (the jejunum) is blocked or missing. Because the tube is closed, milk cannot pass through, so newborns quickly develop ...
Congenital small intestine atresia means a baby is born with a blocked or missing segment of the small bowel (jejunum or ileum). Food and fluid cannot pass through. This causes swollen bowel loops ...
Atresia of the small intestine means a portion of a baby’s small bowel did not form a normal, open tube before birth. Instead of a smooth passage, there is a complete block (atresia) or, less often, ...
Annular pancreas is a rare birth difference where a ring (or partial ring) of pancreatic tissue grows around the second part of the duodenum (the first part of the small bowel). That ring can squeeze ...
Anisakiasis is a disease caused by tiny roundworms (nematodes) that live in some raw or undercooked marine fish and squid. When a person eats fish or squid that contains a live larva, the worm can ...
Emphysema–cirrhosis due to AAT deficiency is a genetic condition where a person is born with too little working alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. AAT is made mainly in the liver and travels in the ...
Syndromic bile duct paucity means there are fewer small bile ducts inside the liver than normal, and this shortage occurs as part of a broader syndrome that also affects other organs (like the heart, ...
Arteriohepatic dysplasia—better known as Alagille syndrome (ALGS)—is a rare genetic condition that affects many body systems, mainly the liver and heart. In the liver, there are fewer small bile ...
Accelerated interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a fast-moving form of interstitial lung disease in which the tiny air sacs (alveoli) and the tissue between them (interstitium) become acutely inflamed and ...
Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a sudden, severe lung disease that causes rapid inflammation and scarring in both lungs. Doctors also call it Hamman–Rich syndrome. It usually affects adults who ...
Acute infantile liver failure due to synthesis defects is a sudden, life-threatening breakdown of liver function in a baby (newborn to about 12 months old) caused by problems in the body’s “making” ...
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An accessory pancreas means there is a small piece of normal pancreatic tissue that sits outside the main pancreas. It grew there during early life in the womb, when the baby’s organs were forming. ...
Mixed gallbladder stones are hard pebble-like lumps that form inside the gallbladder from more than one ingredient at the same time. Most stones are made mainly of cholesterol crystals. Some are made ...
“Mixed stones” are solid lumps that form inside fluid-filled organs or ducts when different materials clump together. In everyday medicine, this term most often refers to mixed gallstones—stones made ...
Brown pigment stones are soft, brown-colored stones that form inside the bile ducts (the small tubes that carry bile from the liver to the intestine). Unlike the more common cholesterol stones and ...
Black pigment gallstones are hard, dark stones that form inside your gallbladder. They are called “black” because they look jet-black or charcoal-black when doctors see them during surgery or ...
Pigment gallstones are hard, pebble-like pieces that form inside the gallbladder or bile ducts. They are called “pigment” stones because they are made mainly from a dark chemical called bilirubin, ...
Cholesterol stones are small, solid “pebbles” that form inside the gallbladder, a small pouch under your liver that stores bile. Bile is a yellow-green fluid that helps your body digest fat. ...
Pancreatomegaly is a descriptive word, not a final diagnosis. It means the pancreas is bigger than usual. Doctors usually notice it on imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, MRCP, or endoscopic ...
Esophageal dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the normal microbial community of the esophagus. Under healthy conditions, the esophageal mucosa hosts a diverse population of bacteria—predominantly ...
Vaginal dysbiosis is a condition in which the natural balance of microorganisms in the vagina is disturbed, allowing harmful or opportunistic microbes to overgrow and outnumber the beneficial ...
Oral dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that live in the mouth. In a healthy mouth, these microbes coexist in harmony and help with ...
Gut dysbiosis means that the tiny creatures living in your digestive tract—mostly bacteria, but also viruses and fungi—are out of balance. In a healthy gut, these microbes help you digest food, make ...
Dysbiosis is when the balance of helpful and harmful microorganisms in your gut breaks down. Think of your digestive tract as a garden: you need more of the good plants (beneficial bacteria) and ...
Neuropsychiatric dysbiosis is a condition where the community of microorganisms living in your gut (the gut microbiota) becomes unbalanced, leading to problems in brain function and mental health. In ...
Metabolic dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the body’s metabolic processes, often driven by disruptions in gut microbes, hormone signaling, or nutrient utilization. In simple terms, it means the ...
Functional dysbiosis is an imbalance in the normal functions of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is a diverse community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that live in the ...
Inflammatory dysbiosis is an imbalance in the community of microbes living in the gut—beneficial bacteria decline while harmful species flourish—triggering chronic inflammation that can affect ...
Infectious dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the body’s microbial communities—most often in the gut—triggered by the overgrowth of pathogenic organisms (bacteria, fungi, or viruses) that disrupt ...
Thoracic transverse (T5–T6) nerve root compression is a condition where the spinal nerve root exiting between the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae gets pinched or squeezed by surrounding structures ...
Cervical Disc Non-Contained Sequestration is a severe form of disc herniation in the neck where a fragment of the intervertebral disc completely breaks away from its parent disc and lies free in the ...
Cervical disc posterolateral sequestration is a subtype of disc extrusion in which the soft inner core (nucleus pulposus) of a cervical intervertebral disc tears completely through its tough outer ...
Cervical C5–C6 Disc Sequestration is an advanced form of cervical disc herniation in which a fragment of the nucleus pulposus completely separates from the parent intervertebral disc and migrates ...
Cervical Disc Subligamentous Extrusion is a specific type of herniated disc in the neck. It happens when the soft, gel-like center of a cervical intervertebral disc (the nucleus pulposus) pushes ...
Imagine you’re going about your day, and suddenly, a sharp pain hits your upper abdomen. This pain doesn’t just fade away; it lingers, throbs, and even spreads to your back. You start asking ...
Have you ever heard of fatty liver disease? It’s a condition that affects millions of people worldwide, yet many are unaware of its potential consequences.Imagine your liver, a hardworking organ ...
The abdominal external oblique is one of the muscles of your abdomen (tummy area). It plays a big role in movement, posture, and stability of the trunk. When problems happen with this muscle—often ...
Anococcygeal body injury is an injury affecting the small tissue structure located between the anus and the tailbone (coccyx). Though this area is not widely known outside of specialized medical ...
Tendinous arch strain refers to an injury or overuse condition affecting the tendinous structures that support the arch of the foot. These tendons, along with associated muscles, ligaments, and ...
Tendinous arch sprain is an injury that affects the tendinous structures in the arch area of the foot. Although the term might sound complex, it refers to a sprain that damages the tendons that ...
Tendinous arch laxity is a condition that refers to the looseness or weakened support of the tendinous arch—an important structural part in areas like the foot or other joints where tendons form a ...
Tendinous arch adhesions is a term used to describe abnormal bands of scar-like tissue that form in or around the tendinous arches of the body. These adhesions can cause pain, stiffness, and reduced ...
Tendinous arch hyperplasia is a condition where a band of tendon tissue—known as the tendinous arch—grows thicker than normal. This overgrowth can affect how the tendon works and may lead to pain, ...
Tendinous Arch Fibrosis is a condition where fibrous (scar-like) tissue forms within the tendinous arch of a structure—often in the foot—leading to stiffness, pain, and functional problems. This ...
The tendinous arch is a band of fibrous tissue that plays an important role in supporting our foot’s structure and function. When an infection occurs in this area, it can lead to pain, swelling, and ...
Tendinous arch cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop along or near the supportive bands of tissue (the tendinous arches) that help our tendons work properly. Although these cysts are usually ...
Tendinous arch tumors are abnormal growths that form in or near the tendinous arches—fibrous bands that support our muscles and tendons. Although they are not very common, understanding them is ...
Tendinous arch injury is a condition affecting the fibrous structures in your foot that help maintain the arch. This guide explains what it is, how it occurs, its symptoms, the ways to diagnose it, ...
Tendinous arch pain is a condition that affects the arch area of the foot where important tendons work to support and move your foot. It can cause discomfort, stiffness, and difficulty with walking ...
Tendinous arch masses are abnormal lumps or growths that develop along a tendon arch—an area where tendons form a curved band, most often found in the foot. These masses can be a source of pain, ...
Tendinous Arch Hypertrophy is a condition where the tendon structure that forms a natural arch becomes abnormally thickened or enlarged. This hypertrophy can lead to pain, discomfort, and changes in ...
Tendinous arches are fibrous bands made up of tendons that play an essential role in supporting our feet and other parts of the body. When these structures are injured, inflamed, or degenerate, they ...
Tendinous arch disorders affect the tendon structures that help support the arches of the foot. These arches play a key role in supporting our body weight, absorbing shock when we walk, run, or jump, ...
An obturator fascia hernia is a rare type of pelvic hernia where a part of an organ, often the intestine, pushes through a weakness in the fascia (a thin layer of tissue) near the obturator canal. ...
Obturator fascia adhesions refer to abnormal bands of scar tissue that form in or around the obturator fascia—a thin, supportive layer of connective tissue found in the pelvic region. These adhesions ...
Obturator Fascia Hyperplasia is a condition involving an abnormal increase in the cells of the obturator fascia—a connective tissue layer in the pelvic region. This guide is designed to help you ...
Obturator fascia fibrosis is a condition in which the connective tissue (fascia) covering a group of muscles in the pelvic region becomes thickened and scarred (fibrotic). This can lead to pain, ...
Obturator fascia infection is a rare condition affecting the soft tissue layer in the pelvic region known as the obturator fascia. This guide explains what it is, how it happens, and what you can do ...
Obturator fascia cysts are uncommon fluid-filled sacs that form in or around the obturator fascia, a layer of connective tissue located in the pelvic region. Although these cysts are rare, ...
Obturator fascia tumors are rare growths that form in or around the thin, connective tissue (fascia) covering the obturator muscles in the pelvic region. Because the obturator fascia is located deep ...
Obturator fascia injury refers to damage or strain to the thin connective tissue (fascia) covering the pelvic muscles, particularly around the obturator internus area. Although not as common as other ...
Obturator fascia pain is a type of pelvic pain that originates in the thin layer of connective tissue covering a muscle in the pelvic area. Obturator fascia pain refers to discomfort or pain arising ...
Obturator fascia masses are abnormal growths or lesions that develop in the obturator fascia—a thin but strong connective tissue in the pelvic area. Although not as commonly discussed as other pelvic ...
Obturator fascia hypertrophy is a condition in which the fibrous tissue covering the pelvic muscles becomes abnormally thickened. This change in the fascia can affect nearby muscles and nerves, ...
The human body has many layers of tissue that support and protect organs. One of these important layers is the obturator fascia. Although not widely known outside of medical circles, problems with ...
Obturator fascia disorders are conditions affecting a thin but important layer of connective tissue in your pelvic region. In this guide, you will learn about the anatomy and functions of the ...
The rectoprostatic fascia is a thin, flexible layer of connective tissue found between the prostate gland and the rectum. It is also known as Denonvilliers’ fascia. Normally, this tissue provides ...
Rectoprostatic fascia hernia is a rare type of hernia involving the fibrous tissue that separates the rectum from the prostate in males. Although it is not as common as other hernias (like inguinal ...
Rectoprostatic fascia adhesions refer to the formation of scar tissue or abnormal bands (adhesions) in the thin connective tissue layer—the rectoprostatic fascia—that lies between the prostate gland ...
This condition involves an overgrowth or thickening of the rectoprostatic fascia. Although not common in everyday discussions, the concept is similar to how benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects ...
Rectoprostatic fascia fibrosis is a condition where the thin layer of connective tissue (the rectoprostatic fascia) between the prostate and the rectum becomes thickened or scarred. This change, ...
Rectoprostatic fascia infection is a rare condition that affects a thin layer of tissue located between the prostate gland and the rectum. This guide explains everything from what this fascia is to ...
Rectoprostatic fascia cysts are unusual fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the thin layer of connective tissue—known as the rectoprostatic fascia—that lies between the rectum and the prostate in ...
Rectoprostatic fascia tumors are rare growths that occur in the thin layer of connective tissue between the rectum and the prostate. This layer, sometimes known as Denonvilliers’ fascia, plays a key ...
Rectoprostatic fascia injury refers to damage to the thin, fibrous tissue that lies between the prostate and the rectum. This layer—also known as Denonvilliers’ fascia—plays a vital role in ...
Rectoprostatic fascia pain refers to discomfort or pain originating from the thin layer of connective tissue known as the rectoprostatic fascia. This fascia, also known as Denonvilliers’ fascia, is a ...
