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ABO Blood Typing – Indications, Procedures, Results

Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist
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ABO blood typing; Blood group; Anemia – immune hemolytic blood type; ABO blood type; A blood type; AB blood type; O blood type

Blood typing is a method to tell what type of blood you have. Blood typing is done so you can safely donate your blood or receive a blood transfusion. It is also done to see if you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells.

Your blood type is based on whether or not certain proteins are on your red blood cells. These proteins are called antigens. Your blood type (or blood group) depends on what types your parents passed down to you.

Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system. The 4 major blood types are:

  • Type A
  • Type B
  • Type AB
  • Type O

How the Test is Performed

A blood sample is needed. The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

The second step is called back typing. The liquid part of your blood without cells (serum) is mixed with blood that is known to be type A and type B. People with type A blood have anti-B antibodies. People with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type O blood contains both types of antibodies.

The 2 steps above can accurately determine your blood type.

Rh typing uses a method similar to ABO typing. When blood typing is done to see if you have Rh factor on the surface of your red blood cells, the results will be one of these:

  • Rh+ (positive), if you have this substance
  • Rh- (negative), if you do not have this substance

How to Prepare for the Test

No special preparation is necessary for this test.

How the Test will Feel

When the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain. Others feel only a prick or stinging. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or slight bruising. This soon goes away.

Why the Test is Performed

Blood typing is done so you can safely receive a blood transfusion or a transplant. Your blood type must closely match the blood type of the blood you are receiving. If the blood types do not match:

  • Your immune system will see the donated red blood cells as foreign.
  • Antibodies will develop against the donated red blood cells and attack these blood cells.

The 2 ways that your blood and the donated blood may not match are:

  • A mismatch between blood types A, B, AB, and O. This is the most common form of a mismatch. In most cases, the immune response is not very severe.
  • Rh factor may not match. The immune response can be much more severe.

Blood typing is very important during pregnancy. Careful testing can prevent a severe anemia in the newborn and jaundice .

Normal Results

You will be told which ABO blood type you have. It will be one of these:

  • Type A blood
  • Type B blood
  • Type AB blood
  • Type O blood

You will also be told whether you have Rh-positive blood or Rh-negative blood.

Based on your results, your health care providers can determine which type of blood you can safely receive:

  • If you have type A blood, you can only receive types A and O blood.
  • If you have type B blood, you can only receive types B and O blood.
  • If you have type AB blood, you can receive types A, B, AB, and O blood.
  • If you have type O blood, you can only receive type O blood.
  • If you are Rh+, you can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood.
  • If you are Rh-, you can only receive Rh- blood.

Type O blood can be given to anyone with any blood type. That is why people with type O blood are called universal blood donors.

Risks

There is very little risk involved with having your blood taken. Veins and arteries vary in size from one person to another and from one side of the body to the other. Taking blood from some people may be more difficult than from others.

Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:

  • Fainting or feeling lightheaded
  • Multiple punctures to locate veins
  • Excessive bleeding
  • Hematoma (blood buildup under the skin)
  • Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)

Considerations

There are many antigens besides the major ones (A, B, and Rh). Many minor ones are not routinely detected during blood typing. If they are not detected, you may still have a reaction when receiving certain types of blood, even if the A, B, and Rh antigens are matched.

A process called cross-matching followed by a Coombs test can help detect these minor antigens. It is done before transfusions, except in emergency situations.

FAQ

What is ABO typing blood test?

  • The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

What are ABO and Rh typing?

  • The most commonly used immunohematology test is the ABO and Rh screen. ABO and Rh screening determines the blood type of the patient and can also be used to decide if a pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood will need to receive Rh immune globu- lin (i.e., RhoGam).

What are the 4 ABO blood types?

  • There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB, and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.

What are the 8 blood types in the ABO blood typing system?

  • In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent (–), creating the 8 most common blood types (A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, AB-).

How is ABO typing done?

  • ABO typing is performed by taking a sample of blood, placing it in a centrifuge, and separating red blood cells (RBCs) from serum/plasma. A “front,” or forward type, and “back,” or reverse type, are then performed.

What is the strongest blood type?

  • O− blood, also called “universal donor,” is perhaps the most valuable blood in the world because it can be transfused to nearly any blood type (except when the person has some rare antigen outside of the main ones).

What does Rh-positive mean?

  • Rhesus (Rh) factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you’re Rh-positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you’re Rh-negative. Rh-positive is the most common blood type.

What does Rh-positive mean when pregnant?

  • Most people are Rh-positive, meaning they have inherited the Rh factor from either their mother or father. If a fetus does not inherit the Rh factor from either the mother or father, then he or she is Rh-negative. When a woman is Rh-negative and her fetus is Rh-positive, it is called Rh incompatibility.

Which ABO blood type is least common?

  • In the U.S., the blood type AB, Rh-negative is considered the rarest, while O positive is most common.

What are the 29 blood groups?

Blood group names

  • A+ (A positive) if you have A and rhesus antigens.
  • A− (A negative) if you have A antigens but don’t have rhesus antigens.
  • B+ (B positive) if you have B and rhesus antigens.
  • B− (B negative) if you have B antigens but don’t have rhesus antigens.
  • AB+ (AB positive) if you have A, B, and rhesus antigens.
  • AB− (AB negative) if you have A and B antigens but don’t have rhesus antigens.
  • O+ (O positive) if you have neither A nor B antigens but you have rhesus antigens.
  • O− (O negative) if you don’t have A, B, or rhesus antigens.

What is the importance of ABO blood group?

  • The ABO blood group antigens remain of prime importance in transfusion medicine—they are the most immunogenic of all the blood group antigens. The most common cause of death from a blood transfusion is a clerical error in which an incompatible type of ABO blood is transfused.

What is ABO incompatibility?

  • When people who have one blood type receive blood from someone with a different blood type, it may cause their immune system to react. This is called ABO incompatibility.

What is ABO antigen?

  • In the human ABO blood group system, there are blood group antigens on the erythrocyte membrane, the most important of which are the A antigen and the B antigen.

Which is important for ABO antigen?

  • A separate “secretor”/”se” gene (FUT2) is also located on chromosome 19q13. 3; this gene encodes for the transferases necessary to produce ABO antigens (mainly glycoproteins) that are affiliated with bodily fluids other than blood (eg, saliva). Most of the population (approximately 80%) expresses the secretor gene.

Who has explained the ABO blood group?

  • Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type.

How do you treat ABO incompatibility?

  • ABO incompatibility is treated in newborns by light therapy (phototherapy). On rare occasions, an exchange transfusion may be necessary. Full recovery usually occurs with no lasting repercussions.

How common is ABO incompatibility in pregnancy?

  • ABO incompatibility in the newborn generally presents as neonatal jaundice due to a Coombs positive hemolytic anemia and occurs in 0.5-1% of newborns.

How do you prevent ABO incompatibility?

  • In order to prevent ABO-incompatible transfusion, it is important to establish a management system of blood transfusion in the hospital, including a hospital transfusion committee and a responsible medical doctor.

What is the full form of ABO?

  • ABO Full-Fоrm: The full form of ABO is ABO Blood Grouping System, or ABO stands for Blood Grouping System, or the full name of the given abbreviation is Blood Grouping System. Blood typing is a method to tell what type of blood group we have in our body.

Where are the ABO antigens located?

  • Where are the ABO antigens located? They can be on red cells, lymphs, platelets, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and organs. The soluble antigens can be found in body fluids and secretions.

Why is the ABO system no longer used?

  • Why do forensic scientists no longer use the A-B-O system? It is useful because it reacts with anti-serums to test for blood type. Antibody-antigen reaction. So White blood cells recognize a substance as foreign and try to destroy it.

Does ABO incompatibility go away?

  • Blood incompatibility between a mother and baby can cause various complications, including anemia and jaundice. For ABO incompatibility, the effects are usually mild and go away with time, but with Rh incompatibility, the consequences can be very serious.

Does ABO incompatibility always happen?

  • ABO incompatibility can occur only if a woman with type O blood has a baby whose blood is type A, type B, or type AB. If a baby is type O there won’t be a problem with a negative immune response because type O blood cells don’t have immune-response triggering antigens.

Can ABO incompatibility occur in second pregnancy?

  • The expression of ABO incompatibility in most of the cases is mild due to the lower expression of A and B Antigens on fetal red cells. ABO incompatibility has affected the first pregnancy and is milder in the subsequent pregnancies.

What is the difference between Rh incompatibility and ABO incompatibility?

  • ABO incompatibility is less severe than Rh incompatibility because there are fewer group A or B antigen sites on neonatal red blood cells compared with Rh antigens, allowing sensitized A or B cells to survive longer in the infant’s circulation than with anti-Rh antibodies.

What is ABO in a text message?

  • ABO means “Aborigine.”

What is ABO in medical?

  • Blood group, ABO: The major human blood group system. The ABO type of a person depends on the presence or absence of two genes, A and B. These genes determine the configuration of the red blood cell surface.

What type of inheritance is ABO blood type?

  • autosomal codominant fashion
  • The ABO blood type is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion. The A and B alleles are codominant, and the O allele is recessive.

What are the three islands responsible for the ABO blood system?

  • In humans, ABO is regulated by three alleles known as IA, IB, and IO. Here I refer to is hemagglutinin. IA and IB are codominant, producing antigens of Type A and Type B respectively. They are shifted to the surface of RBCs whereas the IO is recessive, producing no antigens.

How many ABO phenotypes are there for human blood?

  • All humans and many other primates can be typed for the ABO blood group. There are four principal types: A, B, AB, and O.

How is ABO typing done?

  • ABO typing is performed by taking a sample of blood, placing it in a centrifuge, and separating red blood cells (RBCs) from serum/plasma. A “front,” or forward type, and “back,” or reverse type, are then performed.

What is the principle involved in the method of ABO typing?

  • The ABO and Rh blood grouping system is based on agglutination reaction. When red blood cells carrying one or both the antigens are exposed to the corresponding antibodies they interact with each other to form visible agglutination or clumping.

How does ABO incompatibility happen?

  • ABO incompatibility happens when a mother’s blood type is O, and her baby’s blood type is A or B. The mother’s immune system may react and make antibodies against her baby’s red blood cells. The consequences and treatment are similar to Rhesus disease. Check Jaundice in babies.

Why does ABO incompatibility cause hyperbilirubinemia?

  • ABO blood group heterospecific (mother group O, newborn A or B) newborns are at risk for hyperbilirubinemia due to immune-based hemolysis (1). The hemolysis occurs when maternal immunoglobulin G anti-A or anti-B antibodies cross the placenta and attach to the apposite antigen site on the neonatal red cell.

What are the signs and symptoms manifested by the baby with ABO incompatibility?

The following are symptoms of ABO-incompatible transfusion reactions:

  • Low back pain.
  • Blood in the urine.
  • Chills.
  • Feeling of “impending doom”
  • Fever.
  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Increased heart rate.

Is ABO incompatibility in newborns fatal?

  • Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is a red blood cell mismatch between mothers and their fetuses that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, fatal consequences from this disorder have become rare with the appropriate use of immunoprophylaxis.

Which is more common Rh or ABO incompatibility?

  • Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn is caused by other blood group antibodies. ABO HDFN is more common than Rh HDFN and may occur during the first pregnancy.

Can you have ABO incompatibility with negative Coombs?

  • It is stated that the direct an- tiglobulin (Coombs’) test (DAT) may be negative in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn. Thus, significant jaundice in neonates who are A-B incompatible with their mothers but DAT test negative is often attributed to isoimmunization and another diagnosis is not sought.

What are ABO pairings?

  • A/B/O dynamics, short for Alpha/Beta/Omega dynamics, is a type of alternate universe typically found in fanfiction. The words alpha, beta, and omega refer to what’s called a “secondary gender.” In an A/B/O ‘verse, everyone is either an alpha, a beta, or an omega.

What does Abo mean in Arabic?

  • Meaning: stern or somber father. Abo as a boy’s name is of Arabic and Hebrew origin meaning “stern or somber father”.

What does ABO and Rh blood type mean?

  • The ABO group and Rh type classify a group of genetically inherited antigens found in the outer membrane of each red blood cell. The ABO group consists of four possibilities: A, B, AB, and O. The Rh type is either positive or negative.

What is the difference between Rh and ABO blood?

  • The main difference between the ABO blood group and RH blood group is that the ABO blood group is determined by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cell whereas the RH blood group is determined by the presence or absence of D antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.

Why is the ABO system important?

  • The ABO blood group antigens remain of prime importance in transfusion medicine—they are the most immunogenic of all the blood group antigens. The most common cause of death from a blood transfusion is a clerical error in which an incompatible type of ABO blood is transfused.

Who has explained the ABO blood group?

  • Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924. Watkins and Morgan, in England, discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars, to be specific, N-acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B-type.

Which ABO blood type is least common?

  • Type AB, In the U.S., the blood type AB, Rh-negative is considered the rarest, while O positive is most common.

How do I find out my ABO blood type?

  • The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

Why is the ABO system no longer used?

  • Why do forensic scientists no longer use the A-B-O system? It is useful because it reacts with anti-serums to test for blood type. Antibody-antigen reaction. So White blood cells recognize a substance as foreign and try to destroy it.

What causes false positives in ABO typing?

  • Antibodies to preservatives, medications, disease states, Wharton’s jelly, and/or cross-contamination of reaction microtubes may cause false-positive reactions.

How do you treat ABO incompatibility?

  • ABO incompatibility is treated in newborns by light therapy (phototherapy). On rare occasions, an exchange transfusion may be necessary. Full recovery usually occurs with no lasting repercussions.

How common is ABO incompatibility in pregnancy?

  • ABO incompatibility in the newborn generally presents as neonatal jaundice due to a Coombs positive hemolytic anemia and occurs in 0.5-1% of newborns.

How common is ABO incompatibility?

  • A 1 in 5 chance of ABO incompatibility between fetal red cells and maternal serum exists but the incidence of ABO HDN elsewhere is said to be uncommonly occurring in 2% of all births.

Does ABO incompatibility go away?

  • Blood incompatibility between a mother and baby can cause various complications, including anemia and jaundice. For ABO incompatibility, the effects are usually mild and go away with time, but with Rh incompatibility, the consequences can be very serious.

How long is ABO incompatibility jaundice?

  • Can persist up to 12 weeks after birth.

Can ABO incompatibility occur in the first pregnancy?

  • The expression of ABO incompatibility in most cases is mild due to the lower expression of A and B Antigens on fetal red cells. ABO incompatibility has affected the first pregnancy and is milder in the subsequent pregnancies.

Why does ABO incompatibility rarely cause problems?

  • ABO incompatibility can occur only if a woman with type O blood has a baby whose blood is type A, type B, or type AB. If a baby is type O there won’t be a problem with a negative immune response because type O blood cells don’t have immune-response triggering antigens.

What does ABO mean on blood tests?

  • The ABO test shows that people have one of four blood types: A, B, AB, or O. If your red blood cells have: The A antigen, you have type A blood. The liquid portion of your blood (plasma) has antibodies that attack type B blood.

What is the full form of ABO?

  • ABO Full-Fоrm: The full form of ABO is ABO Blood Grouping System, or ABO stands for Blood Grouping System, or the full name of the given abbreviation is Blood Grouping System. Blood typing is a method to tell what type of blood group we have in our body.

What happens when an ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time?

  • What happens when an ABO blood type is mismatched for the first time? antibodies bind together causing blood to clump up, and the blood will not work properly.

Why does ABO incompatibility cause jaundice?

  • ABO incompatibility is one of the diseases which can cause jaundice. ABO incompatibility happens when a mother’s blood type is O, and her baby’s blood type is A or B. The mother’s immune system may react and make antibodies against her baby’s red blood cells.

Why is the ABO blood group system the most clinically significant?

  • The ABO system is regarded as the most important blood-group system in transfusion medicine because of severe hemolytic transfusion reactions and, to a lesser degree, hemolytic disease of the newborn. ABO grouping is a test performed to determine an individual’s blood type.

What are the limitations of ABO grouping?

  • Answer. As noted earlier, the amount of sample can limit ABO typing. For standard tube testing, column agglutination “gel card” methodology (see the image below), and solid-phase test systems, at least 1 mL of blood is required.

What are the complications of ABO incompatibility?

The following are symptoms of ABO-incompatible transfusion reactions:
  • Low back pain.
  • Blood in the urine.
  • Chills.
  • Feeling of “impending doom”
  • Fever.
  • Nausea and vomiting.
  • Shortness of breath.
  • Increased heart rate.

What is the difference between ABO and Rh incompatibility?

  • ABO incompatibility is less severe than Rh incompatibility because there are fewer group A or B antigen sites on neonatal red blood cells compared with Rh antigens, allowing sensitized A or B cells to survive longer in the infant’s circulation than with anti-Rh antibodies.

What happens in ABO incompatibility?

  • A person with type A blood receiving a transfusion of type B or AB blood would have an ABO incompatibility reaction. In an ABO incompatibility reaction, your immune system attacks the new blood cells and destroys them. If you have type AB blood, you have both A and B antigens.

How do you fix ABO incompatibility?

  • ABO incompatibility is treated in newborns by light therapy (phototherapy). On rare occasions, an exchange transfusion may be necessary. Full recovery usually occurs with no lasting repercussions.

How do you prevent ABO incompatibility?

  • In order to prevent ABO-incompatible transfusion, it is important to establish a management system of blood transfusion in the hospital, including a hospital transfusion committee and a responsible medical doctor.

Does ABO incompatibility go away?

  • Blood incompatibility between a mother and baby can cause various complications, including anemia and jaundice. For ABO incompatibility, the effects are usually mild and go away with time, but with Rh incompatibility, the consequences can be very serious.

Can ABO incompatibility be detected during pregnancy?

  • As part of routine prenatal or antenatal care, the blood type of the mother (ABO and Rh) is determined by a blood test. A test for the presence of atypical antibodies in the mother’s serum is also performed. At present, Rh D incompatibility is the only cause of HDN for which screening is routine.

How common is ABO incompatibility?

  • A 1 in 5 chance of ABO incompatibility between fetal red cells and maternal serum exists but the incidence of ABO HDN elsewhere is said to be uncommonly occurring in 2% of all births.

How long is ABO incompatibility jaundice?

  • Can persist up to 12 weeks after birth.

What does ABO and Rh blood type mean?

  • The ABO group and Rh type classify a group of genetically inherited antigens found in the outer membrane of each red blood cell. The ABO group consists of four possibilities: A, B, AB, and O. The Rh type is either positive or negative.

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