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Herbal Teas less commonly but more properly called tisanes are beverages made from the infusion or decoction of herbs, spices, or other plant material in hot water. Oftentimes herb tea or the plain term tea is used, albeit slightly incorrectly, as a reference to all sorts of herbal teas. Some herbal blends contain actual tea.

The term “herbal” tea is often used in contrast to the so-called true teas (e.g., black, green, white, yellow, oolong), which are prepared from the cured leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. Unlike true teas (which are also available decaffeinated), most tisanes do not naturally contain caffeine.^[rx]^[rx] There are a number of plants, however, that do contain caffeine or another stimulant, like theobromine, cocaine or ephedrine. Some common infusions have specific names such as coffee (coffee bean tea), mate (yerba mate), and rooibos (Aspalathus linearis).

Floral centerpieces on the dinner table are a classic and timeless tradition, but flowers can sometimes show up on your dinner plate, too.

Edible flowers are used in many different styles of cuisine and can be found on menus all over the world.

Not all flowers are safe to eat, but those that are can offer a unique burst of flavor and color to many dishes, including salads, sauces, beverages and entrées. Some of them may even offer health benefits.

Here are 11 edible flowers with potential health benefits.

1. Hibiscus

Hibiscus plants produce large, ornate blossoms that usually grow in tropical and subtropical climates around the world. Hundreds of hibiscus species exist, but the most popular edible variety is known as roselle or Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Hibiscus flowers can grow as large as 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter and are found in a wide array of colors — including red, white, yellow and various shades of pink.
Although sometimes grown for strictly ornamental purposes, hibiscus is also well known for its culinary and medicinal applications. You can eat the flower straight from the plant, but it is usually used for tea, relishes, jam or salads.
Many cultures drink hibiscus tea for its medicinal properties. Some studies indicate that hibiscus may help reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels, although more research is needed to better understand how hibiscus can support heart health (rx, rx).
The tea is bright red and has a tart, somewhat sour flavor. It may be served hot but is particularly refreshing over ice on a hot summer day.

Hibiscus flowers are large, colorful blossoms that grow in warm climates. The flowers can be eaten raw but are often used to make herbal tea. Some research suggests that hibiscus may have a positive impact on cholesterol and blood pressure.

2. Dandelion

Dandelions are best known as stubborn garden weeds. However, they happen to double as a highly nutritious edible flower.
Dandelions have small blossoms — roughly 1–1.5 inches (2–4 cm) in diameter — with many tiny, bright-yellow petals. They supply various plant compounds known to have powerful antioxidant properties (rx).
Interestingly, the flowers are not the only part of dandelion that can be eaten. In fact, every part of this so-called weed can be enjoyed — including its roots, stems, and leaves.
There are endless options for eating dandelion. The flowers can be eaten raw, either alone or tossed into a salad. They may be breaded and fried or used to make jelly and wine.
The roots are often steeped to make tea, while the greens may be consumed raw as a salad or a sandwich topping. They can also be cooked in stews, casseroles or any other dish that calls for hearty greens.

Dandelions are considered weeds but double as a highly nutritious edible flower. The flowers — edible raw or cooked — can be used to make various foods like jelly and wine.

3. Lavender

Lavender is a woody, floral herb originally grown in parts of northern Africa and the Mediterranean. The violet flowers are very small but plentiful. Lavender is probably best known for its distinctive fragrance, which is acclaimed for its calming effects (rx).
The combination of color and aroma make lavender a particularly desirable addition to a variety of foods, including baked goods, infused syrups, liqueurs, herbal teas, dry spice rubs and herb mixtures.
Its flavor pairs well with both sweet and savory ingredients, including citrus, berries, rosemary, sage, thyme and chocolate.
When cooking with lavender, it’s best to start with a small amount and increase slowly until you achieve the desired flavor, as it can quickly become overpowering.

Lavender is a violet flower admired for its distinct aroma. It may be eaten fresh or dried and pairs well with a variety of ingredients, such as citrus, berries and savory herbs.

4. Honeysuckle

Almost 200 honeysuckle species exist, but the most common are the Japanese and woodbine varieties. The fragrant blossoms, typically light yellow or white, hold nectar that can be eaten straight from the flower. Honeysuckle has been vital to traditional Chinese medicine practices for centuries (rx).
The flowers and their extracts are ingested or applied to the skin to treat various inflammatory conditions. However, its efficacy as a medicinal therapy for humans remains scientifically unproven (rx).
In the culinary world, honeysuckle is most often used to make tea or a fragrant, flavorful syrup. You can use the syrup to sweeten iced tea, lemonade, yogurt and sorbet or as a sugar replacement in quick bread recipes.
While the honeysuckle flower and its nectar are perfectly safe to eat, note that the berries of some varieties may be toxic if ingested in large quantities (rx).

Honeysuckle is a fragrant flower known for its distinct aroma, sweet flavor and traditional medicinal uses. It can be eaten straight from the plant or made into an infused syrup that can complement many dishes.

5. Nasturtium

Nasturtium is a culinary favorite because of its brightly colored blossoms and unique, savory flavor.
Both the leaves and flowers of nasturtium are edible and may be enjoyed cooked or raw. They feature a peppery, slightly spicy flavor profile, although the blossoms themselves are milder than the leaves.
The funnel-shaped flowers are typically bright orange, red or yellow. They make a beautiful garnish for cakes, pastries and salads.
The leaves are round and resemble small lily pads. They’re tender enough to be used as salad greens or blended into pesto.
Nasturtium is not only a versatile and eye-catching ingredient but also nutritious — containing a variety of minerals and health-promoting compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (rx).

Nasturtium is a brightly colored flower known for its savory, peppery flavor. Its blossoms and leaves are nutritious and can be prepared in a variety of ways.

6. Borage

Borage, or Starflower, is an herb that produces delicate, star-shaped flowers. The blossoms are usually blue but may also be white or pink.
In herbal medicine, borage is used to treat minor ailments, such as sore throat or cough. However, human research to support its efficacy as a medical therapy is scarce (rx).
In the kitchen, there is no shortage of ways to put borage to use, as both the flowers and leaves are edible. The flowers are often described as having a slightly sweet flavor that is reminiscent of cucumber and honey.
The flowers may be eaten fresh in a salad or as a garnish for desserts and cocktails — or they may be cooked and added to soups, sauces or stuffed pasta fillings. Borage can also be served as a stand-alone vegetable side dish.

Borage is an herb that produces small, blue, star-shaped flowers. Used in both traditional medicine and culinary practices, it makes for a beautiful garnish for salads or cocktails and can also be cooked into soups and sauces.

7. Purslane

Purslane is a succulent that produces tiny, yellow flowers and thick, fleshy leaves — both of which are edible and may be eaten cooked or raw.
Historically, purslane was considered no more valuable than a garden weed. However, this little plant has recently soared in popularity due to its rich nutrient content.
It’s filled with vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, but its biggest claim to nutritional fame is its omega-3 fat content. In fact, purslane provides more omega-3s than almost any other vegetable of its kind (rx).
The flowers and leaves of purslane can be served raw in many salads and sandwiches. They may also be sautéed or steamed with other vegetables as a side dish or added to your favorite soups. You may even consider trying this plant battered and fried.

Purslane is a nutrient-rich succulent whose flowers and leaves may be eaten cooked or raw. It provides a wide array of vitamins and minerals — especially omega-3s.

8. Rose

There are over 150 species of roses available in almost any imaginable size and color. The best part is that they’re all edible. However, roses don’t all taste the same.
A good rule of thumb for choosing a flavorful rose is that if it smells pleasant, it’ll probably taste good, too. Only eat the petals, though, because the leaves and stems don’t make a very palatable snack.
Roses petals have a very aromatic, floral, and slightly sweet flavor. They can be eaten raw, mixed into various fruit or green salads, or dried and added to granola or mixed herbs.
Fresh rose petals can also be muddled and added to the liquid to create rose-infused beverages, jams and jellies. Chopped rose petals added to sugar or butter give a unique zing to otherwise ordinary ingredients.
Like many other edible flowers, roses may offer health benefits. Some research suggests that certain compounds in roses may play a role in reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation (rx).

All varieties of roses are edible, but the ones with the sweetest fragrance are likely to have the most flavor. Rose petals can be used to infuse liquids with flavor or added to sugar or butter to boost your favorite recipes.

9. Squash Blossom

If you’ve ever grown summer squash in your garden, you’re probably aware of their delicate flowers. However, you may not know that these flowers are just as edible as the squash itself.
Although these blossoms form on all types of summer squash, the most popular come from zucchini. Zucchini flowers are bright yellow with a long, rounded bell shape.
These flowers can be eaten raw as a garnish or chopped and added to salads. If you’re feeling indulgent, another delicious option is to stuff the blossoms with herbed cheeses and fry or bake them until the delicate petals become crispy.
You don’t have to sacrifice your squash harvest to enjoy eating the flowers. Only the female blossoms can turn into squash, so stick to eating the male flowers to ensure a full harvest (rx).
The male flowers have a long, thin stem and typically grow around the outer edges of the plant. Female flowers tend to grow closer to the plant’s center and have a small, bulbous fruit at the base of the blossom where it meets the stem.

The flowers that bloom on summer squash can be eaten raw, stuffed or fried. If you’re picking straight from a garden, stick to eating the male flowers so that the squash plants still grow.

10. Pansy

Already quite pleasant to look at, pansies are equally pleasant to eat.
Pansies have small blossoms, measuring about 2–3 inches (5–8 cm) in diameter. They exist in many colors, but hues of purple, blue and yellow are most common. They have five overlapping petals with a dark area in the center that resembles an ink stain.
Typically, pansies have a mild, fresh and lightly floral flavor — although there is some flavor that varies depending on the type.
Because pansies can have so many color variations, they make an excellent decorative addition to desserts, such as pastries, cakes, and cookies. For extra flair, you can candy the petals before adding them to your dish. For a simpler preparation, pansies can be finely chopped and added to a simple green salad for a pop of color and texture.
Aside from being a unique addition to a meal, pansies are also a rich source of several potent plant compounds known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (rx).

Although commonly used for ornamental purposes, pansies make a colorful and nutritious addition to a variety of desserts and salads.

11. Chamomile

Chamomile is a floral herb used in cooking and traditional medicine for centuries. Medicinally, chamomile is often consumed to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality (rx, rx).
The flowers closely resemble daisies, albeit much smaller. They lend a slightly sweet, earthy flavor to the foods they’re cooked with.
Most recipes call for heating the flowers in a liquid to extract their flavors and bioactive compounds. The leaves and flowers are usually dried first but can be used fresh.
While most often utilized for chamomile tea, the blossoms can also make syrups or other infusions for baked goods, smoothies or desserts.
Chamomile flowers are widely used medicinally to reduce anxiety and improve sleep. They have an earthy, slightly sweet flavor and may be used to make tea or other infusions.

Although you may be accustomed to seeing flowers only as decoration, you can add many of them to your diet for a pop of color and texture. Additionally, many edible flowers are nutritious and contain potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds that can support your health. You can serve them raw, cook them with vegetables, fry them as a snack or sprinkle them on your desserts. Regardless of your culinary skill, it’s easy to add edible flowers to your next meal.

How to Make Lavender Tea

After a long, hard day, you might be tempted to reach for a glass of wine.

While there’s evidence a glass of red wine may offer some benefits, there’s an herb that you can grow in your garden that can help ease anxiety and relax your mind — all without the hangover.

Lavender, or Lavandula angustifolia, is one of the most common flowers and essential oils used in aromatherapy because of its relaxing properties. It’s often touted for its calming effects on the mind, especially when used as a sleeping aid. Some research has found it to be beneficial in aiding restless sleepers to get much-needed sleep. Chefs often make use of lavender honey or use the petals to garnish salads.

Although lavender extract can be sold as a health supplement in the United States, it’s not approved to treat any specific condition.

Brew it yourself

The most common way lavender is consumed is by brewing tea from its buds. Brewing lavender buds into a tea help release the oils and scents. There are some small studies that suggest that inhaling its scent may lead to better sleep (rx, rx).

How to make it

Making your own lavender tea is fairly easy:

Boil 8 oz. of water.
Place 4 tsp. of fresh lavender buds into a tea ball or sachet.
Place the tea ball and water into a teacup.
Let steep for 10 minutes.
Enjoy!

Try growing some in your garden and brewing yourself a cup before bedtime for a restful sleep. If fresh lavender buds aren’t available to you, dried lavender buds also work.

Note: Do not ever try to make lavender tea with essential oil. This can be extremely dangerous.

Lavender’s many talents

Among the positive things that lavender has been linked to is improvement of mental health, including helping to relieve anxiety, depression, and insomnia (rx, rx, rx).
There’s also some evidence that lavender can treat canker sores, the hair loss condition alopeciaTrusted Source[rx], and be used in a bath to treat circulation disorders (rx, rx, rx).

Who should avoid lavender

The National Institutes of Health does warn about its use in pregnant women as little known of its safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding (rx).
One study found some young boys who used lavender developed gynecomastia or enlarged breast tissue. When those boys stopped consuming lavender, the condition went away (rx, rx).
Also, people who have sensitive skin or allergies, should check with their doctor before using lavender, as it may trigger an allergic reaction in some people (rx, rx, rx).

All You Need to Know About Hibiscus

Hibiscus plants are known for their large, colorful flowers. These blossoms can make a decorative addition to a home or garden, but they also have medicinal uses. The flowers and leaves can be made into teas and liquid extracts that can help treat a variety of conditions.

Read on to find out how hibiscus can help with weight loss and cancer, and how it can also help relieve conditions that include:

upset stomach
high blood pressure
bacterial infections
fever

Hibiscus flowers come in many colors. They can be red, yellow, white, or peach-colored, and can be as big as 6 inches wide. The most popular variety is Hibiscus sabdariffa. The red flowers of this variety are most commonly cultivated for medical purposes, and are available as dietary supplements.

Hibiscus tea, also called sour tea because of its tart taste, is made from a mixture of dried hibiscus flowers, leaves, and dark red calyces (the cup-shaped centers of the flowers). After the flower finishes blooming, the petals fall off and the calyces turn into pods. These hold the plant’s seeds. Calyces are often the main ingredients in herbal drinks containing hibiscus.

Hibiscus has been used by different cultures as a remedy for several conditions. Egyptians used hibiscus tea to lower body temperature, treat heart and nerve diseases, and as a diuretic to increase urine production.

In Africa, tea was used to treat constipation, cancer, liver disease, and cold symptoms. Pulp made from the leaves was applied to the skin to heal wounds.

In Iran, drinking sour tea is still a common treatment for high blood pressure.

Today, hibiscus is popular for its potential to reduce high blood pressure. Modern studies show promise for both the tea and hibiscus plant extract to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Although more research is still needed, this could be good news for the future of heart disease treatment.

Hibiscus shows potential for cancer treatment and as a weight loss aid, along with other uses. There aren’t many studies in these areas, but some research[rx] suggests that anthocyanins may hold the key to hibiscus’ anticancer properties.

Another recent study[rx] found that hibiscus extract might have an effect on metabolism, preventing obesity and fat buildup in the liver. The tropical plant has even been used successfully[rx] as part of an herbal extract mixture to treat head lice.

Hibiscus tea and extract can be purchased at health food stores as dietary supplements. There is no recommended dose because this depends on the product you purchase and why you’re using it. The typical amount of calyx in one serving of tea is 1.5 grams, but studies have used as much as 10 grams of dried calyx, and extracts containing as much as 250 milligrams of anthocyanins.

When used as tea, hibiscus is generally considered safe. But more research is needed to determine a safe dosage for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and people with liver or kidney disease.

Hibiscus tea is very tart and might be more so to sensitive tissues. Listen to your body and if it makes you feel ill, discontinue use. Some research also suggests that hibiscus may affect the way the body processes acetaminophen (Tylenol), but this effect is likely very minimal.

The Power of the Lotus

The storied history of the lotus

The powerful lotus plant has been used in East and Southeast Asian traditional medicine and cuisine for centuries. The lotus has the title of India’s national flower and is a symbol of purity in Buddhist and Hindu traditions.

The lotus is a bowl-shaped perennial and is often confused with water lilies. There are over 100 species of lotus. You’re probably most familiar with the white single-flower lotus, which has around two dozen petals. Other types of lotuses include the double-flowered lotus, which can have over 100 petals, as well as pink and red varieties.

This plant’s medicinal usage goes back generations but the science behind its potential has only recently come under study. What kinds of conditions might this flower be able to treat?

Halt your diarrhea

One of the lotus’ most common uses in traditional Chinese medicine is stopping diarrhea. To try this natural remedy, soak lotus seeds in warm water for a few hours and then add rock sugar until you find a taste you like.

Note: People suffering from constipation should avoid using lotus.

Lower your blood sugar and cholesterol

Lotus root contains both fiber and complex carbohydrates. These two components work together to help manage your body’s cholesterol and blood sugar. Fiber and complex carbohydrates also help maintain a slow and steady digestive process.

Relieve inflammation

Inflammation is usually accompanied by a sensation of heat. It’s an uncomfortable side effect or symptom of many conditions. It can also be caused by trauma, chemical exposure, or physical injury.

Recent research suggests that the seeds of both red and white lotus varieties could help reduce inflammation. A 2013 study[rx] found that two polysaccharides in lotus plumule have significant anti-inflammatory effects and show promise as a base for future treatment. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties were found to be significant.

Lotus for lunch?

The stem of the lotus plant is full of minerals and nutrients — such as vitamin C — that are important for your body’s daily function. One of these minerals is potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure.

Boil lotus roots for 10 minutes and then eat them to receive a healthy dose of nutrients. Lotus root is a common ingredient in many Asian dishes and can be prepared in practically every way.

No more acne?

Lotus might be able to help you in your struggle with acne. Sebum is the waxy substance that can cause acne breakouts when it builds up and clogs your skin’s pores. Adding lotus to green tea and applying it to the face can significantly reduce the amount of sebum that your glands produce, according to 2013 research rx].

Ease your period

Lotus leaves and root extracts have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to help regulate the menstrual cycle and stop excess bleeding. There isn’t a lot of scientific research to back these claims. Some practitioners suggest that drinking lotus root juice or lotus soup can help you avoid anemia after menstruation by building blood to replace what was lost.

Soothe your cough

Put a traditional practice to the test by following the recommendation of this recent study, which suggests mixing lotus seed powder with honey to soothe your cough.

Cancer cure?

Researchr[x]conducted in 2014 found that reference, an organic compound in the lotus seed embryo, has the potential to kill and hinder the spread of lung cancer cells. This research suggests that the lotus may have a future in the treatment of this deadly disease.

The lotus is a beautiful symbol of healing. The flower is certainly not new to medicine, but scientific research is still underway to uncover how this powerful plant works, as well as new ways to put it to use. Consider trying a simple lotus remedy or supplement for a natural healing approach. Be sure to talk to your doctor before attempting to use lotus as an herbal remedy. It may interact with various medications and health conditions.

How Chrysanthemum Tea Benefits Your Health

You might know chrysanthemums, or mums, as a many-petalled flower found all over the world in garden beds and flower pots. Chrysanthemum blooms range from palest yellow to bright red, with a few varieties in green and purple. Depicted for centuries in art, they’re not just pretty to look at. Chrysanthemums are also edible and have been used for medicinal purposes for many years.

The tea brewed from the dried flowers has a golden hue and a mild, flowery flavor similar to chamomile. Scroll down for instructions on how to make it. You might enjoy it with a little honey. The flower’s petals, leaves, and stalks can be blanched (briefly plunged into boiling water) and eaten in salads or on their own.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

Chrysanthemum has been used for hundreds of years in Chinese medicine. People use it to treat respiratory problems, high blood pressure, and hyperthyroidism. Fans of the flower also say it can reduce inflammation and calm your nerves.

Dr. J. D. Yang is an expert in Chinese and integrative medicine and founder of Tao Integrative. “Chinese medicine categorizes herbs based on energetic properties rather than the chemical ingredients,” he says. “Chrysanthemum provides mildly cold energy. It has special affinity to the energy channels that lead to the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys.

What the Research Says

Scientists have started to research the medicinal benefits of chrysanthemums because of their popularity in alternative practices. One study[rx] found that some chemicals extracted from chrysanthemum flowers can reduce inflammation. Another found that chrysanthemum extract could help treat bone disorders like osteoporosis.

Nutritionist Renee Rosen, trained at the Institute for Integrative Nutrition, has researched chrysanthemum extensively. “One cannot expect to take chrysanthemum and have a miraculous recovery from osteoporosis or to calm nerves overnight,” she says. Rosen advises ensuring the purity and concentration of the preparation. She also recommends taking chrysanthemum for a long period of time to reap the benefits.

Having studied the purported cooling and anti-inflammatory effects of chrysanthemum, Rosen says, “What seems realistic is that over very long periods of time, some people with the right body constitution can use chrysanthemum to reduce heat and inflammation.”

How to Make Chrysanthemum Tea

Chrysanthemum tea is easy to make. If you use chrysanthemum you’ve grown yourself, pluck the flowers and leave them to dry for several days in a sunny spot, or use a food dehydrator. You can also buy dried chrysanthemum blooms in health food and Asian groceries.

Boil the water and allow it to cool for about a minute to around 100°F. Then use between 3-6 dried flowers to an 8 oz. cup of water. Let it steep for a few minutes, and voila!

If you make chrysanthemum tea, make sure you use only plants that have not been sprayed with pesticides or other garden chemicals. If you’re pregnant or nursing, ask your doctor before drinking chrysanthemum tea.

Allergies and Side Effects

If you’re allergic to daisies or ragweed, you might also be allergic to chrysanthemum. Definitely stop consuming it if you have a reaction like a skin rash or respiratory irritation. Chrysanthemum products interact with many prescription medicines, though none very seriously. If you are taking prescription medicines, ask your doctor before you start using any chrysanthemum goods.

Chrysanthemum oil is very strong and should be used carefully. Its main chemical, pyrethrum, is used in many pesticides. Direct contact or long-term exposure to the pyrethrum can irritate your skin, eyes, nose, and mouth.

Homegrown Herbal Remedies

Homegrown herbal remedies

Labels on store-bought herbs rarely reveal how plants are raised, let alone how long the ingredients are exposed to light and high temperatures while stored in their plastic containers. Grow your own to ensure the best quality and potency of your herbal remedies.

“The primary benefit is being able to develop a relationship with that herb,” according to Jen Bredesen, an herbalist and teacher at the California School of Herbal Studies. Even novice gardeners can concoct simple home remedies such as teas and salves using Bredesen’s list of the top nine easy-to-grow medicinal herbs.

Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

Calendula is also known as pot marigold. It’s a centuries-old antifungal, antiseptic, wound-healing ally. The petals of these cheerful yellow-and-orange daisy-like flowers lend skin-soothing properties to many natural cosmetics and diaper creams.
Calendula is a freely reseeding annual that blooms all season long. It makes a lovely addition to gardens with full sun. Harvest the petals fresh. You can also dry entire blooms — which close in the evening — before they form seeds.

Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum)

Cilantro boasts a unique flavor that people either love or hate. The leaves often garnish Mexican and Thai dishes. The seeds, known as coriander, are a prime ingredient in Indian curries.
Few think of this plant as a medicinal herb, but research[rx] shows it’s a powerful digestive aid and may be capable of removing heavy metals and other toxic agents from the body.
Cilantro grows best in a cool, moist garden and will quickly bolt in hot weather. Look for slow bolt varieties from seed companies.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

The oils, tannins, and bitters in the fragrant leaves and flowers of lemon balm have a relaxing, antispasmodic effect on the stomach and nervous system. It may help fight off viruses such as herpes simplex when used topically, according to a 2008 study.
Lemon balm is tasty and gentle enough for children when prepared in teas or tinctures with a glycerin base.
This calming and uplifting perennial makes a pretty patch of bright green in the garden and is a great plant to grow fresh. The dried herb loses some potency after six months.

Peppermint (Mentha x Piperita)

Spearmint and peppermint are familiar flavors in toothpaste and chewing gum. Both pack a powerfully refreshing zing, but the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health[rx] (NCCIH) reports that peppermint provides stronger medicine than its more culinary cousin.
When brewed as tea, peppermint may relieve digestive discomforts such as indigestion and vomiting. It can also soothe sore muscles when applied topically as a liquid or lotion.

All mints spread rampantly in a moist garden. Consider growing each plant in its own large pot. Harvest leaves just before flowering. Any longer, and they’ll begin to taste bitter.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis)

Rosemary is a great reviver. This perennial woody herb stimulates energy and optimism and sharpens memory and concentration by bringing more oxygen to your brain. It’s a wonderfully stimulating alternative to caffeine when you need that second wind.
A row of these long-lived and drought-tolerant plants makes a beautiful, bee-friendly evergreen hedge. You may only need one plant in your garden — a little goes a long way.

Mullein’s soothing properties may help heal bronchial respiratory infections. The leaves are commonly added to cough formulas.
Give this handsome and stately biennial plenty of space, and stand back in wonder. The sturdy, yellow-flowered stem will emerge from within a rosette of thick, hairy leaves, reaching skyward nearly 6 feet.

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

This groundcover’s delicate stems and tiny leaves belie the tremendous power attributed to it by Europeans in the Middle Ages. Many believed in the herb’s ability to heighten bravery and ward off nightmares.
Modern herbalists rely on the antibacterial and antiseptic properties of thyme’s oils to prevent winter colds and flu. Many cultivars exist beyond the straight species, including sweet-tasting citrus varieties that are perfect tummy remedies for children.

Lavender (Lavandula)

Long recognized for its sweet perfume, lavender also boasts medical benefits as a mild antidepressant that may also benefit your nervous system, according to some studies [rx]. Add lavender oil to your bath to alleviate stress, tension, and insomnia. It’s also used in creams to treat sunburns and acne.
Woody lavender plants prefer hot, sunny, and dry environments. The fresh flowers are tasty in small doses when added to salads, honey, butter, lemonade, and even shortbread cookies. If you’re crafty, try sewing up an herbal heating pad or eye pillow with the fragrant dried flowers.

German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

Delicate, apple-scented chamomile demonstrates that mild doesn’t mean ineffective. It’s primarily grown for its small, yellow-bellied flowers.
The NCCIH[rx] reports that chamomile is one of the best herbs for treating colic, nervous stress, infections, and stomach disorders in children. In fact, it was chamomile tea that Peter Rabbit’s mother fixed for him after his stressful chase in Mr. McGregor’s garden!

Herbal garden allies

These easy-to-grow herbs bring health benefits to your garden as well as your family. Many attract beneficial insects, including bees. They can also help repel harmful pests from more sensitive plants nearby.
Be sure to choose plants that suit the light, water, and temperature conditions of your garden. For example, rosemary, lavender, and mullein are best for warm, dry spots in full sun. Cilantro and mint prefer rich, moist areas with shade.

Varieties

While varieties of tisanes can be made from any edible plant material, below is a list of those commonly used for such:

Anise tea, made from either the seeds or the leaves
Asiatic penny-wort leaf, in South Asia and Southeast Asia
Artichoke tea
Bael Fruit tea.^[rx]
Bee balm
Boldo, used in South America
Burdock, the seeds, leaves, and roots have been used
Cannabis tea, used in the preparation of Bhang
Caraway, tea made from the seeds
Catnip, tea used as a relaxant, sedative, and to calm
Chamomile
Che Dang, bitter tea made from Ilex causue leaves
Chinese knot-weed tea
Chrysanthemum tea, made from dried flowers
Cinnamon
Coca tea, infusion made from coca leaves. Contains trace amounts of cocaine and similar alkaloids.^[rx] In some countries where coca is illegal, products marketed as “coca tea” are supposed to be decocainized, i.e., the pharmacologically active components have been removed from the leaf using the same chemicals used in manufacturing cocaine.
Cacao bean tea
- Hot cocoa is not an herbal tea because the plant material is dissolved in water (or milk), but cacao bean can be used to make a tea.
Coffee-leaf tea, coffee fruit tea, and coffee blossom tea are herbal teas made using the leaves, fruits and flowers of the coffee plant
Coffee bean tea, or simply coffee, a tisane made from the seeds of the coffee plant
Cerasse, bitter Jamaican herb
Citrus peel, including bergamot, lemon and orange peel
Dandelion coffee
Dill tea
Dried lime tea, made from dried limes common in western Asia
Echinacea tea
Elderberry
European Mistletoe (Viscum album), (steep in cold water for 2–6 hours)
Essiac tea, blended herbal tea
Fennel
Gentian
Ginger root, can be made into herbal tea, known in the Philippines as salabat
Ginseng, a common tea in China and Korea, commonly used as a stimulant and as a caffeine substitute
Goji
Guayusa, caffeinated tree of the holly genus, native to the Amazon Rainforest.
Hawthorn
Hibiscus (often blended with rose hip), a common tea in the Middle East or Asia
Honeybush, similar to rooibos and grows in a nearby area of South Africa, but tastes slightly sweeter. Has a low tannin content, no caffeine.
Horehound
Houttuynia
Hydrangea tea, dried leaves of hydrangeas; considerable care must be taken because most species contain a toxin. The “safe” hydrangeas belong to the Hydrangea serrata Amacha (“sweet tea”) Cultivar Group.^[rx]
Jiaogulan, (also known as xiancao or poor man’s ginseng)
Kapor tea, dried leaves of fireweed
Kava root, from the South Pacific, can be made into a tea for stomach upsets and other minor illnesses. The traditional form is a water-based suspension of kava roots.
Kratom, dried leaves of the kratom tree.
Kuzuyu, is a thick white Japanese tea made by adding kudzu flour to hot water
Labrador tea, made from the shrub by the same name, found in the northern part of North America.
Lemon Balm
Lemon and ginger tea
Lemon grass
Luo han guo
Licorice root
Lime blossom, dried flowers of lime tree (Tilia in Latin).
Mint (mint tea), especially peppermint (also mixed with green tea)
- Maghrebi mint tea
- Korean mint tea
Moringa
Mountain Tea, common in the Balkans and other areas of the Mediterranean region. Made from a variety of the Sideritis syriaca plant which grows in warm climates above 3,000 feet. Records of its use date back 2,000 years.
Neem leaf
Nettle leaf
New Jersey Tea
Noni tea
Oksusu cha, traditional roasted corn tea found in Korea.
Olive leaf tea
Osmanthus tea, dried flowers of the sweet olive tree are used alone or blended with tea leaves in China.
Pandan tea
Patchouli tea
Pennyroyal leaf, an abortifacient
Pine tea, or tallstrunt, made from needles of pine trees
Poppy tea, drank for its sedative and analgesic properties
Qishr, Yemeni drink with coffee husks and ginger
Red clover tea
Red raspberry leaf
Barley tea, East Asian drink with roasted barley
Roasted wheat, used in Postum, a coffee substitute
Rooibos (Red Bush), a reddish plant used to make an infusion and grown in South Africa. In the US it is sometimes called red tea. It has many of the antioxidant characteristics of green tea, but because it does not come from tea leaves, it has no caffeine.
Rose hip (often blended with hibiscus)
Roselle petals (species of Hibiscus; aka Bissap, Dah, etc.), consumed in the Sahel and elsewhere
Rosemary
Sagebrush, California Sagebrush
Sage
Sakurayu, Japanese herbal tea made with pickled cherry blossom petals
Salvia
Sassafras roots were steeped to make tea and were used in the flavoring of root beer until being banned by the FDA.
Scorched rice, known as hyeonmi cha in Korea
Skullcap
Serendib (tea), tea from Sri Lanka
Sobacha
Spearmint
Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) leaves used to make a tea by some native peoples of eastern North America
Spruce tea, made from needles of spruce trees
Staghorn sumac, fruit can be made into a lemonade
Stevia, can be used to make herbal tea, or as a sweetener in other beverages
St. John’s Wort
Thyme, contains thymol
Tulsi, or Holy Basil, in English
Turmeric tea
Uncaria tomentosa, commonly known as Cat’s Claw
Valerian is used as a sedative.^[rz]
Verbena (Vervain)
Vetiver
Wax gourd in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
Wong Lo Kat, a recipe for herbal tea from Guangdong, China since the Qing Dynasty
Woodruff
Yarrow

List of plants used in herbalism

Scientific name	Name	Description
Acacia senegal	Gum arabic	A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used as a binder and emulsifier.
Achillea millefolium	Common yarrow	Purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent,^[rx] tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic.
Actaea racemosa	Black cohosh	Historically used for arthritis and muscle pain, used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation.^[rx]
Aesculus hippocastanum	Horse chestnut	Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed.^[rx]
Ageratina altissima	White snakeroot	Root tea has been used to treat diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever. A root poultice can be used on snakebites. The smoke from burning leaves is used to revive unconscious people.^[rx]^[The plant contains the toxin tremetol which causes milk sickness, a sometimes fatal condition.^[rx]
Alcea rosea	Common hollyhock	Believed to be an emollient and laxative. It is used to control inflammation, to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums.^[rx]
Alisma plantago-aquatica	Water-plantain	Used for the urinary tract.^[rx]
Allium sativum	Garlic	Widely used as an antibiotic and, more recently, for treating cardiovascular disease^[rx]^[rx] Garlic is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and has antidepressant-like effects on mice^[rx] so might be used as a herbal antidepressant or anxiolytic in humans.^[rx]
Aloe vera	Aloe vera	Leaves are widely used to heal burns, wounds and other skin ailments.^[rx]^[rx]
Althaea officinalis	Marsh-mallow	Used for over 2,000 years as both a food and a medicine.^[rx]
Amorphophallus konjac	Konjac	Significant dietary source of glucomannan,^[rx]^[rx] which is used in treating obesity,^[rx] constipation,^[rx] and reducing cholesterol.^[rx]
Anemone hepatica	Common hepatica	Historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout.^[rx]
Angelica archangelica	Garden angelica	Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu.^[rx]
Angelica sinensis	Dong quai	Used for thousands of years in Asia, primarily in women’s health.^[rx]
Apium graveolens	Celery	Seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine. Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic.^[rx]
Arctium lappa	Burdock	Used traditionally as a diuretic and to lower blood sugar^[rx] and, in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common cold.^[rx]
Arnica montana	Arnica	Used as an anti-inflammatory^[rx] and for osteoarthritis.^[rx] The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.^[rx] It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.^[rx]
Astragalus propinquus	Astragalus	Long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to strengthen the immune system, and is used in modern China to treat hepatitis and as an adjunctive therapy in cancer.^[rx]
Atropa belladonna	Belladonna	Although toxic, was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. The name itself means “beautiful woman” in Italian.^[rx]
Azadirachta indica	Neem	Used in India to treat worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. Its many uses have led to neem being called “the village dispensary” in India.^[rx]

B

Scientific name	Name	Description
Bellis perennis	Daisy	Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.^[rx]
Berberis vulgaris	Barberry	Long history of medicinal use, dating back to the Middle Ages particularly among Native Americans. Uses have included skin ailments, scurvy and gastro-intestinal ailments.^[rx]
Borago officinalis	Borage	Used in hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders,^[rx] such as gastrointestinal (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular, (cardiotonic, antihypertensive and blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and kidney/bladder disorders).^[rx]
Broussonetia kurzii	Salae	Known as Salae in Thailand where this species is valued as a medicinal plant.^[rx]

C

Scientific name	Name	Description
Calendula officinalis	Marigold	Also named calendula, has a long history of use in treating wounds and soothing skin.^[rx]
Cannabis	Hemp, Cannabis, Marijuana, Indian hemp, Ganja	Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, muscle relaxation, anxiety, Alzheimer’s and dementia, ADHD, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, recurring headaches, Crohn’s disease, depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others.^[rx]
Capsicum annuum	Cayenne	Type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of Vitamin C.^[rx]^[rx]^[rx]
Capsicum frutescens	Chili	Its active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine’s fibronolytic action (dissolving blood clots).^[rx]
Carica papaya	Papaya	Used for treating wounds and stomach troubles.^[rx]
Cassia occidentalis	Coffee senna	Used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune-system stimulant.^1rx^[rx]
Catha edulis	Khat	Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen, and is banned today in many countries. Contains the amphetamine-like substance cathinone.
Cayaponia espelina	São Caetano melon	It is a diuretic and aid in the treatment of diarrhea and syphilis.^[rx]
Centaurea cyanus	Cornflower	In herbalism, a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis and as a wash for tired eyes.^[rx]
Chrysopogon zizanioides	Vetiver	Used for skin care.^[55]
Cinchona spec.	Cinchona	Genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is a source of alkaloids, including quinine. Its use as a febrifuge was first popularized in the 17th century by Peruvian Jesuits.^[rx]
Citrus × aurantium	Bitter orange	Used in traditional Chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the Amazon for nausea, indigestion and constipation.^[rx]
Citrus limon	Lemon	Along with other citruses, it has a long history of use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine.^[rx In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat.
Citrus trifoliata	Trifoliate orange, bitter orange	Fruits of Citrus trifoliata are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation.^[rx]
Cissampelos pareira	Velvetleaf	Used for a wide variety of conditions.^[rx]
Cnicus benedictus	Blessed thistle	Used during the Middle Ages to treat bubonic plague. In modern times, herbal teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss of appetite, indigestion and other purposes.^[rx]
Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laevigata	Hawthorn	Fruit has been used for centuries for heart disease. Other uses include digestive and kidney related problems.^[rx]
Curcuma longa	Turmeric	Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries, has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation.^[rx]
Cypripedium parviflorum	Yellow lady’s slipper	The Cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. However, the preferred species for use are Cyp. parviflorum and Cyp.acaule, used as topical applications or tea.^[rx]^[rx]

D

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Digitalis lanata	Digitalis or foxglove	It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.^a Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed.^[66] Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope.^[rx]

E

Scientific name	Name	Description
Echinacea purpurea	Purple coneflower	This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general “cure-all” (panacea). It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu.^[rx]^[rx]
Equisetum arvense	Horsetail	Dates back to ancient Roman and Greek medicine, when it was used to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat tuberculosis and kidney problems.^[rx]
Eriodictyon crassifolium	Yerba Santa	Used by the Chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing.^[71] The US Forest Service profile^[rx] for Eriodictyon crassifolium provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. It is part of Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District’s resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern California ecoregions.
Erythroxylum coca	Coca	Used as coca tea or chewed, traditionally as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, thirst, and altitude sickness.^[rx] Also used as an anesthetic and analgesic.^[rx]
Eschscholzia californica	Californian poppy	Used as an herbal remedy: an aqueous extract of the plant has sedative and anxiolytic actions.^[rx]
Eucalyptus globulus	Eucalyptus	Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge.^[rx] Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic.^[rx]
Euonymus atropurpureus	Wahoo	Plant is a purgative and might affect the heart.^[rx]
Euphorbia hirta	Asthma-plant	Used traditionally in Asia to treat bronchitic asthma and laryngeal spasm.^[rx]^[rx It is used in the Philippines for dengue fever.^[81]
Euphrasia	Eyebright	Used for eye problems, mental depression, oxygenation and radiation poisoning.^[rx]
Euterpe oleracea	Açai	Although açai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the Amazon, there is no evidence that they have historically served a medicinal, as opposed to nutritional role. In spite of their recent popularity in the United States as a dietary supplement, there is currently no evidence for their effectiveness for any health-related purpose.^[83]

F

Scientific name	Name	Description
Ferula assa-foetida	Asafoetida	Might be useful for IBS, high cholesterol, and breathing problems.^[rx]
Frangula alnus	Alder buckthorn	Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a laxative, due to its 3 – 7% anthraquinone content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.^[rx]
Fumaria officinalis	Fumitory	Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin blemishes. In modern times herbalists use it to treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis, as well as to cleanse the kidneys. However, Howard (1987) warns that fumitory is poisonous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist.^[rx]

G

Scientific name	Name	Description
Galanthus	Snowdrop	It contains an active substance called galantamine, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Galantamine (or galanthamine) can be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, though it is not a cure.^[rx]
Geranium robertianum	Robert geranium	In traditional herbalism, it was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds^[rx] and as a vulnerary (used for or useful in healing wounds).^[rx]
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgo	The leaf extract has been used to treat asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, Alzheimer’s and tinnitus.^[rx]
Glechoma hederacea	Ground-ivy	It has been used as a “lung herb”.^[rx] Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis.^[rx] The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes.
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Licorice root	It has a long history of medicinal usage in Eastern and Western medicine. Uses include stomach ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat, as well as infections caused by viruses, such as hepatitis.^[rx]

H

Scientific name	Name	Description
Hamamelis virginiana	Common witch-hazel	It produces a specific kind of tannins called hamamelitannins. One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells.^[rx]
Hippophae rhamnoides	Sea buckthorn	The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever, pain, and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders. Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders.^[rx]
Hoodia gordonii	Hoodia	The plant is traditionally used by Kalahari San (Bushmen) to reduce hunger and thirst. It is currently marketed as an appetite suppressant.^[rx]
Hydrastis canadensis	Goldenseal	It was used traditionally by Native Americans to treat skin diseases, ulcers, and gonorrhea. More recently, the herb has been used to treat the respiratory tract and a number of other infections.^[97]
Hypericum perforatum	St. John’s wort	Widely used within herbalism for depression. Evaluated for use as an antidepressant, but with ambiguous results.^[rx]^[rx]^[rx]
Hyssopus officinalis	Hyssop	It is used for digestive and intestinal problems including liver and gallbladder conditions, intestinal pain, intestinal gas, colic, and loss of appetite. It is also used for respiratory problems including coughs, the common cold, respiratory infections, sore throat, and asthma.^[rx]

I

Scientific name	Name	Description
Ilex paraguariensis	Yerba mate	It has been claimed to have various effects on human health and these effects have been attributed to the high quantity of polyphenols found in mate tea.^[rx] Mate contains compounds that act as an appetite suppressant,^[103] increases mental energy and focus,^[104] and improves mood.^[105] Yerba mate also contains elements such as potassium, magnesium, and manganese.^[rx]
Illicium verum	Star anise	It is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).^[rx]
Inula helenium	Elecampane	It is used in herbal medicine as an expectorant and for water retention.^[rx]

J

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Jasminum officinale	Jasmine	It is used in dermatology as either an antiseptic or anti-inflammatory agent.^[rx]

K

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Knautia arvensis	Field scabious	The whole plant is astringent and mildly diuretic. An infusion is used internally as a blood purifier and externally for treating cuts, burns and bruises.^[rx]

L

Scientific name	Name	Description
Larrea tridentata	Chaparral	The leaves and twigs are used by Native Americans to make a herbal tea used for a variety of conditions, including arthritis, cancer and a number of others. Subsequent studies have been extremely variable, at best. Chaparral has also been shown to have high liver toxicity, and has led to kidney failure, and is not recommended for any use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or American Cancer Society.^[rx]^[rx]
Laurus nobilis	Bay laurel	Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds.^[1rx] In massage therapy, the essential oil of bay laurel is reputed to alleviate arthritis and rheumatism, while in aromatherapy it is used to treat earaches and high blood pressure.^[rx]
Lavandula angustifolia	Lavender	It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental health purposes. It was also used in ancient Egypt in mummifying bodies. There is little scientific evidence that lavender is effective for most mental health uses.^[rx]
Lawsonia inermis	Henna	The plants exhibits potential antibacterial activity. The alcoholic extract of the root has antibacterial activity due to the presence of flavonoid and alkaloids. Henna is also thought to show anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects in experimental animals.^[rx]
Leucojum aestivum	Summer snowflake	It is known to contain Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine in pharmaceutical format). It is used for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and various other memory impairments, in particular those of vascular origin.
Linum usitatissimum	Flaxseed	The plant is most commonly used as a laxative. Flaxseed oil is used for different conditions, including arthritis.^[rx]

M

Scientific name	Name	Description
Magnolia officinalis	Magnolia-bark	The bark contains magnolol and honokiol, two polyphenolic compounds. Preclinical studies have evaluated their various potential applications including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties.^[rx]
Malva sylvestris	Mallow	The seeds are used internally in a decoction or herbal tea^[rx] as a demulcent and diuretic, and the leaves made into poultices as an emollient for external applications.
Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis	Chamomile	It has been used over thousands of years for a variety of conditions, including sleeplessness, anxiety, and gastrointestinal conditions such as upset stomach, gas, and diarrhea.^[rx]
Medicago sativa	Alfalfa	The leaves are used to lower cholesterol, as well as forum kidney and urinary tract ailments, although there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy.^[rx]
Melaleuca alternifolia	Tea tree oil	It has been used medicinally for centuries by Australian aboriginal people. Modern usage is primarily as an antibacterial or antifungal agent.^[rx]
Melissa officinalis	Lemon balm	It is used as a sleep aid and digestive aid.^rx]
Mentha x piperita	Peppermint	Its oil, from a cross between water mint and spearmint, has a history of medicinal use for a variety of conditions, including nausea, indigestion, and symptoms of the common cold.^[rx]
Mitragyna speciosa	Kratom	Kratom is known to prevent or delay withdrawal symptoms in an opioid-dependent individual, and it is often used to mitigate cravings thereafter. It can also be used for other medicinal purposes. Kratom has been traditionally used in regions such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.^[rx]
Momordica charantia	Bitter melon	The plant is used as an agent to reduce the blood glucose level.^[126]
Morinda citrifolia	Noni	It has a history of use as for joint pain and skin conditions.^[rx]
Moringa oleifera	Drumstick tree	It is used for food and traditional medicine. It is undergoing preliminary research to investigate potential properties of its nutrients and phytochemicals.

N

Scientific name	Name	Description
Nasturtium officinale	Watercress	It may be diuretic and antibacterial.^[rx]
Nelumbo nucifera	Lotus	Sacred lotus has been the subject of a number of in-vitro and animal studies, exploring its pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-infective, hyperlipidemic, and psychopharmacologic activity^[rx] although clinical trials are lacking.
Nigella sativa	Nigella, black-caraway, black-cumin, and kalonji	It has efficacy as a therapy, mainly using the seed oil extract, volatile oil, and isolated constituent thymoquinone.^[rx] One meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that N. sativa has a short-term benefit on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure.^[rx]

O

Scientific name	Name	Description
Ocimum tenuiflorum	Tulsi or holy basil	It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine; tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics.^[rx]
Oenothera	Evening primrose	Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema, and more recently as an anti-inflammatory.^[rx]
Origanum vulgare	Oregano	Used as an abortifacient in folk medicine in some parts of Bolivia and other northwestern South American countries, though no evidence of efficacy exists in Western medicine. Hippocrates used oregano as an antiseptic, as well as a cure for stomach and respiratory ailments. A Cretan oregano (O. dictamnus) is still used today in Greece as a palliative for sore throat. Evidence of efficacy in this matter is lacking.

P

Scientific name	Name	Description
Panax spec.	Ginseng	Used medicinally, in particular in Asia, for over 2,000 years, and is widely used in modern society.^[rx]
Papaver somniferum	Opium poppy	The plant is the plant source of morphine, used for pain relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in terminally ill patients. Dried sap was used as a traditional medicine until the 19th century.
Passiflora	Passion flower	Thought to have anti-depressant properties. Unknown MOA. Used in traditional medicine to aid with sleep or depression.
Peganum harmala	Syrian Rue (aka Harmal)	Can be used as an antidepressant, but carries significant risk. Used in traditional shamanistic rites in the amazon, and is a component of Ayahuasca, Caapi or Yajé (which is actually usually Banisteriopsis caapi but has the same active alkaloids).
Pelargonium sidoides	Umckaloabo, or South African Geranium	It is used in treating acute bronchitis.^[rx]
Piper methysticum	Kava	The plant has been used for centuries in the South Pacific to make a ceremonial drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. It is used as a soporific, as well as for asthma and urinary tract infection.^[rx]
Piscidia erythrina / Piscidia piscipula	Jamaica dogwood	The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety, despite serious safety concerns.^[rx] A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential.^[138]
Plantago lanceolata	Plantain	It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies.^[rx] A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine Plantago lanceolata leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections.^[rx]
Platycodon grandiflorus	Platycodon, balloon flower	The extracts and purified platycoside compounds (saponins) from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties.^[rx]
Polemonium reptans	Abscess root	It is used to reduce fever, inflammation, and cough.^[1x]
Psidium guajava	Guava	It has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness is very limited.^[rx]^[rx]
Ptelea trifoliata	Wafer Ash	The root bark is used for the digestive system.^[1rx] Also known as hoptree.
Pulmonaria officinalis	Lungwort	Used since the Middle Ages to treat and/or heal various ailments of the lungs and chest.

Q

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Quassia amara	Amargo, bitter-wood	A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective cure of rosacea.^[rx]

R

Scientific name	Name	Description
Reichardia tingitana	False sowthistle	Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East, its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation, colic and inflamed eyes.^[rx]
Rosa majalis	Cinnamon rose	It yields edible hip fruits rich in vitamin C, which are used in medicine^[rx] and to produce rose hip syrup.
Rosmarinus officinalis	Rosemary	It has been used medicinally from ancient times.
Ruellia tuberosa	Minnieroot, fever root, snapdragon root	In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine it has been used as a diuretic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antihypertensive, gastroprotective, and to treat gonorrhea.^[rx]
Rumex crispus	Curly dock or yellow dock	In Western herbalism the root is often used for treating anemia, due to its high level of iron.^[rx] The plant will help with skin conditions if taken internally or applied externally to things like itching, scrofula, and sores. It is also used for respiratory conditions, specifically those with a tickling cough that is worse when exposed to cold air. It mentions also passing pains, excessive itching, and that it helps enlarged lymphs.^[rx]

S

Scientific name	Name	Description
Salix alba	White willow	Plant source of salicylic acid, white willow is like the chemical known as aspirin, although more likely to cause stomach upset as a side effect than aspirin itself which can cause the lining in your stomach to be destroyed. Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin.^[1x]
Salvia officinalis	Sage	Shown to improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.^[rx]^[rx]
Sambucus nigra	Elderberry	The berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat pain, swelling, infections, coughs, and skin conditions and, more recently, flu, common cold, fevers, constipation, and sinus infections.^[rx]
Santalum album	Indian sandalwood	Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds, bronchitis, skin disorders, heart ailments, general weakness, fever, infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies.^[rx]
Santolina chamaecyparissus	Cotton lavender	Most commonly, the flowers and leaves are made into a decoction used to expel intestinal parasites.
Saraca indica	Ashoka tree	The plant is used in Ayurvedic traditions to treat gynecological disorders. The bark is also used to combat oedema or swelling.^[rx]
Satureja hortensis	Summer savory	Its extracts show antibacterial and antifungal effects on several species including some of the antibiotic resistant strains.^[rx]^[rx]^[rx]
Sceletium tortuosum	Kanna	African treatment for depression. Suggested to be an SSRI or have similar effects, but unknown mechanism of activity.
Senna auriculata	Avaram senna	The root is used in decoctions against fevers, diabetes, diseases of urinary system and constipation. The leaves have laxative properties. The dried flowers and flower buds are used as a substitute for tea in case of diabetes patients. The powdered seed is also applied to the eye, in case of chronic purulent conjunctivitis.
Sesuvium portulacastrum	Shoreline purslane	The plant extract showed antibacterial and anticandidal activities and moderate antifungal activity.^[rx]
Silybum marianum	Milk thistle	It has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal purposes, in particular liver problems.^[rx]
Stachytarpheta cayennensis	Blue snakeweed	Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. It is also used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders.^[rx] A tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in Peru and other areas.^[164] Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti-inflammatory properties.^[rx]
Stellaria media	Common chickweed	It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases.^[rx] 17th century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis and period pain.^[rx7]
Strobilanthes callosus	Karvy	The plant is anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,^[rx] and anti-rheumatic.^[rx]
Symphytum officinale	Comfrey	It has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation.^[rx] It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey.^[rx]
Syzygium aromaticum	Clove	The plant is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant, among other purposes. The oil is used topically to treat toothache.^[rx]

T

Scientific name	Name	Description
Tanacetum parthenium	Feverfew	The plant has been used for centuries for fevers, headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites and other conditions.^[rx]
Taraxacum officinale	Dandelion	It was most commonly used historically to treat liver diseases, kidney diseases, and spleen problems.^[rx]
Teucrium scordium	Water germander	It has been used for asthma, diarrhea, fever, intestinal parasites, hemorrhoids, and wounds.^[rx]
Thymus vulgaris	Thyme	The plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough. It serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role. It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles.^[rx]
Tilia cordata	Small-leaved linden	In the countries of Central, Southern and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal tea called tisane.^[rx]
Tradescantia zebrina	Inchplant	It is used in southeast Mexico in the region of Tabasco as a cold herbal tea, which is named Matali.^[178] Skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery sap (a characteristic unique to T. zebrina as compared with other types).
Trema orientalis	Charcoal-tree	The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever, toothache, and as an antidote to general poisoning.^[rx]
Trifolium pratense	Red clover	The plant is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea. Research has found no benefit for any human health conditions.^[rx]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Fenugreek	It has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause, and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions.^[1rx]
Triticum aestivum	Wheatgrass	It may contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.^[rx]
Turnera subulata	White buttercup	It is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments.

U

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Uncaria tomentosa	Cat’s claw	It has a long history of use in South America to prevent and treat disease.^[rx]
Urtica dioica	Common nettle, stinging nettle	It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout.^[1x]

V

Scientific name	Name	Description
Vaccinium spec.	Blueberries	They are of current medical interest as an antioxidant^[rx]^[rx] and for urinary tract ailments.^[187]
Vaccinium macrocarpon	Cranberry	It was used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems. Modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related problems.^[rx]
Vaccinium myrtillus	Bilberry	It is used to treat diarrhea, scurvy, and other conditions.^[rx]
Valeriana officinalis	Valerian	It has been used since at least ancient Greece and Rome for sleep disorders and anxiety.^[x]
Verbascum thapsus	Common mullein	It contains glycyrrhizin compounds with bactericide and potential anti-tumoral action. These compounds are concentrated in the flowers.^[rx]
Verbena officinalis	Verbena	It is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases.^[rx]
Vernonia amygdalina	Bitter leaf	The plant is used by both primates and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery.^[rx]^[rx]
Veronica officinalis	Veronica	The plant is used for sinus and ear infections.^[rx]
Viburnum tinus	Laurustinus	V. tinus has medicinal properties. The active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused have antipyretic properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. The plant also contains iridoid glucosides.^[rx]
Viola tricolor	Wild pansy	It is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic.^[rx] This feature means that it could be used to treat cancers.^[rx]^[rx]
Viscum album	European mistletoe	It has been used to treat seizures, headaches, and other conditions.^[rx]
Vitex agnus-castus	Chasteberry	It has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and to stimulate lactation.^[rx]
Vitis vinifera	Grape	The leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient Greeks.^[rx]

W

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Withania somnifera	Ashwagandha	The plant’s long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.^[202]

X

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Xanthoparmelia scabrosa	Sexy footpath lichen	It is a lichen used for sexual dysfunction.^[203]

Y

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Youngia japonica	Japanese hawkweed	The plant is antitussive and febrifuge. It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites.^[rx]

Z

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	Ginger is effective for the relief of nausea.^[rx]^[rx]

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