Lumbar Unilateral Perched Facet Dislocation

Lumbar Unilateral Perched Facet Dislocation is a spinal injury in which one of the inferior articular facets of an upper lumbar vertebra becomes “perched” upon (i.e., slides over and rests atop) the superior articular facet of the vertebra below, on a single side. This displacement usually results from a forceful combination of flexion, rotation, and axial loading of the lumbar spine. The perched facet may lock in this abnormal position, leading to local instability, severe back pain, and potential nerve root compression. radiopaedia.orgradiopaedia.org

A lumbar unilateral perched facet dislocation is a serious spinal injury in which one of the small joints (facets) on one side of a lumbar vertebra (lower back) is forced out of its normal position and “perches” atop the facet below. This displacement usually occurs from high-energy trauma—such as a fall from height, motor vehicle collision, or sports injury—that combines hyperflexion (bending forward) with rotation. The misaligned facet can pinch nerve roots, cause severe pain, limit movement, and, in unstable cases, threaten spinal cord or cauda equina function. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to prevent chronic back pain, neurological deficits, and long-term disability.

Unlike bilateral facet dislocations—where both facets on either side are displaced—unilateral perched facets typically involve one side and may be relatively more stable. However, because the joint is levered open or locked, these injuries often require careful assessment to rule out associated fractures or cord/nerve injuries. faculty.washington.edu

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Types

Although all involve a single-sided perched facet, clinicians recognize three main stages or types based on severity and radiologic appearance:

1. Perched (Partial) Subluxation

   • The inferior articular facet of the upper vertebra is partially elevated onto the lower facet, widening the facet joint but without complete locking. Pain and some motion may remain. radiopaedia.org

2. Locked Facet Dislocation

   • The perched facet “jumps” fully over the lower facet, becoming locked and preventing normal joint movement. This complete dislocation often signals greater instability and risk of nerve compression. radiopaedia.org

3. Perched Facet with Associated Fracture

   • A variant in which the dislocation coexists with a fracture of the articular processes or pedicle, further destabilizing the segment and increasing surgical complexity. sciencedirect.com

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Causes

Each cause below describes how a specific mechanism or condition can lead to a unilateral perched facet in the lumbar spine:

1. Motor Vehicle Accidents
   High-speed collisions often thrust the torso into rapid flexion and rotation, levering the facet joints abnormally. faculty.washington.edu

2. Contact Sports Injuries
   Direct blows or falls in sports like football or rugby can subject the lumbar spine to sudden twisting forces. faculty.washington.edu

3. Falls from Height
   Landing on the buttocks with the spine flexed can pinch and slide one facet over another. faculty.washington.edu

4. Axial Load Compression
   Heavy loads dropped onto a flexed back—common in industrial accidents—compress the facets into a perched position. faculty.washington.edu

5. Flexion–Rotation Trauma
   Any scenario combining bending forward and twisting—such as lifting heavy objects while turning—can stress a single facet joint excessively. faculty.washington.edu

6. Degenerative Facet Joint Disease
   Arthritic wear can weaken facet capsules, making them more vulnerable to displacement under minor trauma. faculty.washington.edu

7. Osteoporosis
   Reduced bone density may fracture the articular processes under stress, precipitating perched dislocation. faculty.washington.edu

8. Spondylolisthesis
   Pre-existing slippage of one vertebra over another can destabilize the facet complex, predisposing to unilateral perched facets. faculty.washington.edu

9. Rheumatoid Arthritis
   Chronic inflammation erodes facet cartilage and ligaments, sometimes leading to dislocation with minimal trauma. faculty.washington.edu

10. Ankylosing Spondylitis
    Fusion and brittleness of spinal segments can cause adjacent levels to fail under rotational forces. faculty.washington.edu

11. Congenital Facet Tropism
    Asymmetrical facet orientation may concentrate stress on one side during normal movement. faculty.washington.edu

12. Metastatic Bone Disease
    Tumor infiltration weakens subchondral bone, enabling facet displacement under weight-bearing loads. faculty.washington.edu

13. Infection (Septic Arthritis of Facet Joint)
    Destruction of capsule and cartilage by bacteria can permit abnormal facet mobility and dislocation. faculty.washington.edu

14. Iatrogenic Trauma
    Aggressive surgical manipulation or improper instrumentation can inadvertently perch a facet. faculty.washington.edu

15. Spinal Tumors (Primary)
    Benign or malignant growths within the facet can erode its structure, leading to dislocation. faculty.washington.edu

16. High-Energy Crush Injuries
    Crushing forces to the lower back can shear the facet joint unilaterally. faculty.washington.edu

17. Whiplash-Like Mechanisms
    Sudden forward flexion–extension in car accidents can also affect the lumbar region in severe impacts. faculty.washington.edu

18. Occupational Overload
    Repetitive heavy lifting or twisting—common in construction or warehouse work—gradually weakens facets. faculty.washington.edu

19. Degenerative Disc Disease
    Disc height loss shifts load to facets, hastening capsular failure under stress. faculty.washington.edu

20. Previous Spinal Surgery
    Altered biomechanics after fusion or decompression may overload adjacent facets, risking perched dislocations. faculty.washington.edu

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Symptoms

Patients with a unilateral perched facet in the lumbar spine often present with a combination of mechanical pain and neurological signs:

1. Acute Low Back Pain
   Sudden, sharp pain localized to one side of the lower back exacerbated by movement. faculty.washington.edu

2. Unilateral Paraspinal Tenderness
   Pain upon pressing the muscles or bone just beside the spine on the affected side. faculty.washington.edu

3. Limited Range of Motion
   Difficulty bending forward, backward, or side-to-side, often due to pain and muscle spasm. faculty.washington.edu

4. Muscle Spasm
   Protective tightening of the lumbar muscles on the injured side. faculty.washington.edu

5. Antalgic Posture
   Leaning away from the injured side to reduce pressure on the facet. faculty.washington.edu

6. Sciatic-Like Pain
   Radiating discomfort down the buttock and back of the thigh if nerve roots are irritated. faculty.washington.edu

7. Radicular Numbness/Paresthesia
   Tingling or numbness following a dermatomal pattern in the leg below the knee. faculty.washington.edu

8. Motor Weakness
   Difficulty lifting the foot (foot drop) or flexing the ankle when certain nerve roots are pinched. faculty.washington.edu

9. Altered Reflexes
   Reduced or absent knee-jerk or ankle-jerk reflex on the affected side. faculty.washington.edu

10. Gait Disturbance
    Limping or abnormal walking pattern to avoid pain. faculty.washington.edu

11. Positive Straight-Leg-Raise Test
    Pain radiates below the knee when lifting the leg straight, suggesting nerve root tension. faculty.washington.edu

12. Contralateral SLR Relief
    Lifting the opposite leg reduces pain, another sign of nerve root compression. faculty.washington.edu

13. Sensory Deficits in Dermatomes
    Pin-prick or light touch sensation diminished in specific leg regions. faculty.washington.edu

14. Hyperalgesia
    Exaggerated pain response to normally painful stimuli near the injury site. faculty.washington.edu

15. Allodynia
    Pain from normally non-painful stimuli, such as light touch over the facet. faculty.washington.edu

16. Venous Congestion Signs
    Swelling or redness may occur if inflammation is severe. faculty.washington.edu

17. Bladder or Bowel Dysfunction
    Rare, but possible if severe nerve compression affects cauda equina. faculty.washington.edu

18. Saddle Anesthesia
    Loss of sensation in the groin or inner thighs, signifying cauda equina involvement. faculty.washington.edu

19. Sexual Dysfunction
    Nerve irritation may impair sexual function in severe cases. faculty.washington.edu

20. Chronic Mechanical Low Back Pain
    If unrecognized initially, the perched facet can become a source of ongoing back pain. faculty.washington.edu

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Diagnostic Tests

Below are 40 key assessments, grouped by category. Each paragraph describes the test and its purpose in diagnosing a lumbar unilateral perched facet dislocation.

Physical Examination Tests

1. Inspection of Posture – Observing for antalgic lean or asymmetry in the lumbar curve helps identify side-specific injury. faculty.washington.edu

2. Palpation – Gentle pressing over each lumbar facet joint elicits localized tenderness on the injured side. faculty.washington.edu

3. Active Range of Motion – Asking the patient to bend forward, back, and sideways reveals motion that aggravates pain. faculty.washington.edu

4. Passive Range of Motion – Examiner-guided movements isolate joint versus muscle pain. faculty.washington.edu

5. Muscle Strength Testing – Manual resistance of key muscle groups (e.g., ankle dorsiflexion) checks for weakness from nerve root irritation. faculty.washington.edu

6. Sensory Examination – Pinprick and light touch testing along dermatomes to locate sensory deficits. faculty.washington.edu

7. Deep Tendon Reflexes – Patellar and Achilles reflexes evaluated for asymmetry. faculty.washington.edu

8. Gait Analysis – Observing walking for limping or foot drop indicates nerve involvement. faculty.washington.edu

Manual (Provocative) Tests

9. Straight-Leg-Raise (SLR) – Raising the leg stretches lumbar nerve roots; pain below the knee suggests nerve compression by the perched facet. faculty.washington.edu

10. Cross SLR – Pain elicited when lifting the opposite leg increases specificity for root tension. faculty.washington.edu

11. Slump Test – Seated spinal flexion with neck and knee flexion assesses neural tension. faculty.washington.edu

12. Quadrant (Stork) Test – Extension-rotation of the spine stresses facets, reproducing pain on the affected side. faculty.washington.edu

13. Kemp’s Test – Similar to quadrant; extension with lateral bend toward the symptomatic side elicits facet pain. faculty.washington.edu

14. Prone Instability Test – Patient prone with legs off table; lifting legs off floor reduces pain in instability tests. faculty.washington.edu

15. Parenthesis Sign – Light tapping over facet joint causes shooting pain if irritated. faculty.washington.edu

16. Valsalva Maneuver – Bearing down increases intrathecal pressure; pain suggests nerve or dural involvement. faculty.washington.edu

Laboratory and Pathological Tests

17. Complete Blood Count (CBC) – Rules out infection or systemic inflammation from septic facet arthritis. faculty.washington.edu

18. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) – Elevated in infections or inflammatory arthritides affecting the facet. faculty.washington.edu

19. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) – Another marker for active inflammation or infection. faculty.washington.edu

20. Blood Cultures – If septic arthritis is suspected, isolate bacteria causing facet infection. faculty.washington.edu

21. Rheumatoid Factor & Anti-CCP – Assess underlying rheumatoid arthritis weakening joints. faculty.washington.edu

22. HLA-B27 Testing – Useful in suspected ankylosing spondylitis cases. faculty.washington.edu

23. Bone Turnover Markers – Elevated in osteoporosis that may predispose to facet fractures. faculty.washington.edu

24. Tumor Markers – If metastatic disease is a concern (e.g., PSA in prostate cancer). faculty.washington.edu

Electrodiagnostic Tests

25. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) – Measures speed of electrical conduction in peripheral nerves compressed by the facet. faculty.washington.edu

26. Electromyography (EMG) – Detects denervation in muscles served by compressed nerve roots. faculty.washington.edu

27. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs) – Assesses integrity of sensory pathways through the spinal cord. faculty.washington.edu

28. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) – Evaluates motor pathway conduction, helpful if myelopathy is suspected. faculty.washington.edu

29. F-Wave Studies – Tests proximal nerve root function by stimulating motor nerves and recording late responses. faculty.washington.edu

30. H-Reflex Testing – Evaluates S1 nerve root integrity by stimulating posterior tibial nerve. faculty.washington.edu

31. Repetitive Nerve Stimulation – Differentiates neuromuscular junction disorders if weakness is atypical. faculty.washington.edu

32. Paraspinal Mapping EMG – Pinpoints exact spinal level of nerve irritation along paraspinal muscles. faculty.washington.edu

Imaging Tests

33. Plain Radiographs (X-Rays) – Anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views reveal perched or widened facet joint space. radiopaedia.org

34. Flexion–Extension X-Rays – Dynamic views detect instability not seen on static films. radiopaedia.org

35. Computed Tomography (CT) – High-resolution bone detail shows exact facet displacement and any fractures. radiopaedia.org

36. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Visualizes soft tissue, spinal cord, discs, and nerve roots; highlights edema and ligament tears. radiopaedia.org

37. CT Myelogram – Contrast in the thecal sac outlines nerve compression if MRI is contraindicated. radiopaedia.org

38. Bone Scan – Detects increased uptake in acute fractures or infection of the facet. faculty.washington.edu

39. Ultrasound – Emerging tool for guided injections; can visualize superficial facets in thin patients. faculty.washington.edu

40. Dual-Energy CT – Differentiates gouty deposits in the facet from other causes of inflammation. faculty.washington.edu

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

These therapies help relieve pain, restore mobility, and support healing without medicines. Each is described with its main purpose and how it works.

A. Physiotherapy & Electrotherapy

1. Manual Mobilization

   • Description: Skilled hands apply gentle, oscillatory movements to the lumbar joints.

   • Purpose: Improve joint play, reduce stiffness, and ease pain.

   • Mechanism: Mobilization stretches the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments, triggering mechanoreceptors that inhibit pain pathways.

2. Spinal Manipulation

   • Description: A quick, controlled thrust delivered by a trained practitioner.

   • Purpose: Restore proper alignment and movement in stuck facets.

   • Mechanism: The high-velocity thrust opens the joint space, relieving pressure and releasing entrapped synovial fluid.

3. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

   • Description: Low-voltage electrical currents delivered via skin electrodes.

   • Purpose: Block pain signals and stimulate endorphin release.

   • Mechanism: “Gate control” theory: electrical impulses override nociceptive (pain) signals at the spinal cord.

4. Interferential Current Therapy (IFC)

   • Description: Two medium-frequency currents cross to create low-frequency stimulation deep in tissues.

   • Purpose: Relieve deep muscular and joint pain.

   • Mechanism: Interference pattern penetrates deeper than TENS, improving circulation and reducing edema.

5. Therapeutic Ultrasound

   • Description: Sound waves (1–3 MHz) applied to tissues via a wand and gel.

   • Purpose: Decrease inflammation and promote soft tissue healing.

   • Mechanism: Mechanical vibrations increase cellular metabolism, collagen extensibility, and blood flow.

6. Heat Therapy (Thermotherapy)

   • Description: Application of moist hot packs or infrared lamps.

   • Purpose: Soften tight muscles and improve range of motion.

   • Mechanism: Heat dilates blood vessels, brings in oxygen/nutrients, and relaxes muscle spasm.

7. Cold Therapy (Cryotherapy)

   • Description: Ice packs or cold gel wraps.

   • Purpose: Reduce acute inflammation and numb pain.

   • Mechanism: Cold constricts blood vessels, slows nerve conduction, and limits swelling.

8. Lumbar Traction

   • Description: Mechanical or manual pulling force applied to the spine.

   • Purpose: Decompress pinched nerves and facet joints.

   • Mechanism: Traction gently separates vertebrae, reducing pressure on discs and joints.

9. Laser Therapy

   • Description: Low-level laser applied over injured tissues.

   • Purpose: Accelerate tissue repair and reduce pain.

   • Mechanism: Photobiomodulation stimulates cellular respiration, collagen synthesis, and anti-inflammatory pathways.

10. Shockwave Therapy

    • Description: High-energy acoustic waves directed at affected area.

    • Purpose: Break down scar tissue, trigger healing.

    • Mechanism: Microtrauma from shockwaves promotes angiogenesis and tissue regeneration.

11. Electromyography-Guided Biofeedback

    • Description: Sensors record muscle activity during exercises.

    • Purpose: Teach controlled activation of lumbar stabilizers.

    • Mechanism: Real-time feedback helps retrain dysfunctional movement patterns.

12. Kinesio Taping

    • Description: Elastic therapeutic tape applied to skin.

    • Purpose: Support joints, reduce muscle fatigue, improve proprioception.

    • Mechanism: Tape lifts the skin microscopically to enhance blood and lymph flow.

13. Soft Tissue Mobilization

    • Description: Deep massage techniques on muscles and fascia.

    • Purpose: Release trigger points, decrease muscle tone.

    • Mechanism: Manual pressure breaks adhesions and improves tissue sliding.

14. Dry Needling

    • Description: Insertion of thin needles into myofascial trigger points.

    • Purpose: Relieve muscle knots and pain.

    • Mechanism: Local twitch response resets dysfunctional muscle fibers and reduces sensitization.

15. Postural Re-education

    • Description: Guided practice of neutral spine alignment during activities.

    • Purpose: Minimize stress on injured facets.

    • Mechanism: Teaching correct posture unloads injured structures and improves muscle balance.

B. Exercise Therapies

1. Core Stabilization Exercises

   • Description: Activation of deep trunk muscles (transversus abdominis, multifidus) in controlled positions.

   • Purpose: Enhance spinal support and reduce recurrence.

   • Mechanism: Strong core acts like an internal corset, limiting harmful movements and sharing load.

2. McKenzie Extension Protocol

   • Description: Repeated lumbar extensions (lying prone press-ups).

   • Purpose: Centralize pain and displace painful joint mechanics.

   • Mechanism: Extension opens posterior elements, reduces joint compression, and restores motion.

3. Flexion-Based Stretching

   • Description: Gentle forward bends and seated flexion stretches.

   • Purpose: Stretch posterior ligaments and relieve tension on facets.

   • Mechanism: Flexion separates facet surfaces and elongates stiff structures.

4. Pilates-Style Control

   • Description: Low-impact movements on mat or equipment focusing on alignment.

   • Purpose: Improve balance, flexibility, and core strength.

   • Mechanism: Controlled movements promote coordination of stabilizing muscles.

5. Yoga for Back Health

   • Description: Modified poses emphasizing neutral spine and breathing.

   • Purpose: Increase flexibility, reduce stress, and build stability.

   • Mechanism: Combination of stretching and strengthening with mindfulness calms muscle spasm.

6. Hip and Glute Strengthening

   • Description: Exercises like bridges, clamshells, and side-lying leg lifts.

   • Purpose: Offload lumbar facets by improving pelvic support.

   • Mechanism: Strong hip muscles prevent excessive lumbar motion and maintain alignment.

7. Functional Movement Training

   • Description: Practice of daily tasks (lifting, carrying) with proper mechanics.

   • Purpose: Safely return to normal activities.

   • Mechanism: Repetitive, task-specific training builds proper motor patterns.

8. Low-Impact Aerobic Conditioning

   • Description: Walking, swimming, or cycling at moderate intensity.

   • Purpose: Improve circulation, endurance, and overall fitness.

   • Mechanism: Cardiovascular exercise enhances oxygen delivery and supports healing.

C. Mind-Body Therapies

1. Mindfulness Meditation

   • Description: Focused breathing and present-moment awareness.

   • Purpose: Reduce pain perception and stress-related muscle tension.

   • Mechanism: Activates parasympathetic system to lower cortisol and pain signals.

2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

   • Description: Structured sessions to reframe pain-related thoughts.

   • Purpose: Break cycle of fear-avoidance and improve coping skills.

   • Mechanism: Alters brain’s interpretation of pain and promotes adaptive behaviors.

3. Guided Imagery

   • Description: Visualization of healing and relaxation scenes.

   • Purpose: Distract from pain and enhance relaxation response.

   • Mechanism: Activates brain regions that modulate pain and reduce muscle tension.

4. Progressive Muscle Relaxation

   • Description: Systematic tensing and relaxing of muscle groups.

   • Purpose: Release generalized muscle tightness and anxiety.

   • Mechanism: Alternating tension and release increases awareness and ability to relax muscles voluntarily.

D. Educational Self-Management

1. Back-School Programs

   • Description: Group classes teaching spine anatomy, ergonomics, and safe lifting.

   • Purpose: Empower patients with knowledge to prevent re-injury.

   • Mechanism: Improved understanding leads to healthier behaviors and posture.

2. Ergonomic Training

   • Description: Assessment and modification of workstations and daily setups.

   • Purpose: Reduce repetitive strain on lumbar facets.

   • Mechanism: Proper desk height, chair support, and lifting techniques minimize harmful loads.

3. Home Exercise Plans

   • Description: Personalized routines for daily practice.

   • Purpose: Maintain gains from therapy sessions and prevent flare-ups.

   • Mechanism: Regular, structured exercises keep muscles strong and flexible.

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Pharmacological Treatments (Drugs)

Below are commonly used medications to manage pain, inflammation, muscle spasm, and nerve irritation. Dosages refer to typical adult regimens; individual needs vary.

1. Ibuprofen (NSAID)

   • Dosage: 200–400 mg orally every 6–8 hours as needed.

   • Class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

   • Timing: With food to reduce stomach upset.

   • Side Effects: GI irritation, kidney stress, increased bleeding risk.

2. Naproxen (NSAID)

   • Dosage: 250–500 mg orally twice daily.

   • Class: NSAID.

   • Timing: Morning and evening with meals.

   • Side Effects: Dyspepsia, headache, elevated blood pressure.

3. Diclofenac (NSAID)

   • Dosage: 50 mg orally three times daily.

   • Class: NSAID.

   • Timing: With meals.

   • Side Effects: Liver enzyme elevation, GI bleed.

4. Celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor)

   • Dosage: 100–200 mg orally once or twice daily.

   • Class: Selective COX-2 inhibitor.

   • Timing: With or without food.

   • Side Effects: Cardiovascular risks, renal impairment.

5. Acetaminophen

   • Dosage: 500–1,000 mg every 6 hours (max 3,000 mg/day).

   • Class: Analgesic/antipyretic.

   • Timing: As needed.

   • Side Effects: Liver toxicity at high doses.

6. Cyclobenzaprine

   • Dosage: 5–10 mg orally three times daily.

   • Class: Muscle relaxant.

   • Timing: At bedtime or divided doses.

   • Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness.

7. Methocarbamol

   • Dosage: 1,500 mg orally four times daily.

   • Class: Central muscle relaxant.

   • Timing: Around the clock for acute spasms.

   • Side Effects: Sedation, nausea, vertigo.

8. Gabapentin

   • Dosage: Start 300 mg at bedtime, titrate to 900–1,800 mg/day in divided doses.

   • Class: Neuropathic pain agent.

   • Timing: Titrate slowly to minimize side effects.

   • Side Effects: Drowsiness, peripheral edema, ataxia.

9. Pregabalin

   • Dosage: 75 mg twice daily, may increase to 150 mg twice daily.

   • Class: Neuropathic pain modulator.

   • Timing: Twice daily with or without food.

   • Side Effects: Weight gain, dizziness, dry mouth.

10. Amitriptyline

    • Dosage: 10–25 mg orally at bedtime.

    • Class: Tricyclic antidepressant (off-label for pain).

    • Timing: Bedtime due to sedative effect.

    • Side Effects: Anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension.

11. Duloxetine

    • Dosage: 30–60 mg once daily.

    • Class: SNRI antidepressant.

    • Timing: Morning to avoid insomnia.

    • Side Effects: Nausea, fatigue, dry mouth.

12. Tramadol

    • Dosage: 50–100 mg every 4–6 hours (max 400 mg/day).

    • Class: Opioid analgesic.

    • Timing: As needed for moderate pain.

    • Side Effects: Constipation, dizziness, risk of dependence.

13. Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen

    • Dosage: 5 mg/325 mg every 4–6 hours as needed.

    • Class: Combination opioid.

    • Timing: As needed for severe pain.

    • Side Effects: Sedation, respiratory depression, constipation.

14. Prednisone

    • Dosage: 10–20 mg daily for short courses (5–7 days).

    • Class: Systemic corticosteroid.

    • Timing: Morning dose to mimic cortisol rhythm.

    • Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, immunosuppression, mood changes.

15. Methylprednisolone Dose-Pack

    • Dosage: Tapered course (e.g., 24 mg → 6 mg over 6 days).

    • Class: Corticosteroid.

    • Timing: Morning.

    • Side Effects: As above, plus adrenal suppression if prolonged.

16. Ketorolac (short-term)

    • Dosage: 10 mg orally every 4–6 hours for <5 days.

    • Class: Potent NSAID.

    • Timing: Strict short-course.

    • Side Effects: GI bleeding, renal toxicity.

17. Meloxicam

    • Dosage: 7.5–15 mg once daily.

    • Class: Preferential COX-2 inhibitor.

    • Timing: With food.

    • Side Effects: Edema, hypertension, GI upset.

18. Tizanidine

    • Dosage: 2–4 mg every 6–8 hours as needed.

    • Class: Alpha-2 agonist muscle relaxant.

    • Timing: Avoid at night if insomnia occurs.

    • Side Effects: Hypotension, dry mouth, sedation.

19. Baclofen

    • Dosage: 5 mg three times daily, up to 80 mg/day.

    • Class: GABA-B agonist muscle relaxant.

    • Timing: Divided doses.

    • Side Effects: Weakness, drowsiness, nausea.

20. Diazepam

    • Dosage: 2–10 mg orally two to four times daily.

    • Class: Benzodiazepine muscle relaxant.

    • Timing: As needed for severe spasm.

    • Side Effects: Dependence, sedation, respiratory depression.

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Dietary & Molecular Supplements

These supplements may support joint health, reduce inflammation, and aid tissue repair.

1. Glucosamine Sulfate

   • Dosage: 1,500 mg once daily.

   • Function: Supports cartilage structure.

   • Mechanism: Provides substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis in joint cartilage.

2. Chondroitin Sulfate

   • Dosage: 1,200 mg daily in divided doses.

   • Function: Maintains cartilage elasticity.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits cartilage-degrading enzymes and attracts water to cartilage.

3. Omega-3 Fish Oil

   • Dosage: 1,000–3,000 mg EPA/DHA daily.

   • Function: Anti-inflammatory effects.

   • Mechanism: Converts to resolvins that reduce proinflammatory cytokines.

4. Vitamin D₃

   • Dosage: 1,000–2,000 IU daily.

   • Function: Bone health and muscle function.

   • Mechanism: Facilitates calcium absorption and modulates immune response.

5. Magnesium Citrate

   • Dosage: 200–400 mg daily.

   • Function: Muscle relaxation and nerve conduction.

   • Mechanism: Competes with calcium in muscle cells, reducing spasm.

6. Curcumin (Turmeric Extract)

   • Dosage: 500–1,000 mg twice daily with black pepper.

   • Function: Potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits NF-κB pathway and COX enzymes.

7. Collagen Peptides

   • Dosage: 10 g daily in liquid or powder form.

   • Function: Provides amino acids for connective tissue repair.

   • Mechanism: Stimulates fibroblasts to produce new collagen.

8. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

   • Dosage: 1,000–3,000 mg daily.

   • Function: Supports joint and connective tissue health.

   • Mechanism: Supplies sulfur needed for collagen and cartilage formation.

9. Boswellia Serrata Extract

   • Dosage: 300–500 mg of standardized extract twice daily.

   • Function: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotriene synthesis.

10. Vitamin B₁₂ (Methylcobalamin)

    • Dosage: 1,000 mcg daily orally or via injection weekly.

    • Function: Nerve health and repair.

    • Mechanism: Supports myelin synthesis and nerve conduction in injured roots.

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Advanced & Regenerative Therapies

These emerging treatments target structural healing, cartilage support, and cellular regeneration.

1. Alendronate (Bisphosphonate)

   • Dosage: 70 mg weekly.

   • Function: Increase bone density around facets.

   • Mechanism: Inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.

2. Zoledronic Acid (Bisphosphonate)

   • Dosage: 5 mg IV once yearly.

   • Function: Long-term bone strengthening.

   • Mechanism: Potent osteoclast inhibitor, improving vertebral support.

3. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection

   • Dosage: 3–5 mL injected into facet joint under imaging.

   • Function: Promote tissue repair.

   • Mechanism: Delivers concentrated growth factors to stimulate healing.

4. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2)

   • Dosage: Applied during surgical fusion only.

   • Function: Induce bone growth.

   • Mechanism: Stimulates mesenchymal cells to differentiate into osteoblasts.

5. Hyaluronic Acid (Viscosupplementation)

   • Dosage: 2 mL injected into facet joint monthly for 3 months.

   • Function: Cushion and lubricate joint.

   • Mechanism: Restores synovial fluid viscosity and protects cartilage.

6. Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells

   • Dosage: 1–10 million cells injected into joint space.

   • Function: Regenerate cartilage and ligament tissues.

   • Mechanism: Differentiate into fibroblasts and chondrocytes, secreting repair factors.

7. Allogeneic Umbilical Cord MSCs

   • Dosage: Single injection of 10–20 million cells.

   • Function: Paracrine support for tissue repair.

   • Mechanism: Secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors.

8. Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

   • Dosage: 0.1 IU/kg daily subcutaneously.

   • Function: Promote collagen synthesis and repair.

   • Mechanism: Stimulates IGF-1 production, enhancing fibroblast activity.

9. PRP + MSC Combination Therapy

   • Dosage: 3 mL PRP mixed with 5 million MSCs per injection.

   • Function: Synergistic regeneration.

   • Mechanism: Growth factors prime stem cells for improved engraftment.

10. Exosome Therapy

• Dosage: 100 µg exosome concentrate injected.

• Function: Modulate inflammation and promote healing.

• Mechanism: Exosomes deliver miRNAs that regulate gene expression in injured cells.

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Surgical Treatments

Surgery is reserved for unstable dislocations, persistent pain despite conservative care, or neurological involvement.

1. Open Reduction & Internal Fixation (ORIF)

   • Procedure: Surgeon repositions the dislocated facet and secures it with screws and rods.

   • Benefits: Immediate stability, decompresses nerves, restores alignment.

2. Facet Joint Fusion

   • Procedure: Removal of facet cartilage and placement of bone graft between facets, fixed with hardware.

   • Benefits: Permanent stabilization and pain reduction.

3. Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF)

   • Procedure: Disc removal, insertion of cage/bone graft in disc space, posterior screws and rods.

   • Benefits: Restores disc height, decompresses nerve roots, stabilizes spine.

4. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)

   • Procedure: Unilateral facetectomy, disc removal, implant insertion, then posterior fixation.

   • Benefits: Less neural retraction, good lordosis restoration, high fusion rates.

5. Pedicle Screw Fixation

   • Procedure: Screws placed into pedicles of vertebrae above and below injury, connected by rods.

   • Benefits: Strong three-column support.

6. Laminectomy with Instrumentation

   • Procedure: Removal of lamina to decompress neural elements, then rods/screws for stability.

   • Benefits: Relieves nerve compression and maintains alignment.

7. Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS)

   • Procedure: Small incisions with tubular retractors for reduction and percutaneous screw placement.

   • Benefits: Less muscle damage, faster recovery, reduced blood loss.

8. Interspinous Process Device Implantation

   • Procedure: Spacer placed between spinous processes to limit extension.

   • Benefits: Offloads facets, preserves motion.

9. Facet Joint Endoscopic Debridement

   • Procedure: Endoscopic removal of inflamed tissue around facets.

   • Benefits: Direct visualization, targeted pain relief.

10. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF)

    • Procedure: Access via abdomen, disc removal and cage insertion, supplemented by posterior fixation.

    • Benefits: Larger grafts possible, minimal posterior muscle disruption.

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Prevention Strategies

1. Proper Lifting Technique

2. Core Strength Maintenance

3. Regular Flexibility Work

4. Weight Management

5. Ergonomic Workplace Setup

6. Use of Lumbar Support Belts (when needed)

7. Warm-Up Before Activity

8. Avoidance of Sudden Twisting

9. Smoking Cessation

10. Routine Spine Check-Ups

(Each backed by simple education on posture, body mechanics, and healthy lifestyle.)

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When to See a Doctor

• Severe, unrelenting low back pain not improving after 48 hours of self-care

• Radiating pain, numbness, or weakness in legs

• Loss of bladder or bowel control (emergency!)

• Visible deformity or step-off in spine

• High fever with back pain

• History of cancer or osteoporosis

• Signs of spinal instability (giving way)

• Progressive neurological symptoms

• Pain at rest or night pain

• Suspected fracture or high-impact trauma

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What to Do & What to Avoid

Do:

• Apply ice first 48 hours, then heat

• Maintain gentle activity and walking

• Follow prescribed exercise program

• Practice good posture

• Use ergonomic chairs/support

• Sleep on a firm surface

• Stay hydrated and well-nourished

• Use a supportive lumbar roll

• Take breaks from prolonged sitting

• Listen to your body and rest when needed

Avoid:

• Bed rest beyond 1–2 days

• Heavy lifting or twisting

• High-impact sports until cleared

• Slouching or rounded back postures

• Ignoring red-flag symptoms

• Smoking or tobacco use

• Wearing improper footwear

• Overuse of opioid painkillers

• Rapid unsupervised return to activities

• Delaying medical evaluation if symptoms worsen

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What exactly is a perched facet dislocation?
   A perched facet occurs when one facet joint is forced partially over the facet below, “perching” instead of fully dislocating. It is less severe than a complete dislocation but still unstable.

2. How is this injury diagnosed?
   Diagnosis requires X-rays, CT scans for bone detail, and MRI to assess ligaments and nerve involvement.

3. Can I walk after a perched facet injury?
   Mild cases may allow limited walking; however, bracing and medical evaluation are essential first.

4. Will I need surgery?
   Surgery is often needed if there is instability, neurological signs, or failure of conservative care after 6–8 weeks.

5. How long is recovery?
   Non-surgical cases may heal in 8–12 weeks; surgical recoveries can take 3–6 months for full return to activity.

6. Is a back brace necessary?
   A rigid or semi-rigid brace is usually prescribed for 6–12 weeks to limit motion and support healing.

7. Will I have chronic pain?
   With timely treatment and rehabilitation, many patients regain function with minimal chronic pain. Some may have residual stiffness.

8. Can I exercise during recovery?
   Yes—under physiotherapist guidance. Gentle core and flexibility exercises begin once acute pain subsides.

9. Are there alternative treatments?
   Acupuncture, chiropractic care, and massage can complement standard therapy but require coordination with your physician.

10. What are the risks of surgery?
    Risks include infection, bleeding, nerve injury, hardware failure, and non-union (failure of bone to fuse).

11. Can facet injections help?
    Yes—steroid or PRP injections under imaging can reduce local inflammation and pain for months.

12. When can I return to work?
    It depends on job demands: desk work may resume in 4–6 weeks; heavy labor often requires 3–4 months.

13. Does weight affect recovery?
    Excess weight increases mechanical load on spine. Weight loss is strongly recommended for better outcomes.

14. Is smoking a risk factor?
    Yes—smoking impairs bone healing and increases risk of non-union after fusion surgery.

15. Can I prevent future back injuries?
    Consistent core strengthening, ergonomic awareness, and safe movement habits reduce recurrence risk.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: June 19, 2025.

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References