Plantar panniculitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the fat pad on the sole of the foot, which can cause pain and tenderness. There are several types of plantar panniculitis, each with their own specific causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Types of Plantar Panniculitis:
- Idiopathic plantar panniculitis: Idiopathic plantar panniculitis is the most common type of plantar panniculitis. It occurs when the fat pad on the sole of the foot becomes inflamed for no apparent reason. The condition can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in middle-aged adults. Symptoms of idiopathic plantar panniculitis include pain and tenderness on the sole of the foot, swelling, and redness.
- Traumatic plantar panniculitis: Traumatic plantar panniculitis is caused by repeated trauma to the sole of the foot, such as running or jumping on hard surfaces. The condition is more common in athletes and people who participate in high-impact activities. Symptoms of traumatic plantar panniculitis include pain and tenderness on the sole of the foot, swelling, and bruising.
- Secondary plantar panniculitis: Secondary plantar panniculitis occurs as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or diabetes. The condition can also be caused by certain medications, such as corticosteroids. Symptoms of secondary plantar panniculitis include pain and tenderness on the sole of the foot, swelling, and redness.
- Erythema nodosum: Erythema nodosum is a type of plantar panniculitis that is characterized by painful, red nodules that develop on the legs, ankles, and feet. The condition is more common in women and is often associated with infections, such as strep throat or tuberculosis. Symptoms of erythema nodosum include pain, tenderness, and swelling on the affected area.
Causes
While the exact cause of plantar panniculitis is not fully understood, several factors have been identified as potential contributors to the development of this condition. In this article, we will discuss the main causes of plantar panniculitis in detail.
- Trauma – One of the most common causes of plantar panniculitis is trauma to the foot, particularly repetitive microtrauma from activities such as running or jumping. This can lead to inflammation of the fatty layer beneath the skin, resulting in the formation of painful nodules or plaques. Trauma may also result from wearing tight or ill-fitting footwear, which can cause pressure points on the sole of the foot.
- Infection – Infection is another potential cause of plantar panniculitis. Certain types of bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, have been implicated in the development of this condition. Infection may occur following a break in the skin, such as a cut or blister, which can allow bacteria to enter the fatty layer beneath the skin and cause inflammation.
- Autoimmune disorders – Autoimmune disorders are another possible cause of plantar panniculitis. In these conditions, the immune system attacks healthy tissues in the body, including the fatty layer beneath the skin of the foot. Examples of autoimmune disorders that may be associated with plantar panniculitis include lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Medications – Certain medications have been linked to the development of plantar panniculitis. These include corticosteroids, which are commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and asthma. Prolonged use of these medications can lead to thinning of the fatty layer beneath the skin, making it more susceptible to injury and inflammation.
- Metabolic disorders – Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, can also contribute to the development of plantar panniculitis. These conditions can affect the circulation of blood and nutrients to the foot, leading to damage and inflammation of the fatty layer beneath the skin.
- Inflammatory disorders – Inflammatory disorders, such as sarcoidosis and granulomatous diseases, can cause the formation of granulomas in the fatty layer beneath the skin of the foot. These granulomas can lead to the development of painful nodules or plaques.
- Neoplastic disorders – In rare cases, neoplastic disorders such as lymphoma or leukemia may be associated with the development of plantar panniculitis. In these cases, the inflammation and damage to the fatty layer beneath the skin is thought to be caused by the presence of cancerous cells.
- Idiopathic – In some cases, the exact cause of plantar panniculitis cannot be identified. This is known as idiopathic plantar panniculitis. While the underlying cause is unknown, it is believed to be related to an autoimmune or inflammatory process.
Symptoms
The main list of symptoms associated with plantar panniculitis includes pain, swelling, redness, and the development of small, firm nodules or plaques on the soles of the feet.
Pain is one of the primary symptoms of plantar panniculitis. This pain can range from mild to severe and is often described as a burning or aching sensation that is worse when standing or walking. The pain is typically localized to the affected area of the foot and can be exacerbated by pressure or touch. In severe cases, the pain may be severe enough to limit mobility and make it difficult to perform daily activities.
Swelling is another common symptom of plantar panniculitis. The swelling may be localized to the affected area or may involve the entire sole of the foot. The affected area may also feel tender to the touch, and the skin may be warm and red.
Small, firm nodules or plaques are a hallmark of plantar panniculitis. These nodules are typically located on the soles of the feet and may be present in one or both feet. The nodules are often painless but can cause discomfort when walking or standing for extended periods.
Other symptoms associated with plantar panniculitis include:
- Discoloration: The affected area of the foot may appear discolored, ranging from reddish to purplish in color.
- Itching: Some individuals with plantar panniculitis may experience itching or a burning sensation in the affected area.
- Ulcers: In severe cases, the nodules or plaques may break open and form ulcers, which can be painful and slow to heal.
- Dryness: The skin on the affected area may become dry and scaly, which can contribute to the itching and discomfort associated with plantar panniculitis.
- Blisters: Some individuals with plantar panniculitis may develop blisters on the affected area, which can be painful and slow to heal.
- Cracking: The skin on the affected area may become cracked or fissured, which can cause pain and increase the risk of infection.
- Pain: The most common symptom of plantar panniculitis is pain in the sole of the foot. The pain is usually described as sharp or stabbing and may be worse with standing, walking, or any weight-bearing activity. The pain may also be present at rest and may be accompanied by a burning sensation.
- Swelling: Swelling of the affected area is another common symptom of plantar panniculitis. The swelling may be localized to one area or may involve the entire sole of the foot. The affected area may also be warm to the touch and tender.
- Redness: In addition to pain and swelling, plantar panniculitis may also cause redness of the affected area. The redness may be diffuse or localized and may be accompanied by a feeling of heat or warmth.
- Nodules: Nodules or lumps may develop under the skin of the affected area. These nodules may be painful to the touch and may be accompanied by swelling and redness.
- Skin Changes: The skin over the affected area may also undergo changes such as thickening, discoloration, or the development of a rash.
- Limited Range of Motion: Plantar panniculitis may also cause a limited range of motion in the affected foot. This may make it difficult to stand or walk, and may cause the affected person to limp or favor one foot over the other.
- Weakness: In some cases, plantar panniculitis may cause weakness in the affected foot. This weakness may be mild or severe and may make it difficult to perform activities of daily living.
- Fatigue: Fatigue is a common symptom of many autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, including plantar panniculitis. The fatigue may be mild or severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as weakness or malaise.
- Weight Loss: Unintentional weight loss may occur in some cases of plantar panniculitis. This weight loss may be due to a loss of appetite or to the body’s increased metabolic demands as it fights the inflammation.
- Joint Pain: Plantar panniculitis may also cause pain in the joints of the affected foot. This pain may be mild or severe and may be accompanied by stiffness or swelling.
- Fever: In some cases, plantar panniculitis may cause a low-grade fever. This fever may be accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, or malaise.
- Malaise: Malaise is a general feeling of discomfort, fatigue, or unease that is often present in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions such as plantar panniculitis.
Diagnosis
The etiology of plantar panniculitis is not well understood, but it has been associated with a variety of causes such as infections, autoimmune disorders, and neoplastic diseases. The diagnosis of plantar panniculitis requires a thorough clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. In this article, we will discuss the main list of diagnosis and tests for plantar panniculitis.
- Clinical Evaluation
The first step in the diagnosis of plantar panniculitis is a thorough clinical evaluation by a dermatologist or a podiatrist. The physician will examine the affected area and look for signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, and warmth. They will also ask about the patient’s medical history and any recent changes in their lifestyle or medication use. The physician may also perform a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
- Imaging Studies
Imaging studies are often used to diagnose plantar panniculitis. X-rays can help identify any underlying bone abnormalities or fractures that may be contributing to the condition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also useful in evaluating the soft tissue structures of the foot and can provide a more detailed view of the inflammation and swelling.
- Blood Tests
Blood tests are used to evaluate the patient’s overall health and to identify any underlying conditions that may be contributing to the development of plantar panniculitis. A complete blood count (CBC) and differential may be ordered to evaluate for infection or inflammation. Autoantibody tests such as antinuclear antibody (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) may also be ordered to evaluate for autoimmune disorders.
- Biopsy
A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the affected area for examination under a microscope. A skin biopsy is often performed to confirm the diagnosis of plantar panniculitis. The biopsy can also help identify the underlying cause of the condition, such as infection or neoplastic disease.
- Culture and Sensitivity
If an infection is suspected, a culture and sensitivity test may be ordered to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic therapy. The physician will obtain a sample of the drainage or tissue from the affected area and send it to a laboratory for analysis.
- Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used to detect specific proteins in tissues using antibodies. IHC can be useful in identifying the specific cells involved in the inflammatory process and can help differentiate between various types of plantar panniculitis.
- Serology
Serology tests are used to detect antibodies in the blood and can be helpful in diagnosing autoimmune disorders associated with plantar panniculitis. Tests such as antinuclear antibody (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) may be ordered to evaluate for autoimmune disorders.
- Skin Patch Test
A skin patch test may be ordered if an allergic reaction is suspected. In this test, small amounts of common allergens are placed on the patient’s skin, and the area is observed for any signs of an allergic reaction.
- Skin Scrapings
Skin scrapings may be taken to evaluate for fungal infections such as tinea pedis, which can mimic the symptoms of plantar panniculitis. The physician will obtain a sample of the affected skin and send it to a laboratory for analysis.
- Ultrasound
Ultrasound can be helpful in evaluating the soft tissue structures of the foot and can provide a more detailed view of the inflammation and swelling. It can also help identify any fluid collections
Treatment
There are several treatment options available for plantar panniculitis, and the choice of treatment will depend on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. In this article, we will discuss the main list of treatments for plantar panniculitis.
- Rest and ice – Resting the affected foot and applying ice to the affected area can help to reduce inflammation and pain. Ice should be applied for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day.
- Custom orthotics – Custom orthotics are shoe inserts that are designed to provide support and cushioning to the feet. These inserts can help to reduce pressure on the affected area and can be particularly helpful for individuals who spend a lot of time on their feet.
- Physical therapy – Physical therapy can help to strengthen the muscles in the feet and improve flexibility. This can help to reduce the risk of future injuries and can also help to reduce pain and inflammation in the affected area.
- Surgery – In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat plantar panniculitis. This is typically reserved for more severe cases and may involve removing the affected tissue or performing a procedure to reduce pressure on the affected area.
- Topical medications – Topical medications such as creams and ointments can be used to reduce pain and inflammation in the affected area. These medications are typically applied directly to the skin and can be particularly helpful for individuals with mild to moderate plantar panniculitis.
- Compression stockings – Compression stockings can help to reduce swelling in the affected area and can be particularly helpful for individuals who spend a lot of time on their feet. These stockings work by applying pressure to the affected area and can also help to improve circulation.
- Lifestyle changes Making lifestyle changes such as losing weight, wearing comfortable shoes, and avoiding high-impact activities can help to reduce the risk of developing plantar panniculitis or can help to reduce symptoms in individuals with existing plantar panniculitis.
The main list of drug treatments for plantar panniculitis.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) NSAIDs are the most commonly used medications for the treatment of plantar panniculitis. These drugs work by reducing inflammation, swelling, and pain. Some commonly used NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These medications can be taken orally or applied topically. Topical NSAIDs are applied directly to the skin over the affected area and are often used in combination with oral NSAIDs for better pain relief.
- Corticosteroid injections – Corticosteroid injections can be used to reduce inflammation and pain in the affected area. This treatment option is typically reserved for more severe cases of plantar panniculitis and should only be administered by a healthcare professional.
- Corticosteroids – Corticosteroids are a type of steroid hormone that is often used to treat inflammation. They can be taken orally or injected directly into the affected area. Corticosteroids work by reducing inflammation, swelling, and pain. However, they are not without side effects and are usually reserved for more severe cases of plantar panniculitis that do not respond to NSAIDs.
- Analgesics – Analgesics, also known as pain relievers, are medications that are used to alleviate pain. These drugs can be taken orally or applied topically. Some commonly used analgesics include acetaminophen and opioids. Opioids are strong pain relievers and are usually reserved for more severe cases of plantar panniculitis that do not respond to other medications.
- Topical Capsaicin – Capsaicin is a compound found in chili peppers that is often used in topical creams to relieve pain. When applied to the skin, capsaicin causes a warming sensation that can help to relieve pain. Topical capsaicin is often used in combination with other medications, such as NSAIDs, for better pain relief.
- Topical Lidocaine Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that is often used to relieve pain. When applied topically, lidocaine works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. Topical lidocaine is often used in combination with other medications for better pain relief.
- Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy PRP therapy is a relatively new treatment for plantar panniculitis that involves injecting a concentrated dose of platelets from the patient’s own blood into the affected area. Platelets contain growth factors that can promote healing and reduce inflammation. This treatment is usually reserved for more severe cases of plantar panniculitis that do not respond to other treatments.
- Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) ESWT is a non-invasive treatment for plantar panniculitis that involves the use of high-energy shockwaves to stimulate healing and reduce inflammation. This treatment is usually reserved for more severe cases of plantar panniculitis that do not respond to other treatments.