Posterior Perched Facet Dislocation

Posterior perched facet dislocation is a type of spinal injury where one vertebral facet joint is displaced backward and locked on the adjacent vertebra. This injury usually affects the cervical or thoracic spine and often results from high-energy trauma. In a perched dislocation, the joint surfaces are not fully separated but are misaligned, causing instability and potential pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. Prompt recognition and treatment are critical to prevent long-term neurological damage and chronic pain.

A posterior perched facet dislocation is a type of spinal injury in which the inferior articular process of the upper vertebra “perches” on the superior articular process of the vertebra below without a complete fracture of the facet joint. This injury usually results from a high‐energy flexion–distraction mechanism—common in motor vehicle collisions or falls—that disrupts the posterior ligamentous complex and allows one facet to slip partially past its partner, becoming locked in a perched position. Such injuries can be unilateral or bilateral and carry a significant risk of spinal instability and neurologic compromise journals.lww.comradiopaedia.org.

Facet joints are small connections between the back parts of adjacent vertebrae. They guide and restrict spinal movement, providing stability. When a facet joint becomes perched, the normal sliding motion is disrupted. This can lead to painful movement, muscle spasms, and even nerve injury. Understanding the types, causes, symptoms, and diagnostic tests for posterior perched facet dislocation helps clinicians make timely, evidence-based decisions for safe and effective care.

Types of Posterior Perched Facet Dislocation

Unilateral Posterior Perched Facet Dislocation
In unilateral perched facet dislocation, only one facet joint on one side of the vertebral column is displaced. This injury can cause asymmetrical spine movement, leading to tilting and rotation. Patients often report one-sided neck or back pain, and examination may reveal muscle tightness on the affected side.

Bilateral Posterior Perched Facet Dislocation
Bilateral perched facet dislocation involves both facet joints at the same level. This more severe form can result in significant instability of the spinal segment. There is a higher risk of spinal cord compression because the vertebral body may shift backward. Bilateral injuries often require urgent surgical intervention to restore alignment and protect neural elements.

Causes

1. Motor Vehicle Collisions
   High-speed car or motorcycle accidents transmit force through the neck or torso, driving vertebrae beyond normal range. This abrupt motion can perch facets before they fully dislocate.

2. Falls from Height
   Landing on the head or shoulders from significant heights can compress and bend the spine backward, leading to a perched facet injury.

3. Sports Trauma
   Contact sports like football or rugby can produce violent impacts or hyperextension injuries that disrupt facet alignment.

4. Diving Accidents
   Hitting the water headfirst or hitting the pool bottom can force the neck into extension, causing posterior facet displacement.

5. Assault-Related Injuries
   Blunt force trauma from falls or blows during physical assaults can perch a facet joint, especially in the cervical spine.

6. Industrial Accidents
   Heavy machinery incidents or falls in construction sites often involve axial loading of the spine, increasing dislocation risk.

7. Elderly Falls
   In older adults, weaker bones and ligaments can give way with even minor falls, leading to subtle perched facet injuries.

8. Degenerative Facet Disease
   Chronic wear of facet joints can weaken ligament attachments, making the spine more susceptible to perched dislocations under stress.

9. Osteoporosis
   Low bone density reduces vertebral strength, allowing displacement under loads that healthy spines would withstand.

10. Hyperextension Trauma
    Forceful backward bending beyond normal limits can lever the superior facet behind the inferior one, causing a perched position.

11. Hyperflexion-Distraction
    A sudden combination of bending forward and pulling apart can momentarily perch facets before complete separation.

12. Ligamentous Injury
    Damage to the interspinous ligaments and ligamentum flavum can remove restraints on facet motion, facilitating perched displacement.

13. Facet Joint Hypertrophy
    Enlarged facet joints from arthritis may jam against each other in certain movements, leading to a perched configuration.

14. Congenital Spinal Instability
    Some individuals have looser ligaments or malaligned facets from birth, predisposing them to perched dislocations with minor trauma.

15. Inflammatory Arthropathy
    Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis can erode facet joint capsules, reducing their ability to maintain proper alignment.

16. Tumor-Related Weakening
    Neoplastic erosion of vertebral or facet bone can undermine joint integrity, allowing displacement under load.

17. Previous Spinal Surgery
    Scar tissue or altered biomechanics after surgery can stress adjacent levels, making them more prone to perched facet injury.

18. Repetitive Microtrauma
    Workers performing repetitive extension and rotation may develop small injuries that accumulate, leading to eventual perched facet displacement.

19. High-Impact Falls (Sports or Recreation)
    Activities like skiing or mountain biking can produce sudden jolts to the spine that perch facets without fully dislocating them.

20. Seatbelt-Related Injuries
    In car accidents, a forceful lap belt hold on the pelvis can hyperextend the spine above, perching facets in the thoracolumbar area.

Symptoms

1. Localized Back or Neck Pain
   Sharp pain at the injury site worsens with movement, often described as a catching sensation.

2. Muscle Spasm
   Nearby muscles may contract involuntarily to protect the injured facet, causing visible tightness.

3. Reduced Range of Motion
   Patients struggle with bending, twisting, or extending the spine in the injured segment.

4. Pain Radiation
   Discomfort may travel into the shoulder, arm, or leg, depending on which spinal nerves are irritated.

5. Tenderness to Palpation
   Pressing over the facet joint reproduces the patient’s pain, indicating localized injury.

6. Visible Asymmetry
   In unilateral cases, one side of the spine may appear higher or rotated compared to the other.

7. Numbness or Tingling
   Irritation of nearby nerve roots can cause sensory changes in the limbs.

8. Weakness
   Muscle strength may decrease in the distribution of affected spinal nerves.

9. Gait Difficulty
   Leg weakness or pain can lead to unsteady walking or limping.

10. Headache
    Upper cervical perched dislocations can trigger headaches at the base of the skull.

11. Guarding Posture
    Patients often hold their spine stiffly in a protective position to minimize pain.

12. Crepitus
    A grinding or clicking sensation may occur when attempting to move the injured segment.

13. Spinal Tenderness
    General spine tenderness on light touch, beyond the facet area.

14. Autonomic Signs
    Severe nerve involvement can lead to changes in sweating or skin temperature of the limbs.

15. Pain with Coughing or Sneezing
    Increased intraspinal pressure aggravates the injury and worsens facet pain.

16. Difficulty Sleeping
    Pain often intensifies at night, disrupting rest and recovery.

17. Limited Neck Rotation
    Upper cervical injuries significantly restrict turning the head side to side.

18. Post-Traumatic Deformity
    Bilateral perched facets can produce a visible step-off or offset in the spine.

19. Hyperesthesia
    Increased sensitivity to light touch may occur around the injury site.

20. Bladder or Bowel Changes
    Rarely, severe spinal cord involvement can affect autonomic control of bladder or bowel function.

Diagnostic Tests

Physical Exam

1. Inspection of Posture
   Look for abnormal curvature or tilting of the spine when the patient stands relaxed.

2. Palpation of Facet Joints
   Gently press along the spinous processes and facets to locate tender areas.

3. Range of Motion Testing
   Ask the patient to bend, extend, and rotate the spine to assess motion limitation.

4. Spurling’s Test
   Extend and rotate the neck toward the affected side while applying downward pressure to provoke radicular pain.

5. Straight Leg Raise
   Elevating the straightened leg can reproduce leg pain, indicating nerve root involvement.

6. Gower’s Sign
   Observe how the patient rises from a seated position; a tipped or rotated trunk may indicate facet injury.

7. Schober’s Test
   Mark and measure lumbar spine flexion to quantify limited movement due to facet pathology.

8. Adam’s Forward Bend Test
   Have the patient bend forward to reveal asymmetry or rotation of the spine.

Manual Tests

9. Facet Joint Compression
   Apply axial load while extending the spine to recreate pain at the affected joint.

10. Rotation Stress Test
    Rotate the spine manually to each side, noting where pain arises.

11. Palpation Under Anesthesia
    In rare cases, gently manipulating the spine under sedation can confirm facet locking.

12. Provocative Zygapophyseal Block
    Inject local anesthetic into the facet joint to see if it relieves pain, confirming its source.

Lab and Pathological Tests

13. Complete Blood Count
    Rule out infection by checking white blood cell levels when fever or inflammatory signs are present.

14. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
    Elevated ESR may indicate an inflammatory process affecting spinal structures.

15. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
    High CRP supports active inflammation that could worsen facet instability.

16. Rheumatoid Factor
    Positive results suggest rheumatoid arthritis, possibly contributing to facet erosion.

17. HLA-B27 Testing
    Detects genetic markers linked to ankylosing spondylitis, which can affect facet joints.

Electrodiagnostic Tests

18. Electromyography (EMG)
    Assesses electrical activity of muscles to detect nerve irritation from perched facets.

19. Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV)
    Measures how fast nerves conduct impulses, identifying slowed signals from compression.

20. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEP)
    Monitors central sensory pathways to reveal conduction delays from spinal injury.

21. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP)
    Assesses motor pathway function to detect subtle cord compromise.

22. F-Wave Studies
    Evaluates proximal nerve segments often impacted by facet-related nerve root irritation.

Imaging Tests

23. Plain Radiographs (X-rays)
    Standard front and side views reveal misalignment, step-offs, and perched facets.

24. Flexion-Extension Films
    Dynamic X-rays taken in bent and extended positions show unstable facet locking.

25. Computed Tomography (CT)
    High-resolution CT scans visualize the exact facet displacement and bony anatomy.

26. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    MRI shows soft-tissue injury, ligament tears, and possible spinal cord compression.

27. CT Myelography
    Contrast-enhanced CT images detail nerve root impingement around perched facets.

28. Bone Scan (Scintigraphy)
    Highlights increased uptake in injured facets, indicating active inflammation or stress.

29. Ultrasound
    Limited application but can guide facet joint injections for diagnostic blocks.

30. Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
    Assesses bone density to identify osteoporosis contributing to dislocation risk.

31. Dynamic Ultrasound
    Real-time imaging during movement detects abnormal facet motion.

32. 3D Reconstruction CT
    Provides detailed visualization of facet geometry and dislocation orientation.

33. Kinematic MRI
    Imaging while the patient moves the neck shows functional instability.

34. Discography
    Though mainly for disc pain, injection into the facet area can help differentiate pain sources.

35. EOS Imaging
    Low-dose, full-body X-ray system captures spine alignment in upright posture.

36. Fluoroscopy-Guided Facet Injection
    Real-time guidance confirms facet as the pain generator when anesthetic relieves symptoms.

37. T2-Weighted MRI
    Highlights fluid and edema around injured facets, indicating acute injury.

38. STIR MRI Sequence
    Suppresses fat signal to accentuate ligamentous and joint capsule injury.

39. CT with Sagittal and Coronal Reconstructions
    Shows facet displacement in multiple planes for surgical planning.

40. High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative CT
    Research tool that measures microarchitecture of facet bone when assessing healing.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Physiotherapy and Electrotherapy Therapies

1. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

   • Description: Application of low-level electrical currents via surface electrodes on the skin overlying painful facet levels.

   • Purpose: To reduce pain and muscle spasm.

   • Mechanism: Stimulates large-diameter afferent fibers, which inhibits nociceptive signal transmission in the dorsal horn (gate control theory) physio-pedia.comverywellhealth.com.

2. Therapeutic Ultrasound

   • Description: Use of high-frequency sound waves delivered by an ultrasound probe.

   • Purpose: To promote soft tissue healing and reduce inflammation.

   • Mechanism: Micro-mechanical vibrations increase local blood flow and enzymatic activity in injured ligaments and capsules emedicine.medscape.com.

3. Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS)

   • Description: Electrical impulses applied to motor points to evoke muscle contractions.

   • Purpose: To improve muscle strength and endurance around the injured segment.

   • Mechanism: Recruits muscle fibers via direct depolarization, enhancing muscle mass and stability verywellhealth.com.

4. Interferential Current Therapy (IFC)

   • Description: Crossing two medium-frequency currents to create a low-frequency effect deep in tissues.

   • Purpose: To decrease pain and edema.

   • Mechanism: Deep penetration leads to endorphin release and improved microcirculation physio-pedia.com.

5. Cold Laser Therapy (LLLT)

   • Description: Application of low-level laser light to injured tissue.

   • Purpose: To accelerate tissue repair and reduce inflammation.

   • Mechanism: Photobiomodulation enhances mitochondrial activity, reducing oxidative stress emedicine.medscape.com.

6. Cold (Cryotherapy)

   • Description: Application of ice packs or cold sprays to the painful region.

   • Purpose: To reduce acute pain and swelling.

   • Mechanism: Vasoconstriction limits inflammatory mediator release and slows nerve conduction.

7. Heat Therapy

   • Description: Use of hot packs or infrared wraps after the acute phase.

   • Purpose: To relax muscles and increase flexibility.

   • Mechanism: Vasodilation enhances tissue extensibility and metabolic rate.

8. Manual Therapy (Joint Mobilization)

   • Description: Skilled passive movements of the facet joint.

   • Purpose: To restore normal joint mobility and reduce pain.

   • Mechanism: Stimulates mechanoreceptors to inhibit pain and stretch joint capsules emedicine.medscape.com.

9. Soft Tissue Mobilization (Massage)

   • Description: Hands-on kneading of paraspinal muscles.

   • Purpose: To decrease muscle tension and improve circulation.

   • Mechanism: Mechanical pressure breaks adhesions and stimulates endorphin release.

10. Spinal Traction

    • Description: Cervical or thoracic decompression using weights or mechanical devices.

    • Purpose: To reduce facet compression and relieve nerve root irritation.

    • Mechanism: Distraction of vertebral bodies reduces pressure on injured facets cureus.com.

11. Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

    • Description: Therapist-guided gentle movements through pain-free arcs.

    • Purpose: To maintain joint flexibility without muscle activation.

12. Active Range of Motion (AROM)

    • Description: Patient-initiated neck or trunk movements within pain limits.

    • Purpose: To promote proprioception and neuromuscular control.

13. Isometric Strengthening

    • Description: Static muscle contractions against resistance without joint movement.

    • Purpose: To build stabilization around the injured level safely.

14. Isotonic Strengthening

    • Description: Dynamic resistance exercise once acute pain subsides.

    • Purpose: To restore full muscle function and endurance.

15. Ultrasound-Guided Soft Tissue Release

    • Description: Use of real-time imaging to target deep adhesions.

    • Purpose: To precisely release scar tissue around facets.

    • Mechanism: Needle or probe disruption of fibrotic tissue under ultrasound visualization.

Exercise Therapies

1. Pilates

   • Description: Core stabilization exercises performed on mats or reformers.

   • Purpose: To enhance deep spinal support muscles.

   • Mechanism: Focused contraction of transversus abdominis improves segmental stability pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govsciencedirect.com.

2. Yoga

   • Description: Flow of stretching and strengthening postures.

   • Purpose: To improve flexibility, posture, and mind–body awareness.

   • Mechanism: Controlled breathing and isometric holds reduce muscular tension sciencedirect.combmcneurol.biomedcentral.com.

3. McKenzie Method

   • Description: Repeated flexion or extension exercises based on pain centralization.

   • Purpose: To promote self-management of mechanical pain.

   • Mechanism: Nerve root reduction and joint distraction through repetitive loading physio-pedia.com.

4. Core Stability Training

   • Description: Exercises targeting multifidus, pelvic floor, and diaphragm.

   • Purpose: To restore the “corset” effect around the spine.

   • Mechanism: Co-activation of stabilizers reduces shear forces.

5. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

   • Description: Stretch-hold-relax techniques.

   • Purpose: To enhance neuromuscular control and flexibility.

6. Aquatic Therapy

   • Description: Resistance exercises performed in water.

   • Purpose: To unload the spine while strengthening.

   • Mechanism: Buoyancy reduces gravitational forces on injured facets.

7. Neck Isometric Strengthening

   • Description: Pushing head against resistance in all directions.

   • Purpose: To build neck muscle endurance without joint motion.

8. Postural Retraining

   • Description: Exercises to correct forward head and thoracic kyphosis.

   • Purpose: To maintain optimal facet joint alignment.

Mind-Body Therapies

1. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

   • Description: Psychotherapy addressing pain-related thoughts.

   • Purpose: To reduce pain catastrophizing and improve coping.

   • Mechanism: Cognitive restructuring modifies pain perception pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govbmcneurol.biomedcentral.com.

2. Mindfulness Meditation

   • Description: Focused attention on breath and body sensations.

   • Purpose: To decrease stress-induced muscle tension.

   • Mechanism: Alters pain processing via top-down modulation bidmc.org.

3. Somatic Experiencing

   • Description: Body-focused therapy for trauma release.

   • Purpose: To resolve stress responses that perpetuate pain.

   • Mechanism: Bottom-up regulation of the autonomic nervous system nature.com.

4. Biofeedback

   • Description: Real-time feedback of muscle activity or skin temperature.

   • Purpose: To teach voluntary control of muscle relaxation.

   • Mechanism: Visual/auditory signals guide reduction of paraspinal EMG activity.

Educational Self-Management

1. Patient Education Workshops

   • Description: Group sessions on anatomy, injury mechanics, and self-care.

   • Purpose: To empower patients in managing symptoms.

   • Mechanism: Knowledge reduces fear-avoidance and promotes active participation.

2. Ergonomic Training

   • Description: Instruction on workstation setup and body mechanics.

   • Purpose: To minimize recurrent facet loading.

   • Mechanism: Adjustments reduce harmful postural stresses.

3. Home Exercise Program (HEP)

   • Description: Customized daily routines reinforced with printed/video materials.

   • Purpose: To maintain gains from formal therapy.

   • Mechanism: Regular practice ensures ongoing neuromuscular control cureus.com.

Pharmacological Treatments

First-Line Analgesics

1. Ibuprofen (NSAID)

   • Dosage: 400–800 mg orally every 6–8 hrs.

   • Timing: With meals to reduce GI upset.

   • Side Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, renal impairment emedicine.medscape.comorthobullets.com.

2. Naproxen (NSAID)

   • Dosage: 250–500 mg orally twice daily.

   • Timing: Morning and evening.

   • Side Effects: Dyspepsia, hypertension.

3. Diclofenac (NSAID)

   • Dosage: 50 mg orally three times daily.

   • Timing: With food.

   • Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity, fluid retention.

4. Celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor)

   • Dosage: 100–200 mg once or twice daily.

   • Timing: With or without food.

   • Side Effects: Cardiovascular risk, renal effects onlinelibrary.wiley.com.

5. Acetaminophen

   • Dosage: 500–1,000 mg every 6 hrs (≤4 g/day).

   • Timing: As needed for pain.

   • Side Effects: Hepatotoxicity at high doses.

6. Tramadol (Opioid-like)

   • Dosage: 50–100 mg orally every 4–6 hrs as needed.

   • Timing: Titrate to effect.

   • Side Effects: Nausea, dizziness, risk of dependence.

7. Morphine Sulfate

   • Dosage: 5–10 mg orally every 4 hrs PRN.

   • Timing: Short-acting for acute pain.

   • Side Effects: Respiratory depression, constipation.

8. Oxycodone

   • Dosage: 5–10 mg orally every 4–6 hrs.

   • Timing: Titrate carefully.

   • Side Effects: Sedation, euphoria, dependence.

Muscle Relaxants

9. Cyclobenzaprine

   • Dosage: 5–10 mg orally three times daily.

   • Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth.

10. Baclofen

    • Dosage: 5 mg orally three times daily, up to 80 mg/day.

    • Side Effects: Weakness, dizziness.

11. Tizanidine

    • Dosage: 2 mg orally every 6–8 hrs, max 36 mg/day.

    • Side Effects: Hypotension, dry mouth.

12. Methocarbamol

    • Dosage: 1,500 mg orally four times daily.

    • Side Effects: Sedation, GI upset.

Neuropathic Pain Agents

13. Gabapentin

    • Dosage: 300 mg at bedtime, titrate to 900–1,800 mg/day.

    • Side Effects: Somnolence, peripheral edema.

14. Pregabalin

    • Dosage: 75 mg twice daily, up to 300 mg/day.

    • Side Effects: Weight gain, dizziness.

15. Amitriptyline

    • Dosage: 10–25 mg at bedtime.

    • Side Effects: Anticholinergic effects, sedation.

16. Duloxetine

    • Dosage: 30–60 mg once daily.

    • Side Effects: Nausea, dry mouth.

Corticosteroids

17. Methylprednisolone

    • Dosage: 4–6 mg IV bolus then taper.

    • Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, immunosuppression csnsonline.org.

18. Dexamethasone

    • Dosage: 4–8 mg IV every 6 hrs.

    • Side Effects: Mood changes, adrenal suppression.

Adjuvants

19. Vitamin B₁₂ (Methylcobalamin)

    • Dosage: 1,000 µg IM weekly.

    • Purpose: Supports nerve repair.

    • Side Effects: Rare.

20. Calcitonin

    • Dosage: 200 IU intranasal daily.

    • Purpose: Modulates pain via central mechanisms.

    • Side Effects: Rhinitis, flushing.

Dietary Molecular Supplements

1. Glucosamine Sulfate (1,500 mg/day)

   • Function: Supports cartilage health.

   • Mechanism: Precursor for glycosaminoglycan synthesis.

   • Evidence: Improves stiffness outcomes in degenerative spinal conditions pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govjosr-online.biomedcentral.com.

2. Chondroitin Sulfate (1,200 mg/day)

   • Function: Maintains extracellular matrix.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits cartilage‐degrading enzymes.

   • Evidence: Reduces pain and improves function josr-online.biomedcentral.com.

3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA+DHA 1–3 g/day)

   • Function: Anti-inflammatory.

   • Mechanism: Compete with arachidonic acid for COX/LOX enzymes.

   • Evidence: Reduces musculoskeletal pain severity pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govsciencedirect.com.

4. Vitamin D₃ (2,000 IU/day)

   • Function: Bone metabolism and muscle function.

   • Mechanism: Enhances calcium absorption; modulates neuromuscular signaling.

5. Calcium Carbonate (1,000 mg/day)

   • Function: Bone mineralization.

   • Mechanism: Provides substrate for hydroxyapatite.

6. Curcumin (500 mg twice daily)

   • Function: Anti-inflammatory antioxidant.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits NF-κB and COX-2 pathways.

7. Resveratrol (150 mg/day)

   • Function: Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory.

   • Mechanism: Activates SIRT1, reduces cytokine release.

8. Boswellia Serrata Extract (300 mg thrice daily)

   • Function: Anti-arthritic.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits 5-LOX pathway.

9. Magnesium (300 mg/day)

   • Function: Muscle relaxation.

   • Mechanism: Calcium channel modulation in muscle cells.

10. Collagen Peptides (10 g/day)

    • Function: Supports connective tissue.

    • Mechanism: Provides amino acids for ligament and cartilage repair.

Advanced Biologic and Bone-Targeting Drugs

1–4. Bisphosphonates (Alendronate 70 mg weekly; Risedronate 35 mg weekly)

• Function: Inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.

• Mechanism: Induce osteoclast apoptosis by mimicking pyrophosphate en.wikipedia.orgpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

5. Teriparatide (20 µg/day SC)

   • Function: Anabolic bone formation.

   • Mechanism: PTH analog stimulates osteoblasts.

6. Romosozumab (210 mg/month SC)

   • Function: Dual action (bone formation and resorption inhibition).

   • Mechanism: Anti-sclerostin antibody increases Wnt signaling e-neurospine.org.

7. Hyaluronic Acid Injection (1 mL intra-facet)

   • Function: Viscosupplementation for joint lubrication.

   • Mechanism: Restores synovial fluid viscoelasticity pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govspine-health.com.

8. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection

   • Function: Bioactive growth factor delivery.

   • Mechanism: Releases PDGF and TGF-β to promote tissue repair.

9. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

   • Function: Regenerative potential for disc and ligament repair.

   • Mechanism: Differentiation into fibroblasts and chondrocytes.

10. Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC)

    • Function: Provides osteoprogenitor cells.

    • Mechanism: Enhances local bone healing and fusion potential.

Surgical Interventions

1. Closed Reduction and Halo Traction

   • Procedure: Cervical traction under imaging to realign facets.

   • Benefits: Avoids open surgery; immediate decompression.

2. Posterior Open Reduction and Instrumentation

   • Procedure: Midline incision, facet reduction, pedicle screw fixation, and fusion.

   • Benefits: Direct visualization; strong biomechanical stability.

3. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF)

   • Procedure: Anterior approach to remove disc and stabilize with plate and graft.

   • Benefits: Decompression of cord and nerve roots; quick recovery.

4. Combined Anterior–Posterior Fusion

   • Procedure: Staged anterior discectomy and posterior instrumentation.

   • Benefits: Maximizes stability in severe or multi-level injuries.

5. Costotransversectomy

   • Procedure: Resection of rib head and transverse process for lateral access.

   • Benefits: Access to anterolateral facets and disc with minimal cord manipulation.

6. Laminectomy with Fusion

   • Procedure: Removal of lamina for decompression followed by instrumentation.

   • Benefits: Direct decompression of spinal cord in cases of canal compromise.

7. Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation

   • Procedure: Fluoroscopic‐guided small incisions for screw placement.

   • Benefits: Reduced blood loss, tissue disruption, and shorter hospital stay.

8. Facet Joint Arthrodesis

   • Procedure: Decortication of facet surfaces and bone graft placement.

   • Benefits: Eliminates painful motion at injured joint.

9. Vertebroplasty/Kyphoplasty

   • Procedure: Injection of bone cement into compressed vertebral body.

   • Benefits: Pain relief and vertebral height restoration in compression injuries.

10. Posterior Column Osteotomy

    • Procedure: Wedge resection of posterior elements for realignment.

    • Benefits: Correction of posttraumatic kyphotic deformity.

Prevention Strategies

1. Seat Belt Use in vehicles to reduce cervical flexion–distraction forces.

2. Fall Prevention Programs for the elderly (home modifications, balance training).

3. Core Strengthening to support spinal stability.

4. Ergonomic Education for safe lifting and posture.

5. Protective Equipment (helmets, neck braces in contact sports).

6. Osteoporosis Screening and Treatment to maintain bone density.

7. Proper Conditioning for high-risk activities (e.g., diving, gymnastics).

8. Early Mobilization after minor trauma to detect occult injuries.

9. Weight Management to minimize axial loading.

10. Regular Physical Activity to preserve muscular support and flexibility.

When to See a Doctor

• Persistent or worsening neurological signs (weakness, numbness, bowel/bladder changes)

• Uncontrolled severe pain despite 48 hours of conservative management

• Visible deformity or step-off in the spine

• High-energy trauma (e.g., motor vehicle collision)

• New‐onset dizziness or headache with neck movement

• Fever or systemic signs suggesting infection

• Inadequate improvement after a week of therapy

• Risk factors (e.g., osteoporosis, anticoagulation therapy)

• Recurrent episodes of facet‐like pain

• Difficulty performing activities of daily living due to pain

What to Do and What to Avoid

• Do:

  1. Apply ice in the first 72 hrs for acute pain.

  2. Use cervical collar or support as recommended.

  3. Perform gentle range-of-motion exercises daily.

  4. Adhere to prescribed home exercise program.

  5. Maintain good posture and ergonomic work setup.

  6. Take medications with food as directed.

  7. Report new neurologic symptoms immediately.

  8. Stay active—avoid prolonged bed rest.

  9. Schedule follow-up imaging if pain persists.

  10. Invest in back‐supportive seating.

• Avoid:

  1. Heavy lifting or sudden twisting motions.

  2. High-impact sports until cleared by a specialist.

  3. Prolonged neck flexion (e.g., smartphone “text neck”).

  4. Sleeping on overly soft or unsupportive pillows.

  5. Ignoring early signs of neurologic compromise.

  6. Combining NSAIDs with alcohol (GI risk).

  7. Rapid escalation of exercise intensity.

  8. Self-splinting in extreme cervical positions.

  9. Delaying medical evaluation after significant trauma.

  10. Smoking (impairs bone and soft tissue healing).

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What exactly causes a perched facet dislocation?
   A high-force flexion–distraction event tears the posterior ligaments, allowing one facet to slip and perch on the adjacent level journals.lww.com.

2. Can I treat this at home?
   Minor subluxations may respond to rigid collar use and therapy, but any suspected perched facet must be evaluated by a physician.

3. How long does healing take?
   With appropriate management, soft tissue heals in 6–12 weeks; bony fusion or instrumentation may require 3–6 months for solid fusion.

4. Will I need surgery?
   Surgery is indicated for persistent instability, neurologic deficits, or failure of conservative care.

5. Is traction still used?
   Yes—halo or cervical traction can reduce some perched facets non-operatively under close monitoring cureus.com.

6. Can I drive after this injury?
   Only when cleared by a specialist—operationally requires adequate neck control and no pain with motion.

7. Are injections safe for facet pain?
   Image-guided facet joint injections (steroid, HA, or PRP) are generally safe with low complication rates.

8. Will the pain ever fully go away?
   Many patients achieve significant pain relief; chronic symptoms may persist in up to 20 % of cases.

9. Can I return to sports?
   Yes—once stability is confirmed and muscular support is restored, usually after 3–6 months.

10. What imaging is best?
    CT for bony alignment, MRI for ligamentous and cord assessment.

11. Do supplements really help?
    Some supplements (e.g., glucosamine, omega-3) can modestly improve pain and function when used alongside other treatments pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

12. When should I wear a collar?
    During the acute phase (first 2–4 weeks) or as directed for support during therapy.

13. Can I exercise with a collar on?
    Gentle range-of-motion and isometric exercises are allowed; avoid vigorous activity.

14. Is facet dislocation the same as a fracture?
    No—dislocation involves ligamentous instability without necessarily fracturing the bone.

15. Will I develop arthritis?
    There is a risk of post-traumatic facet arthritis; early stabilization and therapy can reduce this risk.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: June 19, 2025.

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