Donate to the Palestine's children, safe the people of Gaza.  >>>Donate Link...... Your contribution will help to save the life of Gaza people, who trapped in war conflict & urgently needed food, water, health care and more.
RxHarun

Extrinsic Tongue Muscle Contracture

Dr. Marianne Abouyared, Md - Otolaryngology (ENT) Dr. Marianne Abouyared, Md - Otolaryngology (ENT)
3 Views
Rx Musculoskeletal System (A - Z)

Tongue extrinsic muscle contracture is a condition where the muscles that originate outside the tongue and insert into it (the extrinsic muscles) become abnormally shortened and stiff, restricting normal tongue movement such as protruding, retracting, elevating, or depressing the tongue. This stiffness, known as a contracture, arises from excessive collagen deposition and fibrosis within the muscle’s connective tissue, leading to pain, weakness, and functional impairment in speech and swallowing Cleveland ClinicTeachMeAnatomy.

Anatomy

Structure

The extrinsic muscles of the tongue consist of four paired striated muscles—genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus—that arise from bony or fibrous structures outside the tongue and insert into its substance, enabling large-scale movements of the tongue body TeachMeAnatomyRadiopaedia.

Location

These muscles lie mainly in the floor of the mouth and course into the tongue:

  • Genioglossus fans upward from the mandible.

  • Hyoglossus ascends from the hyoid bone toward the tongue’s side.

  • Styloglossus runs from the styloid process into the posterior tongue.

  • Palatoglossus spans from the soft palate’s palatine aponeurosis to the tongue’s lateral margin RadiopaediaKenhub.

Origin

  • Genioglossus: superior mental spine of the mandible

  • Hyoglossus: body and greater horn of the hyoid bone

  • Styloglossus: anterolateral surface of the styloid process (temporal bone) and stylomandibular ligament

  • Palatoglossus: palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate KenhubGeeky Medics.

Insertion

Each muscle inserts into various parts of the tongue’s substance:

  • Genioglossus: entire dorsum of the tongue and hyoid bone

  • Hyoglossus: lateral and inferior tongue surfaces

  • Styloglossus: blends with intrinsic tongue muscles

  • Palatoglossus: lateral tongue margins KenhubTeachMeAnatomy.

Blood Supply

Blood is delivered primarily by:

  • Lingual artery for genioglossus and hyoglossus

  • Submental branches of the facial artery for parts of genioglossus

  • Ascending pharyngeal and ascending palatine arteries for styloglossus and palatoglossus Geeky MedicsQuizlet.

Nerve Supply

  • Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus

  • Vagus nerve (CN X via pharyngeal plexus): palatoglossus TeachMeAnatomyKenhub.

Functions

Through coordinated action, these muscles enable six key tongue functions:

  1. Protrusion: pushing the tongue forward (genioglossus)

  2. Retraction: pulling the tongue back (styloglossus, hyoglossus)

  3. Depression: pulling the tongue downward (hyoglossus)

  4. Elevation: raising the tongue body (palatoglossus, styloglossus)

  5. Shaping: altering tongue form for speech articulation (all extrinsics)

  6. Lateral deviation: moving the tongue side-to-side (unilateral muscle contraction) KenhubQuizlet.

Types of Contracture

Tongue extrinsic muscle contractures can be classified by:

  • Muscle involved: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, or palatoglossus contracture

  • Severity: mild (slight stiffness), moderate (noticeable mobility loss), severe (marked restriction)

  • Etiology: congenital (e.g., ankyloglossia), acquired (e.g., post‑surgical scarring)

  • Distribution: unilateral or bilateral involvement UPMC | Life Changing MedicineCleveland Clinic.

Causes

  1. Burn injuries: Skin and muscle fibrosis after burns can extend into tongue muscles, causing stiffness Cleveland Clinic.

  2. Surgical scarring: Head and neck surgeries, especially glossectomy, may lead to excess collagen deposition in extrinsic muscles Cleveland Clinic.

  3. Radiation therapy: Fibrosis from radiotherapy in oropharyngeal cancer treatment stiffens tongue muscles UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  4. Trauma: Direct blows or lacerations can scar muscle tissue, reducing extensibility Cleveland Clinic.

  5. Oral submucous fibrosis: Chronic betel‐nut chewing causes mucosal and submucosal fibrosis, sometimes involving extrinsic muscles Wikipedia.

  6. Scleroderma: Connective‐tissue disease leads to widespread fibrosis, including tongue muscles Healthline.

  7. Muscular dystrophy: Genetic muscle wasting disorders can secondarily lead to fibrosis and contracture Wikipedia.

  8. Paralysis: Lack of movement from nerve injury (e.g., stroke) predisposes muscles to contracture UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  9. Cerebral palsy: Spasticity in upper motor neuron lesions causes muscle shortening over time UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  10. Spinal cord injury: Immobilization and spasticity post‑injury can involve cranial muscle contracture UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  11. Prolonged immobilization: Extended lack of tongue movement (e.g., intubation) can stiffen muscles Healthline.

  12. Deep neck infections: Abscesses healing by fibrosis may pull on extrinsic muscle attachments Cleveland Clinic.

  13. Congenital ankyloglossia: Shortened lingual frenulum restricts extrinsic muscle stretch Wikipedia.

  14. Medication side effects: Diltiazem and other calcium‑channel blockers may induce fibrosis in some tissues Healthline.

  15. Dupuytren’s contracture analog: Systemic fibrotic conditions can affect tongue muscle sheaths Wikipedia.

  16. Tumor infiltration: Head and neck tumors may invade and stiffen muscle fibers Cleveland Clinic.

  17. Radiation fibrosis syndrome: Delayed post‑radiation scarring in head/neck can involve tongue muscles UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  18. Infectious myositis: Chronic muscle infection (e.g., tuberculosis) can scar and shorten extrinsic muscles Cleveland Clinic.

  19. Collagen vascular diseases: Lupus or rheumatoid arthritis with oral involvement may trigger fibrosis Healthline.

  20. Idiopathic fibrosis: Fibrosis without identifiable cause occasionally occurs in tongue muscles Cleveland Clinic.

Symptoms

  1. Limited tongue protrusion: Difficulty sticking out the tongue UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  2. Impaired retraction: Trouble pulling tongue back into mouth UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  3. Restricted lateral movement: Inability to move tongue side‑to‑side Verywell Health.

  4. Dysarthria: Slurred or unclear speech due to limited tongue mobility Verywell Health.

  5. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing as tongue cannot push food UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  6. Mouth dryness: Impaired salivary spread increases dryness Healthline.

  7. Pain or discomfort: Aching in tongue muscles on movement UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  8. Drooling: Poor tongue control leads to saliva leakage Verywell Health.

  9. Mastication difficulty: Hard to manipulate food for chewing UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  10. Taste alteration: Fibrosis may affect tongue surface sensation Healthline.

  11. Gag reflex impairment: Reduced tongue movement alters gag response UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  12. Speech delay (children): Developmental delays in speech in young patients Wikipedia.

  13. Choking risk: Food or liquids more easily aspirated UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  14. Snoring or sleep apnea: Base‑of‑tongue stiffness can obstruct airway Healthline.

  15. Ulceration: Friction between fibrotic tongue and teeth can cause sores Verywell Health.

  16. Malnutrition: Inability to eat varied diets leads to weight loss Healthline.

  17. Social embarrassment: Speech and drooling impact self‑esteem Verywell Health.

  18. Headaches: Muscle tension may refer pain to head UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  19. Salivary pooling: Accumulation under tongue due to poor clearance Verywell Health.

  20. Oral hygiene issues: Limited tongue movement reduces cleaning action Healthline.

Diagnostic Tests

  1. Physical exam: Assessment of tongue range of motion UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  2. Tongue mobility measurement: Using a ruler or goniometer to measure protrusion/retraction Cleveland Clinic.

  3. Speech evaluation: By a speech‑language pathologist UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  4. Swallow study (VFSS): Video fluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  5. FEES: Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  6. Electromyography (EMG): Measures muscle electrical activity UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  7. Nerve conduction study: Assesses hypoglossal nerve function UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  8. MRI: Visualizes muscle fibrosis and scarring Radiopaedia.

  9. CT scan: Detects structural changes in tongue base Radiopaedia.

  10. Ultrasound: Evaluates muscle thickness and elasticity UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  11. Ultrasound elastography: Measures tissue stiffness UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  12. Intraoral endoscopy: Direct visualization of muscle insertion areas UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  13. Biopsy: Confirms degree of fibrosis histologically Cleveland Clinic.

  14. Genetic testing: For congenital syndromes (e.g., Moebius) Wikipedia.

  15. Blood tests: Autoimmune markers in scleroderma or lupus Healthline.

  16. Swallow pressure measurement: Manometry for tongue strength UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  17. Tongue ultrasound: 3D imaging of muscle architecture UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  18. Surface electromyography: Noninvasive muscle activity UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  19. Cephalometry: Assesses skeletal relations affecting tongue Geeky Medics.

  20. Sleep study (polysomnography): If airway obstruction suspected Healthline.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

  1. Tongue‑stretching exercises: Daily stretching to lengthen muscles UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  2. Speech therapy: Exercises to improve articulation and muscle use UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  3. Myofunctional therapy: Re‑education of oral and facial muscles UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  4. Manual massage: Gentle massage of tongue base UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  5. Heat therapy: Warm compresses to relax tissue Verywell Health.

  6. Ultrasound therapy: Promotes tissue extensibility UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  7. Electrical stimulation: Low‑level stimulation to reduce fibrosis UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  8. Myofascial release: Manual therapy targeting fascia UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  9. Acupuncture: May reduce pain and improve mobility Verywell Health.

  10. Gua Sha: Tool‑assisted scraping to promote circulation Verywell Health.

  11. Jaw‑opening exercises: Improves overall oral range of motion UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  12. Oral appliance therapy: Splints to passively stretch tongue UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  13. Postural training: Neck and head positioning for optimal function Verywell Health.

  14. Swallowing maneuvers: Techniques to protect airway and strengthen muscles UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  15. Biofeedback: Visual/auditory feedback for muscle control UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  16. Hydrotherapy: Warm water mouth rinses for tissue relaxation Verywell Health.

  17. Diet modification: Soft diets to reduce stress on tongue Healthline.

  18. Nutritional support: Vitamins C and E for tissue repair Healthline.

  19. Behavioral therapy: For avoiding harmful oral habits Verywell Health.

  20. Respiratory exercises: Diaphragmatic breathing to reduce muscle tension UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  21. Cold laser therapy: Stimulates healing and reduces fibrosis Verywell Health.

  22. Manual traction: Gentle pulling on tongue with gloved finger UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  23. Neuromuscular re‑education: Task‑specific movements UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  24. Behavioral modification: Changing chewing patterns Verywell Health.

  25. Oral prosthetic devices: Custom‑made splints to maintain stretch UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  26. Vibration therapy: Handheld devices to improve blood flow Verywell Health.

  27. Mirror therapy: Visual cues to improve tongue movement awareness UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  28. Craniosacral therapy: Gentle manipulation to improve tissue mobility Verywell Health.

  29. Behavioral swallowing training: Coordination of tongue and pharynx UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  30. Home exercise programs: Patient‑guided regimens for daily practice UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

Drugs

  1. Baclofen: Reduces muscle spasticity by acting on GABA receptors Verywell Health.

  2. Tizanidine: Alpha‑2 agonist that relaxes muscle tone Verywell Health.

  3. Dantrolene: Inhibits calcium release in muscle fibers Verywell Health.

  4. Diazepam: Benzodiazepine that relaxes muscles centrally Verywell Health.

  5. Methocarbamol: Central muscle‑relaxant for spasm relief Verywell Health.

  6. Cyclobenzaprine: Tricyclic muscle relaxant Verywell Health.

  7. Botulinum toxin: Injected to chemically denervate overactive fibers Verywell Health.

  8. Prednisone: Systemic corticosteroid to reduce inflammation Verywell Health.

  9. Intralesional steroids: Local injections to soften fibrotic bands Cleveland Clinic.

  10. Hyaluronidase: Enzyme injection to break down collagen TeachMeAnatomy.

  11. Pentoxifylline: Improves microcirculation GARD Information Center.

  12. IFN‑gamma: Antifibrotic cytokine therapy GARD Information Center.

  13. Colchicine: Inhibits collagen synthesis GARD Information Center.

  14. Lycopene: Antioxidant that may slow fibrosis GARD Information Center.

  15. NSAIDs (ibuprofen): Pain and inflammation control Healthline.

  16. Gabapentin: Neuropathic pain relief Verywell Health.

  17. Amitriptyline: Pain modulation in chronic cases Verywell Health.

  18. Muscle relaxant creams: Topical relief for localized tightness Verywell Health.

  19. ACE inhibitors: Experimental anti‑fibrotic effects Healthline.

  20. Pentoxifylline + vitamin E: Combined regimen to reduce fibrosis GARD Information Center.

Surgeries

  1. Z‑plasty release: Creates zig‑zag incisions to lengthen fibrotic bands Cleveland Clinic.

  2. Frenectomy: Releases tight lingual frenulum Wikipedia.

  3. Scar excision: Removes fibrotic tissue directly Cleveland Clinic.

  4. Partial glossectomy: Removes stiff muscle segments Cleveland Clinic.

  5. Mucosal grafting: Replaces excised tissue with graft to prevent re‑scarring Cleveland Clinic.

  6. Tongue suspension: Anchors tongue base to lower jaw to improve function Cleveland Clinic.

  7. Myotomy: Surgical cutting of muscle fibers to relieve tension Cleveland Clinic.

  8. Coronal split: Divides tongue lengthwise to increase mobility Cleveland Clinic.

  9. Dermal grafting: Uses skin grafts under tongue to maintain stretch Cleveland Clinic.

  10. Laser release: Precise division of fibrotic bands with minimal bleeding Cleveland Clinic.

Preventions

  1. Early stretching exercises: To maintain muscle length post‑injury UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  2. Prompt burn care: Reduces scarring risk in floor‑of‑mouth burns Cleveland Clinic.

  3. Gentle post‑operative rehab: Begins tongue exercises soon after surgery Cleveland Clinic.

  4. Avoid harmful oral habits: No tobacco, betel nut, or spicy irritants Wikipedia.

  5. Hydration and nutrition: Supports healthy tissue repair Healthline.

  6. Regular speech therapy: Maintains muscle use in neurological conditions UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  7. Protective oral appliances: During rehabilitation to prevent reinjury UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  8. Manage systemic diseases: Control scleroderma or lupus to limit fibrosis Healthline.

  9. Avoid prolonged intubation: Use alternative airway techniques when possible UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  10. Monitor medication side effects: Adjust fibrogenic drugs under medical supervision Healthline.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience progressive difficulty sticking out, moving, or lifting your tongue; persistent pain; trouble swallowing or speaking; weight loss; or signs of airway obstruction (snoring, choking), you should seek evaluation by an otolaryngologist or speech‑language pathologist promptly HealthlineCleveland Clinic.

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What exactly is tongue extrinsic muscle contracture?
    A stiffening and shortening of muscles that move your tongue (genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus), causing restricted tongue mobility Cleveland Clinic.

  2. What are common early signs?
    Difficulty protruding the tongue, mild speech slurring, or slight pain when moving the tongue Verywell Health.

  3. How is it diagnosed?
    Through physical exams, mobility measurements, imaging (MRI/ultrasound), and sometimes EMG or biopsy to assess fibrosis UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  4. Can stretching exercises help?
    Yes—daily tongue stretches and speech therapy can often improve flexibility and delay progression UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  5. Are injections useful?
    Intralesional corticosteroids or hyaluronidase injections can soften fibrotic bands and improve mobility Cleveland Clinic.

  6. When is surgery needed?
    If non‑surgical measures fail and severe restriction persists, procedures like Z‑plasty or scar excision may be indicated Cleveland Clinic.

  7. Is the condition reversible?
    Mild to moderate cases can often be improved; severe fibrosis may be only partially reversible Cleveland Clinic.

  8. Will it affect my speech permanently?
    Early intervention minimizes long‑term speech problems; without treatment, persistent dysarthria can occur Verywell Health.

  9. Can it cause sleep apnea?
    Yes—fibrotic tongue base can narrow the airway during sleep, leading to snoring or obstructive apnea Healthline.

  10. Which specialists treat this?
    Otolaryngologists, maxillofacial surgeons, speech‑language pathologists, and physical therapists commonly collaborate UPMC | Life Changing Medicine.

  11. Are there any medications that cure it?
    No cure—but muscle relaxants, anti‑fibrotic injections, and anti‑inflammatory drugs can manage symptoms and slow fibrosis Verywell Health.

  12. Is it a genetic disorder?
    Most cases are acquired; congenital forms (e.g., ankyloglossia) involve a tight frenulum rather than true muscle contracture Wikipedia.

  13. How long is recovery after surgery?
    Usually 4–6 weeks of rehabilitation with exercises to maintain gains and prevent recurrence Cleveland Clinic.

  14. Can it come back after treatment?
    Yes—ongoing therapy and prevention strategies are key to reducing recurrence risk Cleveland Clinic.

  15. What lifestyle changes help prevention?
    Avoid betel nut, tobacco, maintain good oral hygiene, perform daily tongue exercises, and seek early care for burns or injuries Wikipedia.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: April 17, 2025.

  1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  12. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  13. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  14. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  15. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  17. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  18. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  19. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  20. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  21. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  22. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  23. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  24. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  25. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  26. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  27. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  28. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  29. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  30. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  31. https://www.skincancer.org/
  32. https://illnesshacker.com/
  33. https://endinglines.com/
  34. https://www.jaad.org/
  35. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  36. https://books.google.com/books?
  37. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  38. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  39. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  40. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  41. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  42. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  43. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  44. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  45. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  46. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  49. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  50. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  51. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  52. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  53. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  54. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  55. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  56. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  57. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  58. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  59. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  60. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  61. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  62. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  63. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  64. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  65. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  66. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  67. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References

 

Related Articles
To Get Daily Health Newsletter

We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Terms and Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Editorial Policy
Advertising Policy
EU User Consent Policy
Correction Policy
Citation Policy
Ethics and Logical Policies
About Us
Contact Us
Newsletter
Career
Sitemap
Advertise with us
Editorial Board Members
Review Board Member
Team RxHarun
Web Developers Team
Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
Request for Board Member
Women Writers
Download Mobile Apps
Follow us on Social Media
© 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
RxHarun
Logo