Scalenus posterior muscle spasm is a condition in which the scalenus posterior muscle—the muscle located along the lateral aspect of the neck—suddenly contracts or tightens, causing pain and discomfort. While the spasm itself might be the source of neck pain or contribute to other symptoms such as headaches, arm tingling, or difficulty moving the neck, understanding the underlying causes, anatomy, and treatment options is essential for managing the condition effectively.
Anatomy of the Scalenus Posterior Muscle
A clear understanding of the structure and function of the scalenus posterior muscle sets the foundation for understanding its spasms. Below, you will find explanations of its location, origin, insertion, blood supply, nerve supply, and key functions.
Location and Structure
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Location:
The scalenus posterior muscle is one of the group of three scalene muscles found in the lateral part of the neck. It lies deep within the neck, running alongside other neck muscles that support the head and cervical spine. -
Structure:
It is a relatively small, elongated muscle that works together with its anterior and middle counterparts. The muscle fibers extend from the cervical vertebrae to the upper rib region, contributing to neck stability and assisting in breathing.
Origin and Insertion
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Origin:
The muscle originates from the posterior tubercles of the lower cervical vertebrae (typically from the transverse processes of C5 to C7). This bony origin provides a stable base for muscle action. -
Insertion:
It inserts on the upper surface of the first rib, near a bump called the scalene tubercle. This attachment allows the muscle to play a role in both neck movement and respiratory mechanics.
Blood Supply and Nerve Supply
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Blood Supply:
The scalenus posterior muscle is nourished by branches of the deep cervical artery and, in some cases, collateral branches of the subclavian artery. Adequate blood flow is essential for muscle health and recovery from injury or spasm. -
Nerve Supply:
This muscle receives nerve signals mainly from the ventral rami of the cervical spinal nerves (often C5 through C8). These nerves control its movement and contribute to its role in both posture and breathing.
Key Functions
Here are six important functions of the scalenus posterior muscle:
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Assisting with Respiration:
It helps lift the first rib during deep inhalation, contributing to the expansion of the chest cavity. -
Lateral Neck Flexion:
It aids in bending the neck sideways, allowing you to tilt your head. -
Neck Rotation:
The muscle helps rotate the head to the opposite side. -
Cervical Spine Stabilization:
By anchoring the vertebrae, it supports proper alignment of the neck. -
Posture Maintenance:
The muscle contributes to keeping the head and neck in an optimal, balanced position. -
Rib Movement Facilitation:
It collaborates with other muscles to ensure that the rib cage moves correctly during breathing and physical activity.
Types of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Spasm
Not all spasms are identical. They can vary by duration, intensity, and underlying cause. The following are common types associated with the scalenus posterior muscle:
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Acute Spasm:
A sudden, short-lived contraction that often occurs after an injury or sudden strain. -
Chronic Spasm:
Persistent or recurring tightness that lasts for an extended period, potentially linked to ongoing poor posture or repetitive strain. -
Activity-Induced Spasm:
Spasms triggered by repetitive activities or overuse during physical labor or sports. -
Postural Spasm:
Associated with prolonged poor posture (such as forward head posture) which causes sustained muscle contraction. -
Secondary Spasm:
Occurs as a reaction to an underlying condition, such as cervical spine degeneration or nerve impingement. -
Reflex Spasm:
Triggered by nerve irritation or reflex actions that are the body’s way of protecting an injured area.
Causes of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Spasm
Muscle spasms in the scalenus posterior can arise from various factors. Understanding these causes may help in both prevention and treatment. Below is a list of 20 potential causes:
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Poor Posture:
Slouching, computer work, or improper head alignment. -
Stress and Anxiety:
Heightened stress may lead to increased muscle tension. -
Overuse:
Repetitive activities that strain the neck muscles. -
Trauma:
Injuries from accidents or sudden impact (e.g., whiplash). -
Whiplash Injuries:
Sudden jerking of the head that stretches or strains the muscle. -
Ergonomic Issues:
Poor workstation or sleeping arrangements that strain the neck. -
Muscle Fatigue:
Overworking the neck muscles through prolonged physical activity. -
Cold Exposure:
Sudden exposure to cold can lead to tight, stiff muscles. -
Spinal Misalignment:
Abnormal curvature or misalignment of the cervical spine. -
Herniated Disc:
Disc problems may indirectly trigger muscle spasms due to nerve irritation. -
Cervical Spondylosis:
Age-related degeneration of the cervical vertebrae. -
Arthritis:
Inflammatory joint conditions can affect surrounding muscles. -
Nerve Compression:
A pinched nerve can lead to involuntary muscle contraction. -
Vascular Insufficiency:
Reduced blood flow can lead to muscle fatigue and spasm. -
Sedentary Lifestyle:
Lack of movement can weaken muscles and lead to tension. -
Dehydration:
Electrolyte imbalances may cause muscles to cramp. -
Sleep Disturbances:
Poor sleep positions may lead to neck strain. -
High-Intensity Sports:
Overtraining or improper training techniques. -
Repetitive Motions:
Activities that repeatedly strain the neck (e.g., lifting heavy loads). -
Idiopathic Causes:
In some cases, the exact cause of the spasm remains unknown.
Symptoms of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Spasm
People experiencing a spasm of the scalenus posterior muscle might notice a range of symptoms. Here are 20 commonly reported signs and symptoms:
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Neck Pain:
Persistent or intermittent pain localized in the neck. -
Stiffness:
A feeling of tightness or rigidity in the neck area. -
Radiating Pain:
Pain that may extend toward the shoulder, upper back, or arms. -
Tingling Sensations:
A “pins and needles” feeling in the arms or hands. -
Muscle Tightness:
A hard or knot-like feeling upon touching the neck. -
Tension Headaches:
Headaches, often starting at the base of the skull. -
Reduced Range of Motion:
Difficulty in moving the neck fully from side to side. -
Difficulty Turning the Head:
Limited or painful rotation of the neck. -
Discomfort During Breathing:
Pain may increase during deep breathing if the muscle is over-contracted. -
Shoulder Pain:
Referred pain from the neck into the shoulder area. -
Arm Weakness:
A sensation of weakness or heaviness in the arms. -
Numbness:
Loss of sensation in the neck, shoulders, or arms. -
Muscle Twitching:
Involuntary twitching or spasmodic movements. -
Localized Pressure:
A sensation of pressure or fullness in the neck. -
Dizziness:
Feeling lightheaded or unsteady. -
Jaw Pain:
In some cases, tension may spread into the jaw. -
Fatigue:
General tiredness in the neck muscles. -
Tender Points:
Specific areas in the muscle that are especially painful when touched. -
Postural Imbalance:
Secondary changes in posture due to pain or muscle imbalance. -
Radiating Discomfort:
A spread of pain from the neck to the upper back.
Diagnostic Tests for Scalenus Posterior Muscle Spasm
Accurate diagnosis helps in guiding treatment. The following 20 tests and methods may be used to diagnose a spasm of the scalenus posterior muscle:
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Physical Examination:
A healthcare provider checks for tenderness, muscle tightness, and range of motion. -
Patient History:
Discussing your symptoms and lifestyle habits. -
Range of Motion Testing:
Measuring neck mobility to identify limitations. -
Manual Muscle Testing:
Assessing muscle strength and pain response. -
Neurological Examination:
Checking reflexes and nerve function. -
X-Ray Imaging:
Evaluating bony structures for spinal misalignments. -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Detailed images of soft tissues, including muscles and nerves. -
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:
A cross-sectional view of the cervical spine. -
Ultrasound Imaging:
Real-time observation of muscle structure and blood flow. -
Electromyography (EMG):
Recording electrical activity in muscles to detect abnormal contractions. -
Nerve Conduction Studies:
Testing how well signals travel along the nerves. -
Trigger Point Examination:
Identifying specific tender spots within the muscle. -
Thermography:
Measuring surface temperature differences that may indicate inflammation. -
Inflammatory Markers Blood Test:
Determining if systemic inflammation is present. -
Bone Density Testing:
Sometimes used to assess bone health related to spinal issues. -
Facet Joint Assessment:
Evaluating joint conditions that might influence muscle tension. -
Posture Analysis:
Reviewing your posture to understand contributing factors. -
Digital Palpation:
A hands-on technique to detect muscle tightness and knots. -
Diagnostic Injections:
Temporary relief from injections can help confirm the source of pain. -
Consultation with a Specialist:
A pain or spine specialist may conduct further, more specific tests.
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Many people find relief from scalenus posterior muscle spasm with non-drug methods. Here are 30 non-pharmacological strategies supported by evidence:
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Physical Therapy:
Tailored exercises and manual techniques to reduce muscle tension. -
Neck Stretching Exercises:
Gentle stretches to improve flexibility. -
Heat Therapy:
Heating pads or warm compresses to increase blood flow and relax muscles. -
Cold Therapy:
Ice packs to reduce inflammation and numb pain. -
Massage Therapy:
Professional massages or self-massage using a foam roller/massage ball. -
Acupuncture:
Inserting fine needles at specific points to relieve pain. -
Chiropractic Adjustments:
Manual spinal adjustments to improve alignment and reduce tension. -
Postural Training:
Learning proper posture to reduce chronic strain on neck muscles. -
Ergonomic Adjustments:
Changing your work or home environment (desk set-up, chair, etc.). -
Ultrasound Therapy:
Deep heating via ultrasound waves to relax muscles. -
Dry Needling:
Inserting needles into trigger points without medication. -
Trigger Point Release:
Specific techniques to release tight spots in the muscle. -
Yoga:
Gentle yoga routines that improve flexibility and reduce tension. -
Meditation:
Reducing stress, which can lower muscle tension. -
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction:
Techniques to manage stress and anxiety. -
Breathing Exercises:
Practice deep, controlled breathing to relax the neck muscles. -
Progressive Muscle Relaxation:
Sequentially tensing and relaxing muscles to reduce overall tension. -
Myofascial Release Techniques:
Manual pressure and stretching of connective tissue. -
Pilates:
Exercises that strengthen neck and core muscles for improved posture. -
Hydrotherapy:
Water-based exercises to ease muscle strain. -
Activity Modification:
Avoiding activities that aggravate the neck. -
Short-term Cervical Collars:
Temporary support to reduce muscle workload. -
Biofeedback Therapy:
Learning to control bodily processes to reduce tension. -
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS):
Using low-voltage electrical currents to relieve pain. -
Self-Massage Techniques:
Using your hands or simple tools for at-home relief. -
Alexander Technique:
A method to improve movement habits and relieve tension. -
Gentle Neck Traction Exercises:
Slow, controlled movements that ease compression. -
Light Resistance Training:
Strength-building exercises for neck stabilization. -
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
Addressing thought patterns that can worsen pain perception. -
Lifestyle Modifications:
Incorporating regular exercise, adequate rest, and balanced nutrition.
Pharmacological Treatments
When non-pharmacological approaches alone are not enough, medications may help manage pain and reduce muscle spasm. Below are 20 drugs or drug classes that may be used:
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Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):
Ibuprofen or naproxen help reduce pain and inflammation. -
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol):
A common analgesic for moderate pain relief. -
Muscle Relaxants:
Medications such as cyclobenzaprine to ease muscle spasms. -
Oral Corticosteroids:
Short courses of prednisone may reduce inflammation. -
Gabapentin:
Helps if nerve-related pain components are present. -
Benzodiazepines:
Such as diazepam, used briefly for muscle relaxation. -
Tramadol:
A mild opioid for pain management when other treatments are insufficient. -
Opioid Analgesics:
Such as codeine or oxycodone (used for severe pain on a short-term basis). -
Topical NSAIDs:
Gels like diclofenac applied directly to the painful area. -
Capsaicin Cream:
A topical treatment to reduce pain signals over time. -
Antidepressants:
Amitriptyline may be prescribed for chronic pain management. -
Anticonvulsants:
Pregabalin can help with neuropathic pain elements. -
COX-2 Inhibitors:
For instance, celecoxib is used to limit inflammation with fewer gastrointestinal effects. -
Tizanidine:
A muscle relaxant that works on the central nervous system. -
Naproxen:
An alternative NSAID for pain management. -
Combination Analgesics:
Over-the-counter options that combine pain relievers. -
Local Anesthetic Injections:
These can be used diagnostically and therapeutically in some cases. -
Antispasmodic Agents:
Baclofen may be used to reduce overall muscle tone. -
Vitamin B Supplements:
Support nerve function and muscle health. -
Antihistamines:
In some cases, hydroxyzine may be used for its mild sedative and antispasmodic properties.
Surgical Options
Surgery is rare for isolated scalenus posterior muscle spasm but may be considered when conservative treatments fail or when spasm is part of a larger, compressive syndrome. Here are 10 surgical options or procedures sometimes used in severe or refractory cases:
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Scalenectomy:
Partial or complete removal of the affected scalene muscle. -
Anterior Scalene Resection:
Although focused on the anterior scalene, this procedure can relieve associated nerve compression (often done for thoracic outlet syndrome). -
Cervical Discectomy:
Removal of a herniated disc that may be irritating nearby nerves. -
Microdiscectomy:
A minimally invasive removal of disc material when nerve impingement is a factor. -
Cervical Spine Fusion:
To stabilize an unstable cervical segment contributing to muscle strain. -
Foraminotomy:
Enlarging the openings where cervical nerves exit to relieve pressure. -
Nerve Decompression Surgery:
Surgically releasing entrapped nerves that cause muscle spasm indirectly. -
Posterior Cervical Decompression:
Removing small bone or ligament fragments compressing neural structures. -
Neurolysis:
The surgical freeing of a nerve from surrounding scar or fibrous tissue. -
Radiofrequency Ablation Procedures:
While not traditional “surgery,” these minimally invasive techniques can reduce pain signals from overactive muscles.
Prevention of Scalenus Posterior Muscle Spasm
Preventing muscle spasms is often about lifestyle changes and mindful habits. Consider these 10 preventative measures:
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Maintain Good Posture:
Regularly check and correct your posture, especially during prolonged sitting. -
Ergonomic Workstation Setup:
Adjust your computer, chair, and desk to support proper neck alignment. -
Regular Stretching and Exercise:
Keep your neck and shoulder muscles flexible and strong. -
Proper Sleep Positions:
Use supportive pillows and avoid positions that strain your neck. -
Manage Stress:
Engage in stress-reduction activities such as meditation or deep breathing. -
Avoid Repetitive Strain:
Take breaks during repetitive tasks that challenge the neck. -
Stay Hydrated:
Proper hydration helps maintain muscle function and prevent cramping. -
Regular Physical Activity:
Exercise routinely to keep muscles conditioned. -
Early Intervention:
Address minor neck pain early with rest and stretching. -
Consistent Ergonomic Awareness:
Whether at work or home, continuously evaluate your posture and activity habits.
When to See a Doctor
Recognizing when professional help is needed can prevent the problem from worsening. Consult a healthcare provider if you experience:
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Persistent or severe neck pain
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Pain radiating into your arms or shoulders
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Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or hands
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Difficulty moving your neck or turning your head
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Headaches that are not relieved with home care
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Increased pain with deep breathing or swallowing
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A sudden onset of symptoms following an injury
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Symptoms that interfere with daily activities
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Repeated or worsening muscle spasms despite self-care
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Any signs of nerve compression (such as balance issues or coordination problems)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Below are 15 FAQs that answer common concerns about scalenus posterior muscle spasm:
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What is scalenus posterior muscle spasm?
It is a condition where the muscle in the back of your neck tightens suddenly, causing pain and discomfort. -
What causes these muscle spasms?
Causes range from poor posture, stress, and overuse to injuries or degenerative changes in the cervical spine. -
Which symptoms should I watch out for?
Common symptoms include neck pain, stiffness, radiating pain to the shoulders or arms, and headaches. -
How can I diagnose my condition?
A doctor will usually start with a physical exam, review your medical history, and may order imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans. -
Are there non-drug ways to treat this spasm?
Yes, options include physical therapy, stretching, massage, heat or cold therapy, yoga, and various relaxation techniques. -
When are medications necessary?
Medications like NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, and sometimes short courses of steroids may be used if pain or inflammation is severe. -
What type of doctor treats neck muscle spasms?
Your primary care physician, a neurologist, physiatrist, or an orthopedic or spine specialist may be involved in your care. -
Can stress really cause a muscle spasm?
Yes, stress can increase muscle tension and is a common trigger for spasms in the neck and other areas. -
How does physical therapy help?
It improves flexibility, strengthens supporting muscles, and teaches correct movement and posture to reduce spasms. -
What lifestyle changes can help prevent spasms?
Maintaining proper posture, setting up an ergonomic workstation, regular exercise, proper sleep, and stress management can help. -
Is surgery ever necessary for a scalenus posterior spasm?
Surgery is very rare and is reserved for cases where conservative treatments fail or when there is significant nerve compression. -
How soon should I see a doctor if the pain worsens?
If the pain becomes severe, is accompanied by numbness or weakness, or lasts more than a few days, seek medical advice promptly. -
Are there risks associated with muscle relaxants?
Like all medications, muscle relaxants can have side effects such as drowsiness or dizziness, so they should be used as directed by a doctor. -
Do I need imaging if my pain is mild?
For mild cases, a physical exam may suffice, but persistent or worsening symptoms may require further diagnostic tests. -
Can I prevent future spasms once treated?
Yes, by maintaining good posture, incorporating regular stretching and strengthening exercises, and managing stress, you can reduce your risk of recurrent spasms.
Conclusion
Scalenus posterior muscle spasm is a multifaceted condition that can affect your quality of life. By understanding the muscle’s anatomy, potential causes, and a wide range of treatment options—from non-pharmacological measures to medications and, in rare cases, surgery—you can take a proactive approach to your health. Early intervention, regular self-care, and professional guidance when needed can help manage symptoms and prevent future occurrences.
Whether you are looking to alleviate symptoms, understand the risks, or find the right balance of treatment methods, this guide aims to empower you with evidence-based insights presented in simple, everyday language. Remember, each person’s experience may be different, so it is essential to work with your healthcare provider to create a tailored plan that best addresses your specific needs.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Update: April 13, 2025.
