Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Van Bogaert–Scherer–Epstein Syndrome Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. Van Bogaert–Scherer–Epstein syndrome is the old name for a rare, inherited metabolic disease that doctors now usually call cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). In this disease, the body cannot make ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Sterol 27-Hydroxylase Deficiency Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. Sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency is a rare genetic disease where a gene called CYP27A1 does not work properly. This gene makes an enzyme that helps turn cholesterol into normal bile acids. When the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cholestanolosis Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. “Cholestanolosis” is an older or less common name that usually refers to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), a rare genetic disease where a fat-like substance called cholestanol slowly builds up in ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cholestanol Storage Disease Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. Cholestanol storage disease is a rare, inherited metabolic disease in which the body cannot correctly turn cholesterol into normal bile acids in the liver. Because of this problem, an abnormal fat ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cerebrotendinous Cholesterinosis Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. Cerebrotendinous cholesterinosis, usually called cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), is a very rare genetic disease that affects how the body makes bile acids from cholesterol. Because of a fault ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (often shortened to CTX) is a rare inherited disease that affects how the body turns cholesterol into bile acids. Because of a gene problem, an enzyme called sterol ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Hepatic Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 Deficiency Dr. Samantha A. Vergano, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 deficiency, often shortened to CPT1A deficiency, is a rare, inherited energy-use problem in the liver. Our bodies store fat and then burn it to make energy, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Hepatic Vein Obstruction Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Hepatic vein obstruction means the blood leaving the liver cannot flow out normally through the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and then to the heart. The blockage can be inside the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Unconjugated Bilirubin Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Unconjugated bilirubin is a yellow waste pigment that your body makes when it breaks down old red blood cells. First, hemoglobin from red cells becomes biliverdin, then turns into bilirubin. In this ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Kernicterus of the Newborn Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Kernicterus is brain damage caused by very high levels of a yellow substance in the baby’s blood called unconjugated bilirubin. When bilirubin is too high, it can cross into the brain and injure deep ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Bilirubin Encephalopathy Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Bilirubin encephalopathy means brain injury caused by very high levels of unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin in a newborn’s blood. Unconjugated bilirubin can cross into the brain. It is fat-soluble ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Non-Syndromic Biliary Atresia Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Non-syndromic biliary atresia is a liver disease in newborn babies. The tiny tubes that carry bile (the bile ducts) become inflamed, scarred, and blocked. Bile cannot flow to the intestine. It gets ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Isolated Atresia of the BileDucts Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Isolated atresia of the bile ducts means the tubes that carry bile from a baby’s liver to the intestine are blocked or missing. Bile is a fluid that helps digestion and carries waste out of the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Congenital Biliary Duct Atresia Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Congenital biliary duct atresia (biliary atresia) is a disease of newborn babies. The small tubes that carry bile from the liver to the intestine do not open and drain normally. The tubes can be ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Atresia of Bile Ducts Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Atresia of bile ducts means that the tubes that carry bile from a baby’s liver to the intestine are scarred, narrowed, or completely blocked. Bile is a digestive fluid made by the liver. It helps us ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Biliary Atresia Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Biliary atresia is a rare disease in newborns where the bile ducts outside (and sometimes inside) the liver are blocked or missing. Bile cannot flow from the liver into the intestine, so bilirubin ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Bile Acid-CoA Ligase Deficiency and Defective Amidation Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Bile acid-CoA ligase deficiency and defective amidation is a rare, inherited problem in how the liver “finishes” bile acids. Normally, the liver first activates a bile acid by attaching CoA (the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Bile Acid-CoA Ligase Deficiency and Defective Amidation Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Your liver makes bile acids. Bile acids help digest fat and absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K. Before bile acids can work well, the liver must “activate” and “conjugate” them. Activation uses an enzyme ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 2 (BRIC2) Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2) is a rare, inherited liver condition. People with BRIC2 have repeated “attacks” (episodes) in which their liver cannot move bile out properly. ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis Type 1 Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 is a rare, inherited liver condition. “Benign” means it usually does not cause permanent liver scarring. “Recurrent” means symptoms come and go in ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Benign Recurrent Cholestasis (BRC/BRIC) Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Benign recurrent cholestasis (BRC/BRIC) is a rare liver condition where bile flow from the liver slows or stops for weeks to months, then gets better by itself and can come back later. During an ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Benign Familial Recurrent Cholestasis (BRIC) Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Benign familial recurrent cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare, inherited liver condition. “Benign” means it does not usually lead to permanent liver damage. “Familial” means it runs in families. “Recurrent” ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC) Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a rare, inherited liver condition. It causes repeated “attacks” when bile cannot flow out of liver cells the way it should. During an attack, bile ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Ciliary Dysentery Caused by Balantidium Coli Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Ciliary dysentery is a bowel infection caused by a large, single-cell parasite named Balantidium coli. It is the only ciliated protozoan known to infect humans. The parasite lives in the large ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Balantidial Dysentery Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Balantidial dysentery is a bowel infection caused by a single-celled parasite called Balantidium coli (also written in newer papers as Balantioides coli; older papers may use Neobalantidium coli). It ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Balantidiasis Dr. Huma Q. Rana, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Balantidiasis is an infection of the large intestine caused by a single-celled parasite called Balantidium coli (also known in newer science papers as Balantioides coli or Neobalantidium coli). It is ...
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)Gallbladder Cancer – Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Options Dr Muhammad Zakria Introduction Gallbladder cancer is a rare but serious disease that develops when cancerous (malignant) cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder a small organ located just beneath the liver. ...
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)Liver Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and Prognosis Dr Muhammad Zakria Introduction Liver cancer is one of the most challenging cancers worldwide, known for its aggressive nature and often late diagnosis. The liver, a vital organ responsible for ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Pelvofemoral Muscular Dystrophy Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Pelvofemoral muscular dystrophy (PFMD) is an older descriptive name for a limb-girdle pattern of muscular dystrophy in which weakness starts in the pelvic and upper-thigh (femoral) muscles first, and ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Isolated Congenital Polycystic Liver Disease Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Isolated congenital polycystic liver disease is a rare condition in which many fluid-filled sacs (cysts) grow throughout the liver over a lifetime, even though the rest of the body is otherwise ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Fibrocystic Disease of the Liver Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Fibrocystic disease of the liver (often called fibropolycystic liver disease) is a family of rare birth-related liver problems where the tubes that carry bile (the bile ducts) do not form normally ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Congenital Polycystic Liver Disease Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Congenital polycystic liver disease is a condition you are born with. It causes many fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, to form in the liver. These cysts come from the tiny tubes that line the bile ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Congenital Cystic Disease of the Liver Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Congenital cystic disease of the liver is an umbrella term for birth-related (genetic or developmental) problems where tiny tubes in the developing liver (the bile ducts) do not form in the normal ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease (ADPLD) Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (ADPLD) is a genetic condition where many fluid-filled cysts grow in the liver. Over time, cysts can become numerous and large. The healthy liver tissue ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Autoimmune Pancreatitis (AIP) Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a special kind of chronic inflammation of the pancreas that happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks the pancreas. It often causes painless yellowing of the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Autoimmune Hepatitis Dr. Reem Saadeh Haddad, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Autoimmune hepatitis is a long-lasting liver disease where the body’s immune system wrongly attacks liver cells. This attack causes inflammation, raises liver enzymes in blood tests, and—without ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Autoimmune Enteropathy and Endocrinopathy – Susceptibility to Chronic Infections Syndrome Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Autoimmune enteropathy and endocrinopathy – susceptibility to chronic infections syndrome is an extremely rare, inherited immune-system disorder. It happens most often because of a change (mutation) ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Severe Immune-Mediated Enteropathy Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Severe immune-mediated enteropathy means the small intestine is badly inflamed or injured because the immune system is attacking or mis-controlling the lining of the gut. “Severe” means the damage is ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Urethral Atresia Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Urethral atresia means the urethra (the tube that lets urine exit the bladder) did not form a usable opening during fetal development. Urine cannot leave the fetal bladder, so pressure backs up to ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Atresia of the Urethra Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Atresia of the urethra means the urethra—the tube that should carry urine from the bladder to the outside—did not form an open channel. It is blocked completely. Because urine cannot leave the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Jejunoileal Atresia Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Jejunoileal atresia is a birth defect where a segment of the small intestine (jejunum and/or ileum) fails to form a normal, open tube, causing a complete blockage. Babies typically present in the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Jejunal Atresia Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Jejunal atresia is a birth problem where a section of the middle small intestine (the jejunum) is blocked or missing. Because the tube is closed, milk cannot pass through, so newborns quickly develop ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Congenital Small Intestine Atresia Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Congenital small intestine atresia means a baby is born with a blocked or missing segment of the small bowel (jejunum or ileum). Food and fluid cannot pass through. This causes swollen bowel loops ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Atresia of the Small Intestine Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Atresia of the small intestine means a portion of a baby’s small bowel did not form a normal, open tube before birth. Instead of a smooth passage, there is a complete block (atresia) or, less often, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Annular Pancreas Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Annular pancreas is a rare birth difference where a ring (or partial ring) of pancreatic tissue grows around the second part of the duodenum (the first part of the small bowel). That ring can squeeze ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Anisakiasis Dr. Priya Kishnani, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Anisakiasis is a disease caused by tiny roundworms (nematodes) that live in some raw or undercooked marine fish and squid. When a person eats fish or squid that contains a live larva, the worm can ...
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease (A - Z)Emphysema Cirrhosis Due to Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) Deficiency Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Emphysema–cirrhosis due to AAT deficiency is a genetic condition where a person is born with too little working alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. AAT is made mainly in the liver and travels in the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Syndromic Bile Duct Paucity Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Syndromic bile duct paucity means there are fewer small bile ducts inside the liver than normal, and this shortage occurs as part of a broader syndrome that also affects other organs (like the heart, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Arteriohepatic Dysplasia Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Arteriohepatic dysplasia—better known as Alagille syndrome (ALGS)—is a rare genetic condition that affects many body systems, mainly the liver and heart. In the liver, there are fewer small bile ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Accelerated Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP) Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Accelerated interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a fast-moving form of interstitial lung disease in which the tiny air sacs (alveoli) and the tissue between them (interstitium) become acutely inflamed and ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Rich Syndrome) Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) is a sudden, severe lung disease that causes rapid inflammation and scarring in both lungs. Doctors also call it Hamman–Rich syndrome. It usually affects adults who ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Acute Infantile Liver Failure Due to Synthesis Defects Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist Acute infantile liver failure due to synthesis defects is a sudden, life-threatening breakdown of liver function in a baby (newborn to about 12 months old) caused by problems in the body’s “making” ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Dr. Zakria – Liver, Gallbladder & Pancreatic Cancer Specialist | Hepatobiliary Surgeon | Best Liver Surgeon Dr Muhammad Zakria 📞 Call Dr. Muhammad Zakria at 0323-5283636 – Evercare Hospital Lahore. With over 20 years of experience in treating liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, bile duct tumors, fatty liver, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Accessory Pancreas (Heterotopic / Ectopic Pancreas) Dr. Nadia Falah, MD - Clinical Genetics, Genomics, Cytogenetics, Biochemical Genetics Specialist An accessory pancreas means there is a small piece of normal pancreatic tissue that sits outside the main pancreas. It grew there during early life in the womb, when the baby’s organs were forming. ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Mixed Gallbladder Stones Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Mixed gallbladder stones are hard pebble-like lumps that form inside the gallbladder from more than one ingredient at the same time. Most stones are made mainly of cholesterol crystals. Some are made ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Mixed Stones Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist “Mixed stones” are solid lumps that form inside fluid-filled organs or ducts when different materials clump together. In everyday medicine, this term most often refers to mixed gallstones—stones made ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Brown Pigment Stones Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Brown pigment stones are soft, brown-colored stones that form inside the bile ducts (the small tubes that carry bile from the liver to the intestine). Unlike the more common cholesterol stones and ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Black Pigment Gallstones Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Black pigment gallstones are hard, dark stones that form inside your gallbladder. They are called “black” because they look jet-black or charcoal-black when doctors see them during surgery or ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Pigment gallstones Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Pigment gallstones are hard, pebble-like pieces that form inside the gallbladder or bile ducts. They are called “pigment” stones because they are made mainly from a dark chemical called bilirubin, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cholesterol Gall Stones Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Cholesterol stones are small, solid “pebbles” that form inside the gallbladder, a small pouch under your liver that stores bile. Bile is a yellow-green fluid that helps your body digest fat. ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Pancreatomegaly Dr. Mary A. Ahluwalia, MD - Ophthalmologist Pancreatomegaly is a descriptive word, not a final diagnosis. It means the pancreas is bigger than usual. Doctors usually notice it on imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT, MRI, MRCP, or endoscopic ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Esophageal Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Esophageal dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the normal microbial community of the esophagus. Under healthy conditions, the esophageal mucosa hosts a diverse population of bacteria—predominantly ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Vaginal Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Vaginal dysbiosis is a condition in which the natural balance of microorganisms in the vagina is disturbed, allowing harmful or opportunistic microbes to overgrow and outnumber the beneficial ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Oral Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Oral dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the community of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that live in the mouth. In a healthy mouth, these microbes coexist in harmony and help with ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Gut Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Gut dysbiosis means that the tiny creatures living in your digestive tract—mostly bacteria, but also viruses and fungi—are out of balance. In a healthy gut, these microbes help you digest food, make ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Dysbiosis is when the balance of helpful and harmful microorganisms in your gut breaks down. Think of your digestive tract as a garden: you need more of the good plants (beneficial bacteria) and ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Neuropsychiatric Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Neuropsychiatric dysbiosis is a condition where the community of microorganisms living in your gut (the gut microbiota) becomes unbalanced, leading to problems in brain function and mental health. In ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Metabolic Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Metabolic dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the body’s metabolic processes, often driven by disruptions in gut microbes, hormone signaling, or nutrient utilization. In simple terms, it means the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Functional Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Functional dysbiosis is an imbalance in the normal functions of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is a diverse community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that live in the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Inflammatory Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Inflammatory dysbiosis is an imbalance in the community of microbes living in the gut—beneficial bacteria decline while harmful species flourish—triggering chronic inflammation that can affect ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Infectious Dysbiosis Dr. Azin Abazari, MD - Ophthalmologist Infectious dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in the body’s microbial communities—most often in the gut—triggered by the overgrowth of pathogenic organisms (bacteria, fungi, or viruses) that disrupt ...
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)Thoracic Transverse Nerve Root Compression at T5–T6 Dr. Mahsa Mehrazin, MD - Neurologist and Spinal Nerve Specialist Thoracic transverse (T5–T6) nerve root compression is a condition where the spinal nerve root exiting between the fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae gets pinched or squeezed by surrounding structures ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cervical Disc Non-Contained Sequestration Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Cervical Disc Non-Contained Sequestration is a severe form of disc herniation in the neck where a fragment of the intervertebral disc completely breaks away from its parent disc and lies free in the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cervical Disc Posterolateral Sequestration Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Cervical disc posterolateral sequestration is a subtype of disc extrusion in which the soft inner core (nucleus pulposus) of a cervical intervertebral disc tears completely through its tough outer ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cervical C5–C6 Disc Sequestration Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Cervical C5–C6 Disc Sequestration is an advanced form of cervical disc herniation in which a fragment of the nucleus pulposus completely separates from the parent intervertebral disc and migrates ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Cervical Disc Subligamentous Extrusion Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Cervical Disc Subligamentous Extrusion is a specific type of herniated disc in the neck. It happens when the soft, gel-like center of a cervical intervertebral disc (the nucleus pulposus) pushes ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Pancreatic Stones Dr. Carolyn J. Agresti, MD - Otolaryngologist (ENT) Imagine you’re going about your day, and suddenly, a sharp pain hits your upper abdomen. This pain doesn’t just fade away; it lingers, throbs, and even spreads to your back. You start asking ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Grade 2 Fatty Liver Dr. Carolyn J. Agresti, MD - Otolaryngologist (ENT) Have you ever heard of fatty liver disease? It’s a condition that affects millions of people worldwide, yet many are unaware of its potential consequences.Imagine your liver, a hardworking organ ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Abdominal External Oblique Disorders Dr. Maria E Abruzzo;Md The abdominal external oblique is one of the muscles of your abdomen (tummy area). It plays a big role in movement, posture, and stability of the trunk. When problems happen with this muscle—often ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Anococcygeal Body Injury Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Anococcygeal body injury is an injury affecting the small tissue structure located between the anus and the tailbone (coccyx). Though this area is not widely known outside of specialized medical ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Strain Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch strain refers to an injury or overuse condition affecting the tendinous structures that support the arch of the foot. These tendons, along with associated muscles, ligaments, and ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Sprains Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch sprain is an injury that affects the tendinous structures in the arch area of the foot. Although the term might sound complex, it refers to a sprain that damages the tendons that ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Laxity Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch laxity is a condition that refers to the looseness or weakened support of the tendinous arch—an important structural part in areas like the foot or other joints where tendons form a ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Adhesions Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch adhesions is a term used to describe abnormal bands of scar-like tissue that form in or around the tendinous arches of the body. These adhesions can cause pain, stiffness, and reduced ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Hyperplasia Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch hyperplasia is a condition where a band of tendon tissue—known as the tendinous arch—grows thicker than normal. This overgrowth can affect how the tendon works and may lead to pain, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Fibrosis Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous Arch Fibrosis is a condition where fibrous (scar-like) tissue forms within the tendinous arch of a structure—often in the foot—leading to stiffness, pain, and functional problems. This ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Infection Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD The tendinous arch is a band of fibrous tissue that plays an important role in supporting our foot’s structure and function. When an infection occurs in this area, it can lead to pain, swelling, and ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Cysts Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop along or near the supportive bands of tissue (the tendinous arches) that help our tendons work properly. Although these cysts are usually ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Tumors Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch tumors are abnormal growths that form in or near the tendinous arches—fibrous bands that support our muscles and tendons. Although they are not very common, understanding them is ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Injury Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch injury is a condition affecting the fibrous structures in your foot that help maintain the arch. This guide explains what it is, how it occurs, its symptoms, the ways to diagnose it, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Pain Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch pain is a condition that affects the arch area of the foot where important tendons work to support and move your foot. It can cause discomfort, stiffness, and difficulty with walking ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Masses Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch masses are abnormal lumps or growths that develop along a tendon arch—an area where tendons form a curved band, most often found in the foot. These masses can be a source of pain, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Hypertrophy Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous Arch Hypertrophy is a condition where the tendon structure that forms a natural arch becomes abnormally thickened or enlarged. This hypertrophy can lead to pain, discomfort, and changes in ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Diseases Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arches are fibrous bands made up of tendons that play an essential role in supporting our feet and other parts of the body. When these structures are injured, inflamed, or degenerate, they ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Tendinous Arch Disorders Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Tendinous arch disorders affect the tendon structures that help support the arches of the foot. These arches play a key role in supporting our body weight, absorbing shock when we walk, run, or jump, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Hernia Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD An obturator fascia hernia is a rare type of pelvic hernia where a part of an organ, often the intestine, pushes through a weakness in the fascia (a thin layer of tissue) near the obturator canal. ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Adhesions Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia adhesions refer to abnormal bands of scar tissue that form in or around the obturator fascia—a thin, supportive layer of connective tissue found in the pelvic region. These adhesions ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Hyperplasia Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator Fascia Hyperplasia is a condition involving an abnormal increase in the cells of the obturator fascia—a connective tissue layer in the pelvic region. This guide is designed to help you ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Fibrosis Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia fibrosis is a condition in which the connective tissue (fascia) covering a group of muscles in the pelvic region becomes thickened and scarred (fibrotic). This can lead to pain, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Infection Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia infection is a rare condition affecting the soft tissue layer in the pelvic region known as the obturator fascia. This guide explains what it is, how it happens, and what you can do ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Cysts Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia cysts are uncommon fluid-filled sacs that form in or around the obturator fascia, a layer of connective tissue located in the pelvic region. Although these cysts are rare, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Tumors Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia tumors are rare growths that form in or around the thin, connective tissue (fascia) covering the obturator muscles in the pelvic region. Because the obturator fascia is located deep ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z) Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia injury refers to damage or strain to the thin connective tissue (fascia) covering the pelvic muscles, particularly around the obturator internus area. Although not as common as other ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Pain Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia pain is a type of pelvic pain that originates in the thin layer of connective tissue covering a muscle in the pelvic area. Obturator fascia pain refers to discomfort or pain arising ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Masses Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia masses are abnormal growths or lesions that develop in the obturator fascia—a thin but strong connective tissue in the pelvic area. Although not as commonly discussed as other pelvic ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Hypertrophy Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia hypertrophy is a condition in which the fibrous tissue covering the pelvic muscles becomes abnormally thickened. This change in the fascia can affect nearby muscles and nerves, ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Diseases Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD The human body has many layers of tissue that support and protect organs. One of these important layers is the obturator fascia. Although not widely known outside of medical circles, problems with ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Obturator Fascia Disorders Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Obturator fascia disorders are conditions affecting a thin but important layer of connective tissue in your pelvic region. In this guide, you will learn about the anatomy and functions of the ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Rectoprostatic Fascia Thickening Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD The rectoprostatic fascia is a thin, flexible layer of connective tissue found between the prostate gland and the rectum. It is also known as Denonvilliers’ fascia. Normally, this tissue provides ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Hernias in the Pelvic Region Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Rectoprostatic fascia hernia is a rare type of hernia involving the fibrous tissue that separates the rectum from the prostate in males. Although it is not as common as other hernias (like inguinal ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Rectoprostatic Fascia Adhesions Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD Rectoprostatic fascia adhesions refer to the formation of scar tissue or abnormal bands (adhesions) in the thin connective tissue layer—the rectoprostatic fascia—that lies between the prostate gland ...
Gastrointestinal, Pelvic & Liver Disease, (A - Z)Rectoprostatic Fascia Hyperplasia Dr. Sarah A. Adelstein, MD This condition involves an overgrowth or thickening of the rectoprostatic fascia. Although not common in everyday discussions, the concept is similar to how benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects ...