Rosiglitazone; Uses, Contra indications, Dosage, Side Effects, Drug Interaction Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline as a stand-alone drug (Avandia) and in combination with metformin (Avandamet) or with glimepiride (Avandaryl). Like other thiazolidinediones, the mechanism of action of rosiglitazone is by activation of the intracellular receptor class of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPARγ. or Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug from the thiazolidinedione class. Like other thiazolidinediones, its mechanism of action is by activation of the intracellular receptor class of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPAR-gamma. Rosiglitazone is a pure ligand of PPAR-gamma, and has no PPAR-alpha-binding action. Apart from its effect on insulin resistance, it appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect: nuclear factor kappa-B (NF& #954; B) levels fall and inhibitor levels increase in patients on rosiglitazone (Mohanty et al). It increases glyceroneogenesis and reduces the release of free fatty acids from adipocytes; Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug from the thiazolidinedione class. It is being marketed as Avandia by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, both as a standalone preparation and in combination with metformin (Avandamet). Another combination drug approved by the FDA is Avandaryl (with glimepiride); Like other thiazolidinediones, its mechanism of action is by activation of the intracellular receptor class of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), specifically PPAR-gamma. Rosiglitazone is a pure ligand of PPAR-gamma, and has no PPAR-alpha binding action. Apart from its effect on insulin resistance, it appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect: nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) levels fall and inhibitor (IkB) levels increase in patients on rosiglitazone (Mohanty et al). It increases glyceroneogenesis and reduces the release of free fatty acids from adipocytes. Mechanism of Action of Rosiglitazone Rosiglitazone acts as a highly selective and potent agonist at peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) in target tissues for insulin action such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. Activation of PPAR-gamma receptors regulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the control of glucose production, transport, and utilization. In this way, rosiglitazone enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin. or Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent that is effective only in the presence of insulin. Its primary action is to decrease insulin resistance at peripheral sites and in the liver. This results in increased insulin-dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output. These effects are accomplished by selective binding at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) which is found in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver. Activation of these receptors modulates transcription of several insulin responsive genes that control glucose and lipid metabolism. or Rosiglitazone acts principally by increasing insulin sensitivity in target tissues, as well as decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Rosiglitazoneis a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist that increases transcription of insulin-responsive genes and increases insulin sensitivity. Rosiglitazone, like other thiazolidinediones, ameliorates insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus without stimulating insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, thus avoiding the risk of hypoglycemia. Because rosiglitazone does not lower glucose concentrations below euglycemia, the drug is appropriately referred to as an antidiabetic agent rather than a hypoglycemic agent. Some evidence suggests that the glucoregulatory effects of thiazolidinediones are mediated in part via reduced systemic and tissue lipid availability. Circulating concentrations of insulin and C-peptide are reduced during rosiglitazone therapy. Indications of Rosiglitazone Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease To improve glycemic control in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise. Therapeutic Uses Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Antidiabetic agent Rosiglitazone is indicated as monotherapy and as adjunctive therapy to diet and exercise in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Rosiglitazone is also indicated for use in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin when diet, exercise, and either rosiglitazone alone, a sulfonylurea alone, metforminalone or insulin alone do not result in adequate glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Rosiglitazone is also indicated for use in combination with a sulfonylurea plus metformin when diet, exercise, and both agents do not result in adequate glycemic control. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+)), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, has been widely used as a neurotoxin because it elicits a severe Parkinson’s disease-like syndrome with elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and apoptotic death. Rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonist, has been known to show various non-hypoglycemic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, and anti-apoptotic. In the present study, /the authors/ investigated the protective effects of rosiglitazone on MPP(+) induced cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, as well as underlying mechanism. /Their/ results suggested that the protective effects of rosiglitazone on MPP(+) induced apoptosis may be ascribed to its anti-oxidative properties, anti-apoptotic activity via inducing expression of SOD and catalase and regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax. These data indicated that rosiglitazone might provide a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of progressive neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson’s disease. Contra Indication of Rosiglitazone Low blood sugar Severe Heart Failure Liver problems Decreased Calcification or Density of Bone Visible Water Retention Weight gain Abnormal liver function tests Broken Bone Macular Edema Dosages of Rosiglitazone Strengths:2 mg; 4 mg; 8 mg Diabetes Type 2 Initial dose: 4 mg orally once a day Maintenance dose: If inadequate response is not achieved after 8 to 12 weeks, increase to 8 mg once a day Maximum dose: 8 mg per day Side Effects of Rosiglitazone Most common Chest pain decreased urine output dilated neck veins extreme fatigue abdominal pain, physical weakness (asthenia) diarrhea gas (flatulence) symptoms of weakness, muscle pain (myalgia) upper respiratory tract infection low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) abdominal pain (GI complaints), lactic acidosis (rare) low blood levels of vitamin B-12 nausea,vomiting chest discomfort chills, dizziness bloating/abdominal distention constipation heartburn More common Abdominal or stomach discomfort cough or hoarseness decreased appetite diarrhea fast or shallow breathing fever or chills general feeling of discomfort lower back or side pain muscle pain or cramping painful or difficult urination Less common Anxiety confusion dark urine depression Abnormal stools bad, unusual, or unpleasant (after) taste change in taste difficulty with moving discoloration of the fingernails or toenails flu-like symptoms joint pain rash runny nose sneezing stuffy nose swollen joints Drug Interactions of Rosiglitazone Rosiglitazone may interact with following drugs ,suppliments & may decrease the efficacy of drug angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs; captopril, enarapril,ramipril) alcohol antipsychotic medications (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) “azole” antifungals (e.g., itraconazole, ketoconazole, voriconazole) barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, phenobarbital) cyclosporine diabetes medications (e.g., chlorpropamide, glipizide, glyburide, insulin, metformin,nateglinide, pioglitazone) diuretics (water pills; e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene) phenytoin pregabalin irbesartan lapatinib losartan mifepristone corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone, prednisone) diabetic drugs (e.g., glyburide, insulin, repaglinide, sitagliptin) diuretics (e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide) HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., atazanavir, indinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir) phenytoin quinolone antibiotics (e.g., levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine, trimethoprim vancomycin verapamil warfarin Pregnancy & Lactation of Rosiglitazone FDA Pregnancy Category : C Pregnancy This medication should not be used during pregnancy. Usually insulin is used to control high blood sugars during pregnancy. If you become pregnant while taking this medication, contact your doctor immediately. Breast-feeding It is not known if rosiglitazone passes into breast milk. If you are a breast-feeding mother and are taking this medication, it may affect your baby. Talk to your doctor about whether you should continue breast-feeding. References DrugBank Rosiglitazone http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00412 http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00412#targets http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00412#enzymes http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00412#transporters http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00412#carriers EPA DSStox Rosiglitazone https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/dsstoxdb/results?search=DTXSID7037131 Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) Rosiglitazone http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0005031 ClinicalTrials.gov Rosiglitazone https://clinicaltrials.gov/ LiverTox Rosiglitazone https://livertox.nlm.nih.gov/Rosiglitazone.htm EU Community Register of Medicinal Products Rosiglitazone https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h137.htm Rosiglitazone https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h139.htm Rosiglitazone https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h138.htm rosiglitazone / metformin https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h258.htm HSDB ROSIGLITAZONE https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+122320-73-4 WHO ATC https://www.whocc.no/atc/ ATC Code https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/ European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 5-{[4-({2-[methyl(2-pyridinyl)amino] ethyl} oxy)phenyl]methyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/details/9426 BRL 49653 https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.102.969 FDA Medication Guides Avandamet https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/021410s040lbl.pdf#page=38 Avandaryl https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM143421.pdf Avandia https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm085922.pdf FDA Orange Book Patent:8236345 https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/InformationOnDrugs/ucm129662.htm MassBank of North America (MoNA) Rosigltazone http://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu/spectra/browse?inchikey=YASAKCUCGLMORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N NIST Rosiglitazone http://www.nist.gov/srd/nist1a.cfm PubMed Health Avandamet http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012046/ Avandaryl http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012045/ Rosiglitazone (By mouth) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012041/ SpectraBase https://spectrabase.com/compound/BfYlR25LHkN#8ixXTnVvsBR https://spectrabase.com/compound/BfYlR25LHkN#3Nzk3TyekQB Springer Nature Literature references related to scientific contents from Springer Nature journals and books. Read more … Wikipedia rosiglitazone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosiglitazone PubChem Data deposited in or computed by PubChem https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov