Cervical Bilateral Complete Facet Dislocation

Cervical Bilateral Complete Facet Dislocation is a rare but severe injury of the lower (subaxial) cervical spine in which both facet joints at a single vertebral level become completely dislocated, with the superior vertebra translating forward by more than 100% relative to the inferior vertebra. This instability often carries a high risk of spinal cord injury and requires prompt recognition and management.

Cervical bilateral complete facet dislocation is a severe neck injury in which the facet joints—small stabilizing joints between adjacent vertebrae—become completely misaligned on both sides. This injury typically involves the lower cervical spine (C5–C7) and results from a high-energy force, such as a car accident or a fall from height. When both facets dislocate, the vertebral bodies can shift forward by 50% or more, jeopardizing the spinal cord and nerve roots. Patients often present with intense neck pain, muscle spasms, limited movement, and, in many cases, neurological deficits including numbness, weakness, or paralysis below the level of injury. Early recognition and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent permanent disability.

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Types

There are two principal classification schemes commonly used to describe subaxial cervical spine injuries that include bilateral complete facet dislocation:

1. Allen–Ferguson Flexion–Distraction Stage IV
   Allen and Ferguson’s mechanistic system divides flexion–distraction injuries into four stages based on static radiographs. Stage IV represents complete bilateral facet dislocation with 100% anterior translation of the superior vertebral body over the inferior one. This stage reflects severe capsuloligamentous disruption and carries the highest risk of neurologic compromise orthobullets.comsicot-j.org.

2. AO Spine F4 (Facet Dislocation) Subtype
   The AO Spine subaxial classification designates facet injuries under “F” modifiers.

   • F4 indicates a true facet dislocation (perched or locked), further subdivided into unilateral or bilateral.

   • When both facets are dislocated, it is specifically coded as F4-BL (bilateral locking) pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govmedia.aofoundation.org.

Additionally, bilateral complete facet dislocations can be described by timing—

• Acute if diagnosed within 3 weeks of injury

• Chronic/neglected if diagnosed after 3 weeks, often complicated by fibrous or bony fusion around the facets sicot-j.org.

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Causes

Each of the following causes can, by a flexion–distraction mechanism or by predisposing pathology, lead to bilateral complete facet dislocation of the cervical spine:

1. High-speed motor vehicle collisions
   A sudden deceleration produces a flexion–distraction force on the neck, tearing capsuloligamentous structures and allowing facets to translate fully radiopaedia.orgorthobullets.com.

2. Falls from height
   Landing on the head or neck from a significant height transmits axial load combined with flexion, precipitating facet locking and dislocation radiopaedia.orgorthobullets.com.

3. Sports injuries (e.g., football tackles, rugby scrums)
   Violent flexion and compressive forces during high-energy tackles can disrupt facet joints completely radiopaedia.orgorthobullets.com.

4. Diving accidents
   Impact of a diver’s head on shallow water causes hyperflexion and axial loading, resulting in bilateral facet dislocation radiopaedia.orgorthobullets.com.

5. Pedestrian vs. vehicle impact
   Striking the head against a windshield or pavement imparts forces analogous to motor vehicle collisions, risking facet dislocation radiopaedia.orgorthobullets.com.

6. Severe axial loading (e.g., weight falling on helmeted head)
   Direct vertical compression followed by rebound flexion–distraction can unlock facets completely pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

7. Hyperflexion with rotational component
   A twisting flexion injury, such as in roller-coaster accidents, can lob both facets anteriorly past one another jbsr.be.

8. Direct posterior trauma
   A blow to the occiput forcing the neck into flexion may tear facet capsules, allowing dislocation radiopaedia.orgorthobullets.com.

9. Atlantoaxial instability syndromes
   Underlying laxity of the transverse ligament (e.g., in rheumatoid arthritis) predisposes to lower cervical instability under lesser force ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

10. Ankylosing spondylitis
    Ossification of spinal ligaments transfers loads to facets, making them prone to complete dislocation when broken ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

11. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
    Stiffened cervical spine above and below normal segments focuses stress on a single level, leading to bilateral dislocation ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

12. Rheumatoid arthritis
    Chronic synovitis and pannus formation weaken facet capsules, allowing dislocation even with lower-energy trauma ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

13. Previous cervical fusion surgery
    Fusion at one level increases motion—and stress—at adjacent levels, predisposing to dislocation uscspine.com.

14. Congenital ligamentous laxity (e.g., Down syndrome)
    Naturally loose ligaments fail under minimal force, enabling complete facet translation ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

15. Osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases
    Weak bone–ligament attachments may avulse with trauma, allowing facets to dislocate pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

16. Pathologic fractures from metastasis
    Tumor erosion of facet joints undermines stability, causing atraumatic bilateral dislocation pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

17. Spinal infection (osteomyelitis)
    Destruction of facet joint surfaces by infection leads to instability and potential dislocation under minor stress pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

18. Osteogenesis imperfecta
    Collagen defects weaken ligaments and bone, creating a low threshold for complete facet dislocation pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

19. Severe degenerative spondylolisthesis
    Progressive facet arthrosis and slippage can culminate in acute bilateral dislocation when capsular integrity fails emedicine.medscape.com.

20. Iatrogenic over-distraction during cervical traction or surgery
    Excessive manual or device-mediated distraction can inadvertently produce complete facet dislocation uscspine.com.

Symptoms

Patients with cervical bilateral complete facet dislocations often present with a spectrum of clinical findings; each symptom is described below:

1. Severe Neck Pain
   Sudden, intense pain at the time of injury reflects capsular and ligamentous tearing ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

2. Palpable Step-Off Deformity
   A visible or palpable “step” in the posterior cervical alignment indicates vertebral translation uscspine.com.

3. Neck Muscle Spasm
   Protective paraspinal muscle contraction follows the acute instability ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

4. Restricted Range of Motion
   Both active and passive movements are limited due to mechanical block and pain radiopaedia.org.

5. Bilateral Upper Extremity Paresthesias
   Tingling or “pins and needles” in both arms arises from stretching or compressing exiting nerve roots orthobullets.com.

6. Bilateral Motor Weakness
   Neck translation may impinge the spinal cord, causing weakness in both arms ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

7. Sensory Level Below Injury
   A distinct line of sensory change on the torso can denote spinal cord involvement ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

8. Absent or Hyperactive Reflexes
   Depending on spinal cord shock or later spasticity, deep tendon reflexes may be reduced or exaggerated ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

9. Bladder or Bowel Dysfunction
   Cord compression at the cervical level can disrupt autonomic pathways, leading to retention or incontinence ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

10. Respiratory Difficulty
    High cervical injuries may impair diaphragmatic function, causing dyspnea ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

11. Torticollis (Abnormal Head Posture)
    Facet locking on one side can tilt the head toward the affected side if incomplete reduction occurred first radiopaedia.org.

12. Occipital Headache
    Ligamentous stretch can refer pain to the back of the head ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

13. Facial Sweating Changes
    Disruption of sympathetic pathways may cause asymmetrical sweating ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

14. Hypotension and Bradycardia
    Neurogenic shock from high cervical cord injury can lower blood pressure and slow heart rate ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

15. Vertigo or Dizziness
    Vertebral artery stretch in the foramen transversarium may transiently reduce blood flow to the brain radiopaedia.org.

16. Nausea and Vomiting
    Vagal nucleus involvement or pain can trigger gastrointestinal symptoms ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

17. Facial Flushing
    Autonomic dysregulation may produce flushing above the level of injury ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

18. Upper Extremity Spasticity
    Later stages of cord recovery can manifest with increased tone in arms ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

19. Cervical Crepitus
    Rare but possible grinding sensation may be felt as the dislocated facets rub radiopaedia.org.

20. Consciousness Alteration
    Severe trauma with associated head injury can cause transient or prolonged altered mental status ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

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Diagnostic Tests

Physical Examination Tests

1. Inspection for Deformity
   Visual assessment may reveal loss of normal cervical lordosis or obvious step-off ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

2. Palpation of Spinous Processes
   Feeling for tenderness or misalignment helps localize the level uscspine.com.

3. Range-of-Motion Testing
   Careful active and passive assessment reveals mechanical block radiopaedia.org.

4. Spurling’s Test
   Compression of the head in extension and rotation may reproduce radicular symptoms emedicine.medscape.com.

5. Lhermitte’s Sign
   Neck flexion–induced electric-shock sensations suggests cord involvement ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

6. Sensory Level Mapping
   Pinprick and light touch determine the dermatomal level of lesion ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

7. Motor Strength Grading
   Systematic testing of key muscle groups identifies deficits ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

8. Deep Tendon Reflex Assessment
   Biceps, triceps, and brachioradialis reflexes reveal upper motor neuron signs ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Manual (Provocative) Tests

9. Jackson’s Compression Test
   Lateral flexion with axial load can exacerbate nerve root pain emedicine.medscape.com.

10. DeKleyn’s Test
    Extension–rotation assesses vertebral artery insufficiency as a contraindication to manual reduction emedicine.medscape.com.

11. Manual Traction Test
    Gentle longitudinal pull assesses pain relief, guiding reduction attempts researchgate.net.

12. Facet Joint Palpation
    Localized tenderness over the joint lines suggests articular injury emedicine.medscape.com.

13. Lateral Bending Test
    Reproduction of ipsilateral pain may indicate lateral recess compromise emedicine.medscape.com.

14. Jaw-Clench Test
    In patients with suspected vertebral artery injury, clenching may provoke vertebrobasilar insufficiency emedicine.medscape.com.

15. Segmental Mobility Testing
    Determining abnormal anterior–posterior glide may confirm instability researchgate.net.

16. Palpatory Provocation
    Applying pressure over facet joint while monitoring radicular signs emedicine.medscape.com.

Laboratory & Pathological Tests

17. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
    Assesses for anemia or infection in polytrauma patients ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

18. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
    Elevated in inflammatory or infectious complications ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

19. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
    Tracks inflammatory response post-injury or post-surgery ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

20. Coagulation Profile
    Ensures safe timing for surgical interventions ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

21. Blood Type & Crossmatch
    Prepares for transfusion in case of hemorrhage ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

22. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
    Monitors respiratory compromise in high cervical injuries ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

23. Serum Electrolytes
    Ensures metabolic stability, especially in multitrauma care ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

24. Lactate Level
    Indicates tissue hypoperfusion in shock state ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

25. Blood Cultures
    If sepsis is suspected in polytrauma settings ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

26. Bone Metabolism Markers
    Evaluate osteoporosis as a risk factor researchgate.net.

Electrodiagnostic Tests

27. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
    Differentiate root compression from peripheral neuropathy ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

28. Electromyography (EMG)
    Detects denervation patterns in myotomes ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

29. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs)
    Assess dorsal column function and cord integrity ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

30. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs)
    Evaluate corticospinal tract conduction ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

31. F-Wave Studies
    Examine proximal nerve conduction and root involvement ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

32. H-Reflex Testing
    Assesses reflex arc, particularly in C8–T1 distribution ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

33. Paraspinal Mapping
    Localizes segmental muscle involvement ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

34. Quantitative EMG
    Measures recruitment and firing rates for prognosis ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Imaging Tests

35. Plain Radiographs (AP, Lateral, Oblique)
    Show vertebral alignment, “naked facet” sign, and step-off radiopaedia.org.

36. Open-Mouth Odontoid View
    Helps assess C1–C2 but may incidentally show lower cervical malalignment researchgate.net.

37. Computed Tomography (CT)
    Gold standard for detecting facet dislocation and associated fractures; 3D reconstructions clarify anatomy sciencedirect.com.

38. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
    Essential for evaluating ligamentous injury, disk herniation, and spinal cord edema ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

39. Dynamic Flexion–Extension Views
    Performed under strict precautions to assess residual instability after initial reduction cureus.com.

40. CT Angiography (CTA)
    Evaluates vertebral artery integrity when vascular injury is suspected e-neurospine.org.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Physiotherapy and Electrotherapy Therapies

1. Manual Cervical Traction
   Description: Slow, controlled pulling force applied to the head.
   Purpose: To gently separate vertebrae and reduce pressure on discs and nerves.
   Mechanism: Traction increases intervertebral space, relieves nerve root compression, and encourages realignment of facet joints.

2. Cervical Joint Mobilization
   Description: Skilled hand movements over the neck joints.
   Purpose: To improve joint glide, reduce stiffness, and restore normal motion.
   Mechanism: Mobilization applies oscillatory forces to the facet joints, releasing adhesions and improving synovial fluid distribution.

3. Isometric Neck Strengthening
   Description: Static contractions of neck muscles without movement.
   Purpose: To build muscle support around the injured area without stressing the joints.
   Mechanism: Sustained muscle engagement increases endurance and stabilizes the cervical spine.

4. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
   Description: Low-voltage electrical current applied via skin electrodes.
   Purpose: To reduce pain and muscle spasms.
   Mechanism: TENS stimulates large nerve fibers, blocking pain signals to the brain (gate control theory).

5. Interferential Current Therapy
   Description: Medium-frequency currents that intersect beneath the skin.
   Purpose: To ease deep muscle pain and improve circulation.
   Mechanism: The intersection of currents produces a low-frequency effect that stimulates tissue healing and pain relief.

6. Ultrasound Therapy
   Description: High-frequency sound waves delivered through an applicator.
   Purpose: To reduce inflammation and promote tissue repair.
   Mechanism: Micro-vibrations increase local blood flow and enhance cell permeability for nutrient exchange.

7. Shortwave Diathermy
   Description: Electromagnetic waves that produce deep heat.
   Purpose: To decrease muscle spasm and improve extensibility.
   Mechanism: Heat deep within tissues relaxes muscles and encourages healing.

8. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
   Description: Red or near-infrared light applied to the injury site.
   Purpose: To accelerate tissue repair and reduce pain.
   Mechanism: Photons stimulate mitochondrial function, promoting cellular regeneration and reducing inflammation.

9. Cryotherapy
   Description: Application of cold packs or ice massage.
   Purpose: To decrease swelling and pain in the acute phase.
   Mechanism: Cold constricts blood vessels, slowing inflammatory mediators and numbing nerve endings.

10. Heat Therapy
    Description: Warm packs or heating pads on the neck.
    Purpose: To relax muscles and improve flexibility in subacute or chronic phases.
    Mechanism: Heat dilates blood vessels, increases metabolic activity, and reduces muscle stiffness.

11. Soft Tissue Mobilization
    Description: Hands-on massage of muscles around the neck.
    Purpose: To break up scar tissue and relieve trigger points.
    Mechanism: Manual pressure loosens adhesions and enhances circulation.

12. Cervical Stabilization Training
    Description: Exercises focusing on deep neck flexors and extensors.
    Purpose: To restore the neck’s natural support system.
    Mechanism: Targeted muscle activation improves segmental control and prevents further dislocation.

13. Scapular Stabilization Exercises
    Description: Movements strengthening shoulder blade muscles.
    Purpose: To support posture and reduce compensatory neck strain.
    Mechanism: Strong scapular muscles provide a stable base for cervical movement.

14. Postural Correction Education
    Description: Guidance on maintaining proper head and neck alignment.
    Purpose: To minimize undue stress on injured facets.
    Mechanism: Ergonomic adjustments decrease abnormal loading on the cervical spine.

15. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
    Description: Alternating resistance and relaxation of neck muscles.
    Purpose: To enhance muscle coordination and joint position sense.
    Mechanism: PNF techniques stimulate muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs, refining motor control.

Exercise Therapies

1. Deep Neck Flexor Strengthening
   Patients lie on their back and gently tuck the chin, holding for 5–10 seconds. This targets inner neck muscles to stabilize vertebrae and reduce forward slippage.

2. Chin Tuck with Head Lift
   From a supine position, patients perform chin tucks while lifting the head slightly. This combination reinforces deep flexors and improves spinal alignment.

3. Isometric Side Flexion
   Gentle pressure is applied to the side of the head while resisting movement. This strengthens lateral neck muscles without rotation stress.

4. Prone Cervical Retraction
   Lying face down, patients retract the head without lifting it. This helps correct forward head posture and unloads facet joints.

5. Neck Rotation Stretch
   With the hand gently guiding the head, patients rotate to each side to maintain range of motion and prevent stiffness.

6. Shoulder Blade Squeezes
   Pulling shoulder blades together activates upper back muscles, supporting cervical posture.

7. Wall Angels
   Standing with back and arms against a wall, patients slide arms upward. This exercise promotes spinal extension and shoulder mobility.

8. Supine Scapular Retraction
   Lying on the back, squeezing shoulder blades encourages proper thoracic alignment and reduces compensatory neck tension.

Mind-Body Therapies

1. Mindfulness Meditation
   Patients practice focused breathing and present-moment awareness. This reduces stress, which can exacerbate muscle tension in the neck.

2. Progressive Muscle Relaxation
   Systematically tensing and relaxing muscle groups—even in the neck—helps patients recognize and release chronic tension.

3. Yoga for Neck Pain
   Gentle yoga poses like cat-cow and sphinx encourage mobility and relaxation while emphasizing safe cervical alignment.

4. Tai Chi
   Slow, flowing movements strengthen postural muscles and improve balance, indirectly supporting neck stability.

5. Breathing Exercises
   Deep diaphragmatic breathing lowers sympathetic activity, easing muscle spasm around the cervical spine.

Educational Self-Management

1. Patient Education Programs
   Interactive workshops teach anatomy, injury mechanisms, and safe daily activities. Knowledge empowers patients to avoid harmful movements and adhere to rehabilitation plans.

2. Ergonomic and Lifestyle Training
   Customized advice on workstation setup, pillow support, and sleep positions helps patients maintain cervical neutrality, preventing recurrent dislocation.

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Pharmacological Treatments (Drugs)

1. Ibuprofen (400–600 mg every 6–8 hours)
   Class: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
   Time: With meals to reduce stomach upset
   Side Effects: Gastrointestinal irritation, kidney stress

2. Naproxen (250–500 mg twice daily)
   Class: NSAID
   Time: Morning and evening with food
   Side Effects: Heartburn, fluid retention

3. Diclofenac (50 mg three times daily)
   Class: NSAID
   Time: With meals or milk
   Side Effects: Liver enzyme elevation, gastrointestinal bleed

4. Ketorolac (10–20 mg initial, then 10 mg every 4–6 hours, max 40 mg/day)
   Class: NSAID (short-term)
   Time: Not beyond 5 days
   Side Effects: Renal impairment, peptic ulcers

5. Celecoxib (100–200 mg once or twice daily)
   Class: COX-2 inhibitor
   Time: With water, any time of day
   Side Effects: Elevated blood pressure, edema

6. Acetaminophen (500–1000 mg every 6 hours, max 3000 mg/day)
   Class: Analgesic
   Time: As needed for pain
   Side Effects: Liver toxicity in overdose

7. Tramadol (50–100 mg every 4–6 hours)
   Class: Opioid agonist
   Time: With or without food
   Side Effects: Dizziness, constipation

8. Morphine Sulfate (5–15 mg every 4 hours)
   Class: Strong opioid
   Time: Monitor respiratory rate
   Side Effects: Respiratory depression, addiction risk

9. Oxycodone (5–10 mg every 4–6 hours)
   Class: Opioid
   Time: Avoid alcohol
   Side Effects: Sedation, nausea

10. Cyclobenzaprine (5–10 mg three times daily)
    Class: Muscle relaxant
    Time: At bedtime to minimize drowsiness
    Side Effects: Drowsiness, dry mouth

11. Baclofen (5 mg three times daily, titrate to 20–80 mg/day)
    Class: GABA-B agonist
    Time: With meals
    Side Effects: Muscle weakness, fatigue

12. Tizanidine (2–4 mg every 6–8 hours)
    Class: α2-adrenergic agonist
    Time: Avoid before tasks requiring alertness
    Side Effects: Hypotension, dry mouth

13. Gabapentin (300 mg at bedtime, titrate to 900–3600 mg/day)
    Class: Anticonvulsant (neuropathic modulator)
    Time: Bedtime to reduce dizziness
    Side Effects: Somnolence, peripheral edema

14. Pregabalin (75 mg twice daily)
    Class: Anticonvulsant
    Time: Twice daily
    Side Effects: Weight gain, dizziness

15. Prednisone (10–60 mg daily, taper over 1–2 weeks)
    Class: Corticosteroid
    Time: Morning to mimic cortisol rhythm
    Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, osteoporosis

16. Dexamethasone (4–6 mg daily)
    Class: Corticosteroid
    Time: Morning
    Side Effects: Immunosuppression, mood changes

17. Lidocaine 5% Patch (Apply up to 12 hours/day)
    Class: Local anesthetic
    Time: Remove after 12 hours
    Side Effects: Skin irritation

18. Bupivacaine Injection (0.25–0.5%, 1–2 mL per level)
    Class: Local anesthetic
    Time: Performed under imaging guidance
    Side Effects: Cardiovascular toxicity if overdosed

19. Ketamine Infusion (0.1–0.5 mg/kg/hr)
    Class: NMDA antagonist
    Time: In monitored setting
    Side Effects: Hallucinations, blood pressure changes

20. Colchicine (0.6 mg once or twice daily)
    Class: Anti-inflammatory
    Time: With food
    Side Effects: Diarrhea, nausea

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Dietary Molecular Supplements

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (1–3 g daily)
   Functional: Anti-inflammatory support
   Mechanism: Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines, easing spinal inflammation.

2. Vitamin D₃ (1000–2000 IU daily)
   Functional: Bone health and muscle function
   Mechanism: Promotes calcium absorption and neuromuscular communication.

3. Calcium Citrate (500 mg twice daily)
   Functional: Bone mineral support
   Mechanism: Supplies essential mineral for vertebral strength.

4. Glucosamine Sulfate (1500 mg daily)
   Functional: Joint cartilage maintenance
   Mechanism: Provides building blocks for glycosaminoglycans in facet joints.

5. Chondroitin Sulfate (1200 mg daily)
   Functional: Cartilage resilience
   Mechanism: Attracts water into cartilage, improving shock absorption.

6. Collagen Peptides (10 g daily)
   Functional: Connective tissue repair
   Mechanism: Supplies amino acids for tendon and ligament healing.

7. Curcumin (500 mg twice daily)
   Functional: Natural anti-inflammatory
   Mechanism: Blocks NF-κB pathway, reducing inflammatory mediators.

8. MSM (Methylsulfonylmethane) (1000 mg twice daily)
   Functional: Soft tissue health
   Mechanism: Supports collagen synthesis and antioxidant defenses.

9. Boswellia Serrata Extract (300 mg three times daily)
   Functional: Joint pain reduction
   Mechanism: Inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, lowering leukotriene-mediated inflammation.

10. Resveratrol (100 mg daily)
    Functional: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
    Mechanism: Activates SIRT1, protecting cells from oxidative stress.

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Advanced Agents (10 Bisphosphonates, Regenerative, Viscosupplementation, Stem Cells)

1. Alendronate (70 mg once weekly)
   Functional: Inhibits bone resorption
   Mechanism: Binds osteoclasts, reducing vertebral bone loss.

2. Zoledronic Acid (5 mg IV once yearly)
   Functional: Long-term bone strength
   Mechanism: Potent osteoclast inhibition for cervical vertebrae support.

3. Denosumab (60 mg subcutaneous every 6 months)
   Functional: Monoclonal antibody to RANKL
   Mechanism: Prevents osteoclast maturation, enhancing bone density.

4. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection
   Functional: Tissue regeneration
   Mechanism: Concentrated growth factors stimulate cell proliferation in ligaments and discs.

5. Autologous Stem Cell Injection
   Functional: Disc and ligament repair
   Mechanism: Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into fibrous tissue, restoring stability.

6. Hyaluronic Acid Injection
   Functional: Viscosupplementation of facet joints
   Mechanism: Enhances lubrication, reducing friction and pain.

7. Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC)
   Functional: Regenerative therapy
   Mechanism: Stem cell–rich concentrate aids in repair of annular tears and ligaments.

8. Injectable Collagen Scaffold
   Functional: Tissue matrix support
   Mechanism: Provides structural framework for cell migration and healing.

9. Growth Factor Cocktail Injection
   Functional: Enhanced healing
   Mechanism: Combination of PDGF, TGF-β accelerates repair of soft tissues.

10. Platelet Lysate Injection
    Functional: Rapid growth factor delivery
    Mechanism: Cellular lysate releases cytokines directly to injury site for quick regeneration.

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Surgical Interventions

1. Closed Reduction and Immobilization
   Procedure: Gentle traction under anesthesia to realign facets, followed by collar support.
   Benefits: Restores alignment without open surgery.

2. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF)
   Procedure: Removal of damaged disc via front of neck, placement of bone graft and plate.
   Benefits: Stabilizes spine, decompresses nerves, excellent fusion rates.

3. Posterior Cervical Fusion
   Procedure: Screws and rods attached to the back of vertebrae to lock them in place.
   Benefits: Strong stabilization, suitable for multi-level injuries.

4. Anterior Corpectomy and Fusion
   Procedure: Removal of one or more vertebral bodies with graft and plate.
   Benefits: Addresses extensive damage across levels, decompresses spinal cord.

5. Lateral Mass Screw Fixation
   Procedure: Screws placed into the lateral mass of vertebrae via posterior approach.
   Benefits: High pull-out strength and minimal tissue disruption.

6. Pedicle Screw Fixation
   Procedure: Screws inserted through vertebral pedicles with rods.
   Benefits: Rigorous stabilization for severe dislocations.

7. Halo Vest Immobilization
   Procedure: Halo ring fixed to skull with pins, attached to vest on torso.
   Benefits: Maximum immobilization for healing without internal hardware.

8. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation
   Procedure: Direct surgery to realign facets and apply plates or screws.
   Benefits: Precise realignment and immediate stability.

9. Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
   Procedure: Replacement of damaged disc with artificial disc.
   Benefits: Maintains motion at treated level, reduces adjacent segment stress.

10. Laminoplasty
    Procedure: Reconstruction of laminae to enlarge spinal canal.
    Benefits: Decompresses spinal cord while preserving posterior elements.

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Prevention Strategies

1. Use of Seatbelts and Airbags
   Always wear a seatbelt and ensure airbags are functional to reduce high-impact forces.

2. Helmet Use in Sports
   Protective headgear in cycling, football, or horseback riding prevents excessive neck flexion or extension.

3. Ergonomic Workstations
   Adjust monitor height, chair support, and keyboard position to maintain neutral neck posture.

4. Safe Lifting Techniques
   Bend at hips and knees—never at the waist—to avoid sudden neck flexion under load.

5. Regular Neck and Upper-Body Exercise
   Strong supporting muscles reduce risk of facet dislocation under stress.

6. Posture Awareness
   Avoid sustained forward head positions; take breaks to reset alignment.

7. Smoking Cessation
   Smoking impairs bone and ligament healing, increasing injury risk.

8. Balanced Diet for Bone Health
   Adequate calcium, vitamin D, and protein intake support vertebral strength.

9. Weight Management
   Excess weight increases stress on the cervical spine and adjacent tissues.

10. Home and Workplace Fall Prevention
    Secure rugs, install grab bars, and ensure good lighting to avoid slips.

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When to See a Doctor

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience sudden neck pain after trauma, noticeable deformity, severe muscle spasm, or any numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder or bowel control. Early evaluation with physical exam and imaging (X-ray, CT, or MRI) can identify dislocation and prevent permanent neurological damage.

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What to Do and What to Avoid

1. During Acute Pain:
   Do apply ice and rest briefly; avoid prolonged bed rest beyond 48 hours to prevent stiffness.

2. While Mobilizing:
   Do perform gentle neck range-of-motion exercises; avoid sudden jerks or heavy lifting.

3. Pain Management:
   Do take prescribed anti-inflammatories with food; avoid overuse of opioids without supervision.

4. Posture:
   Do sit with back support and head aligned; avoid leaning forward with phone or tablet.

5. Sleeping:
   Do use a cervical pillow that maintains natural curvature; avoid stomach sleeping.

6. Work Breaks:
   Do stand and stretch every 30 minutes; avoid long periods of static posture.

7. Driving:
   Do adjust headrest at mid-ear level and maintain two hands on the wheel; avoid sudden neck movements.

8. Exercise:
   Do follow guided rehab programs; avoid unsupervised high-impact sports until cleared.

9. Stress Management:
   Do practice relaxation techniques; avoid clenching jaw or tensing shoulders.

10. Follow-Up Care:
    Do keep all scheduled appointments; avoid discontinuing treatment without doctor’s approval.

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What causes cervical bilateral complete facet dislocation?
   High-energy traumas—like car crashes, sports injuries, or falls—that force the neck into extreme flexion and distraction can tear supporting ligaments and dislocate both facet joints.

2. How is this injury diagnosed?
   Clinicians use X-rays for initial evaluation, CT scans for detailed bone alignment, and MRI to assess soft tissue damage and spinal cord involvement.

3. Is surgery always needed?
   Most complete bilateral dislocations require surgical reduction and stabilization, though rare cases with minimal displacement may be managed conservatively under strict supervision.

4. What is the recovery time?
   Recovery varies but typically spans 3–6 months of combined immobilization, rehabilitation, and gradual return to activity.

5. Can nerve function fully recover?
   If the spinal cord or roots are not severely compressed, patients often regain most function; however, complete cord transection may lead to permanent deficits.

6. Are there long-term complications?
   Possible issues include chronic pain, limited range of motion, adjacent segment degeneration, and hardware-related problems.

7. How soon can I return to work?
   Light desk work may resume in 4–6 weeks post-surgery, while manual labor often requires at least 3–4 months of recovery.

8. Will I need a neck brace?
   Yes—most patients wear a cervical collar or halo vest for 6–12 weeks to protect the repair and encourage fusion.

9. Can physical therapy help prevent re-injury?
   Absolutely—guided exercises strengthen muscles, improve coordination, and teach safe movement patterns.

10. What role do supplements play?
    Supplements like vitamin D and glucosamine support bone and cartilage health but should complement—not replace—medical treatment.

11. Is electrical therapy safe?
    When administered by a trained professional, modalities such as TENS and ultrasound are safe and effective for pain and swelling.

12. Can I drive after my injury?
    Only with your doctor’s approval—usually once neck mobility and strength reach safe levels to control the vehicle without risking further harm.

13. Will I feel pain after surgery?
    Post-operative pain is managed with medications and often subsides significantly after the first few weeks.

14. Are minimally invasive options available?
    Some surgeons offer percutaneous fixation techniques, which reduce tissue disruption and speed up early recovery.

15. How can I reduce scar tissue formation?
    Early gentle mobilization, soft tissue massage, and following postoperative protocols help minimize adhesions and stiffness.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: June 19, 2025.

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