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Solanum Lasiocarpum – Nutritional Value, Health Benefits, Recipes

Solanum lasiocarpum, synonym Solanum ferox L, otherwise known as Indian nightshade or hairy-fruited eggplant, is a plant that produces edible fruit. Its flowers are white and its fruits are pale yellow.

S. lasiocarpum is found wild in parts of temperate and tropical Asia: the Andaman Islands, Sri Lanka, Indochina, south China, Taiwan, much of Malesia, Papuasia, and Queensland, Australia.[rx] In other countries, it is primarily known as a domesticated plant. Domesticated plants bear larger fruits and lack the prickly skin that is found in wild plants. The color found in the center of the fruit is light green, like that of Solanum quitoense. It’s cultivated in tropical Asia, used in food additives for flavoring, and given to the sick as folk medicine.[3] In India, the locals use the fruit as a sour-relish in curries. In Thailand, a special kind of sauce called Nam prek is made with fruit.[rx]

Solanum Ariocarpus is of interest to botanists because of its strong resemblance to, and apparent close relation to South American species, the Cocona (S. sessiliflorum), the naranjilla (S. quitoense), and the pseudolulo (S. pseudolulo) in particular. When grown outside of their native range, all four of those plants will readily hybridize, producing sterile offspring. This has some potential to enhance the commercial viability of each of those species elsewhere in the world.[rx]

Hairy Eggplant Quick Facts
Name: Hairy Eggplant
Scientific Name: Solanum lasiocarpum
Origin South Asia – India, Sri Lanka; southeast Asia – Kampuchea Thailand, Vietnam Laos; Malesia – Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea; southern China – Guangdong, Guangxi, South and southeast Yunnan; and Taiwan
Colors Initially green when immature, but then ripens to a yellow or orange
Shapes Small and round fruit, approximately 1-2 centimeters in diameter
Taste Unique sweet and sour taste
Health benefits Coughs, asthma, fever, vomiting, sore throat, gonorrhea, female sexual disorders, itches, cuts, wounds, and syphilis

Hairy eggplants, botanically classified as Solanum Ariocarpus is a member of the Solanaceae or Nightshade family. The plant is native to South Asia – India, Sri Lanka; Southeast Asia – Kampuchea Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Malesia – Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea; southern China – Guangdong, Guangxi, South and southeast Yunnan and Taiwan. It is found in the Bamaga area at the tip of Cape York Peninsula, north Queensland, Australia, possibly an introduced species. Today, Hairy eggplants are available at farmers’ markets, home gardens, and specialty grocers in Asia, South America, and the United States.

Also known as the Sour eggplant, Hairy Egg Plant, Hairy-Fruited Eggplant, Hairy Nightshade, Indian Nightshade, Terong Asam, Thai Hairy-Fruited Eggplant and Wild brinjal in English, Hairy eggplants has a number of names in other languages including Coconilla, Bura-Bura, Bolo Maka, Cocochat, Pupu, Cupido, Pimple, and Tupirito.  The plant is cultivated in tropical Asia, used in food additives for flavoring, and given to the sick as folk medicine. In India, the locals use the fruit as a sour-relish in curries. In Thailand, a special kind of sauce called Nam prek is made with fruit. The small hairy fruits are occasionally seen in markets cleaned of their spiny exterior or even as a frozen product in ethnic grocery stores and are favored for their sweet and sour passion fruit-like flavor. The plants have also become prolific in everyday front-yard gardens, and because of its popularity, new varieties of Hairy eggplant have been developed that have thorn-free vines and leaves.

Hairy Eggplant Scientific Classification

Scientific Name: Solanum lasiocarpum

Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
Sub Division Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames)
Super Order Asteranae
Order Solanales
Family Solanaceae
Genus Solanum
Species S. lasiocarpum
Synonyms
  • Solanum ferox var. involucratum (Blume) Miq.
  • Solanum ferox var. lasiocarpum (Dunal) Miq.
  • Solanum hirsutum Roxb.
  • Solanum immane Hance
  • Solanum immane Hance ex Walp.
  • Solanum involucratum Blume
  • Solanum lasiocarpum var. domesticum Heiser
  • Solanum lasiocarpum var. velutinum Dunal
  • Solanum ovoideum Zipp.
  • Solanum ovoideum Zipp. ex Miq.
  • Solanum quadriloculare Spreng.
  • Solanum stramonifolium Dunal
  • Solanum zeylanicum Blanco

Hairy Eggplant Facts

Name Hairy Eggplant
Scientific Name Solanum lasiocarpum
Native South Asia – India, Sri Lanka; Southeast Asia – Kampuchea Thailand, Vietnam Laos; Malesia – Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea; southern China – Guangdong, Guangxi, South and southeast Yunnan; and Taiwan
Common Names Hairy Egg Plant, Hairy-Fruited Eggplant, Hairy Nightshade, Indian Nightshade, Terong Asam, Thai Hairy-Fruited Eggplant, Wild brinjal
Name in Other Languages Bengali: Ram begun
Brunei : Tarong Pasai, Tokung
Burmese: Kaw-ku-tha, Tarabi
Chinese : Mao Ch’ieh, Mao Qie, mao Jia (毛茄), Yáng bù shí (羊不食)
English: Indian nightshade, Wild brinjal, hairy-fruited eggplant,
French : Aubergine De Siam Ŕ Fruit Hirsute
India : Ram Begun
Indonesia : Terong Perat, Cung Bulu, Latteoeng, Terong Asam
Laotian : Khüa Khôn, Khüa Puux
Malay: Dayak eggplant, Sarawak wild eggplant, Sour brinjal, Tarong pasai, Terong asam, Terung asam, Terong iban, Terung dayak, Pokok Terung Bulu
Malayalam: Anamodumuttikka, Pechunda, Anachunda, Veluthavazhuthana
Malaysia: Terong Berui, Terong Bulu, Terong Asam, Terong
Dayak, Terung Iban
Myanmar : Nbabawk, Sin-Hkayan, Sin-Kadi, Tarabi, Kaw-Ku-Tha
Papua New Guinea : Su, Su-Lamas, Kova-Sakau
Philippines : Talong Ayam, Tagutong, Balbalusangi, Basula, Tagatum, Kamadaka, Tarong-Tarong, Dabutung, Dagutung, Talong-Gubat, Talong-Talong, Tarambola, Tarambulo
Portuguese: Tomateiro-bravo
Sinhala: Mala Batu
Sri Lanka: Mala-But
Sudanese: Karundang
Tagalog: Tarong tarong
Thailand : Mauek, Yang-Khui-Dee, Ma-Khuea-Puu, Ma-Puu
Unidentified: Basula, Dabutung, Latteoeng, Tarong ayam
Vietnamese : Cà Bung, Cà Du, Cà trái-lông
Visayan: Tatum
Plant Growth Habit Sub-erect or spreading, ignescent perennial shrub
Growing Climates Thickets, open forest, disturbed sites in the rain forest or monsoon forest, near roads, humid places, and wet places in ravines, valleys, and forest openings
Plant Size 1–1.5 m tall
Stem Stems and branches stout, with flat, erect or slightly recurved prickles 1-8 mm
Leaf Alternate, simple, large, green, 10–20 cm long and 8–18 cm wide pinnately veined, ovate to ovate-elliptic, prickly with 4-6 short, broadly triangular lobes on each side, with smaller secondary lobes
Flowering season Jun-Oct
Flower Flowers are all bisexual and regular with 4-10 merous. Calyx is broadly campanulate, 6-9 mm wide, 6-9 mm long, the tube 2.5-4.5 mm, the lobes 3-5 mm long and 2.5-5 mm
Fruit Shape & Size Small and round fruit, approximately 1-2 centimeters in diameter
Fruit Color Initially green when immature, but then ripens to a yellow or orange and is covered in a fine layer of prickly hair
Seed Seeds brown, ca. 2 mm in diam
Taste Unique sweet and sour taste
Season November-December

Plant Description

A hairy eggplant is a sub-erect or spreading, ignescent perennial shrub that normally grows about 1–1.5 m tall. The plant is found growing in thickets, open forests, disturbed sites in the rain forests or monsoon forests, near roads, humid places, and wet places in ravines, valleys, and forest openings. The stem is hairy, thorny, and woody, with upright, spreading branches, sometimes with tinged light or dark purple.

Leaves

The leaf can be characterized as an alternate, simple, large, green, 10–20 cm long and 8–18 cm wide pinnately veined, ovate to ovate-elliptic, prickly with 4-6 short, broadly triangular lobes on each side, with smaller secondary lobes. The plant has a 5-8 cm long petiole with very fine wool-like hair. Besides, the upper leaves are usually smaller, narrower, less lobed, and often sub-opposite than those at the bottom.

Flower

Inflorescences are usually short, 0.4-0.9 cm, extra-axillary, often very close to a leaf pair, unbranched, with 6-16 flowers, the distal ones female-sterile, and the axes stellate-pubescent. The flowers are all bisexual and regular with 4-10 merous. The calyx is broadly campanulate, 6-9 mm wide, 6-9 mm long, the tube 2.5-4.5 mm, the lobes 3-5 mm long and 2.5-5 mm, deltoid or broadly ovate-apiculate, abaxially densely sericeous or occasionally felty, the stellae with delicate, elongate midpoints, rays, and stalks. Corolla 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, 7-16 mm long, stellate, thin-textured, white, the tube 5-8 mm, the lobes 6-9 mm long and  3-6 mm wide, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, stellate-pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially. Stamens with filaments ca. 0.1-0.2 mm; anthers 6-8.5 mm long and 1.5-2.2 mm at the base, linear-lanceolate, attenuate, connivent, yellow, the pores minute and directed distally. The ovary is pubescent, the hairs appearing simple but with underdeveloped rays at base; style 5-10 mm long and 0.25-0.6 mm wide, cylindrical, glabrous; stigma capitate. Flowering normally takes place between June and October.

Fruit

Fertile flowers are followed by small and round fruit, approximately 1-2 centimeters in diameter. The tiny eggplant’s outer skin is initially green when immature, but then ripens to a yellow or orange and is covered in a fine layer of prickly hair. The inner pulp has many edible seeds and is also yellow or orange. Hairy eggplants are tangy and have a tropical, floral taste with a crunchy bite. Domesticated plants bear larger fruits and lack the prickly skin that is found in wild plants. The color found in the center of the fruit is light green, like that of Solanum quitoense. Numerous seeds are found that are 2.2-3.5 mm long and 1.75-2.5 mm wide, pale yellow, lenticular, slightly notched, broadly reniform-ovate in outline, the surfaces minutely pitted.

Traditional uses and benefits of Hairy Eggplant

  • In Malaysia, a decoction of the roots is prescribed for violent pains all over the body and discomfort after meals.
  • Root decoction is taken for syphilis.
  • Roots are used externally in a bath for fever at night, and in a poultice for itches, cuts, wounds, and severe bruises.
  • Seeds are used for treating toothache by burning them and inhaling the fumes.
  • It is used as a remedy for coughs, asthma, fever, vomiting, sore throat, gonorrhea, and female sexual disorders in Bangladesh and Indian traditional folk medicine.
  • The Hairy eggplant is used to help stimulate the release of urine and to calm symptoms of splenic trouble in Suriname.
  • In the Philippines, the leaves of the hairy eggplant as poultices are used to help reduce swelling and body pains.
  • Leaf has been used as a traditional medicine to treat allergy, body ache and swelling, skin injuries, and headache.
  • It is used by locals as Chinese herbal medicine for effective curing of cough, bruises, hernia, sore throat, and tooth decay, edema as well as having an anesthetic effect.
  • It has been used by the Tonchongya tribal community of Roangchaari Upazila of Bandarban district, Bangladesh to treat toothache and syphilis disease.

Culinary Uses

  • The edible fruits are harvested from the wild or from cultivation.
  • In India and Southeast Asia, the fruit is widely used as a sour-relish in curries and sauces such as name park in Thailand.
  • Hairy eggplant is often used as a finishing condiment and paired with Nam prik kapi, which is a Thai chili sauce made with shrimp paste and lime.

Other Facts

  • It is used in traditional folk medicine in Asia.
  • The fruit was reported to be used in black magic in Malaysia.
  • A bunch of strong asam fruits and Dracaena in a net is placed on an expectant mother’s head and under the floor to prevent the approach of evil spirits.
  • Seeds yield yellow-colored oil, containing palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid.

References

Dr. Harun
Dr. Harun

Dr. Md. Harun Ar Rashid, MPH, MD, PhD, is a highly respected medical specialist celebrated for his exceptional clinical expertise and unwavering commitment to patient care. With advanced qualifications including MPH, MD, and PhD, he integrates cutting-edge research with a compassionate approach to medicine, ensuring that every patient receives personalized and effective treatment. His extensive training and hands-on experience enable him to diagnose complex conditions accurately and develop innovative treatment strategies tailored to individual needs. In addition to his clinical practice, Dr. Harun Ar Rashid is dedicated to medical education and research, writing and inventory creative thinking, innovative idea, critical care managementing make in his community to outreach, often participating in initiatives that promote health awareness and advance medical knowledge. His career is a testament to the high standards represented by his credentials, and he continues to contribute significantly to his field, driving improvements in both patient outcomes and healthcare practices.

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