The sternothyroid muscle is one of the small muscles in the neck that plays an important role in the movement of the larynx (voice box) and the control of voice and swallowing. Disorders affecting this muscle can impact your speech, swallowing, and overall neck function. In this guide, you will find evidence-based information and detailed definitions, including the anatomy of the sternothyroid muscle, various types of disorders that can affect it, a list of potential causes and symptoms, ways to diagnose problems, treatment options from non-pharmacological approaches to surgery, prevention tips, and when you should see a doctor.
Anatomy of the Sternothyroid Muscle
Understanding the structure and function of the sternothyroid muscle is the first step in grasping its disorders. Here are the key details:
Structure and Location
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Location:
The sternothyroid muscle is located in the front of the neck. It lies just behind the thyroid cartilage and in front of deeper structures such as the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus. -
Structure:
This muscle is a slender, strap-like muscle that is part of a group known as the infrahyoid muscles. These muscles are important in controlling the position of the larynx during speech and swallowing.
Origin and Insertion
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Origin:
The sternothyroid muscle originates from the upper part of the manubrium of the sternum (the broad, upper portion of the breastbone). -
Insertion:
It extends upward to attach to the side of the thyroid cartilage. This connection helps control the tension of the larynx during movement.
Blood Supply
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Primary Blood Vessels:
The blood supply to the sternothyroid muscle typically comes from small branches of the inferior thyroid artery. These vessels ensure that the muscle receives the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly.
Nerve Supply
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Innervation:
The nerve supply to the sternothyroid muscle comes from the ansa cervicalis, a network of nerves in the neck. This nerve network is responsible for stimulating the muscle to contract and relax.
Functions of the Sternothyroid Muscle
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Voice Control:
It helps adjust the tension of the vocal cords, affecting pitch and tone. -
Swallowing:
By moving the larynx, the muscle aids in the process of swallowing. -
Speech Production:
Its actions contribute to clear and controlled speech. -
Laryngeal Stabilization:
It helps hold the larynx steady during activities such as breathing and speaking. -
Assisting Breathing:
Indirectly contributes by stabilizing the airway during inhalation and exhalation. -
Postural Support:
Along with other neck muscles, it helps maintain the proper alignment and support of the neck and head.
Types of Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
Sternothyroid muscle disorders can vary widely. They may include:
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Muscle Strain or Overuse:
Often resulting from repetitive movements, excessive use, or improper technique during speech or physical activity. -
Muscle Spasms:
Sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscle, which may be painful. -
Tension Myalgia:
Chronic muscle pain due to prolonged stress or strain on the muscle. -
Myofascial Pain Syndrome:
A condition characterized by trigger points within the muscle that cause pain and discomfort. -
Nerve Impingement Disorders:
Problems where nerve supply (from the ansa cervicalis) is affected, leading to impaired muscle function. -
Traumatic Injury:
Direct trauma or neck injury can lead to muscle damage or inflammation. -
Inflammatory Conditions:
Inflammation due to autoimmune or infectious causes. -
Post-surgical Complications:
Following thyroid or neck surgeries, the muscle may be inadvertently affected.
Causes of Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
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Overuse or Repetitive Strain:
Repetitive speaking or singing can overwork the muscle. -
Poor Posture:
Slouching or improper neck alignment can strain the muscle. -
Acute Injury:
Direct trauma to the neck. -
Chronic Muscle Tension:
Long-term stress or anxiety leading to muscle tightness. -
Nerve Compression:
Compression of the ansa cervicalis or nearby nerves. -
Inflammation:
Conditions like myositis can inflame the muscle. -
Autoimmune Disorders:
Such as rheumatoid arthritis that can affect neck muscles. -
Surgical Trauma:
Injury during thyroid or neck surgeries. -
Infections:
Viral or bacterial infections that cause neck muscle inflammation. -
Anatomical Abnormalities:
Congenital or developmental abnormalities affecting muscle structure. -
Age-related Degeneration:
Natural wear and tear on muscles as part of aging. -
Electrolyte Imbalances:
Imbalances in potassium, calcium, or magnesium affecting muscle function. -
Hormonal Imbalances:
Conditions affecting thyroid hormone levels can impact muscle performance. -
Stress:
High stress levels contributing to chronic muscle tension. -
Improper Breathing Techniques:
Can lead to unnecessary strain on neck muscles. -
Lack of Warm-up:
Not warming up properly before physical activity. -
Excessive Caffeine or Stimulants:
Which can increase muscle tension. -
Poor Ergonomics:
Uncomfortable working environments that strain the neck. -
Referred Pain:
Pain coming from other conditions such as cervical spine disorders. -
Genetic Predisposition:
Family history of muscular disorders.
Symptoms of Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
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Neck Pain:
A primary symptom, often felt in the front or side of the neck. -
Stiffness:
Difficulty moving the neck normally. -
Muscle Tightness:
A sensation of the muscle being tense or contracted. -
Difficulty Swallowing:
Discomfort or pain during swallowing. -
Hoarseness or Voice Changes:
Changes in voice quality or difficulty speaking clearly. -
Soreness:
General soreness in the neck area. -
Muscle Spasms:
Sudden, involuntary contractions that may cause sharp pain. -
Pain Radiating to the Jaw or Ears:
Sometimes the pain spreads beyond the neck. -
Tenderness:
The muscle may feel tender to the touch. -
Fatigue:
Feeling of tiredness in the neck after prolonged use. -
Limited Range of Motion:
Reduced ability to turn or tilt the head. -
Swelling:
Mild swelling or inflammation in the neck. -
Difficulty Breathing:
In severe cases, when swelling affects the airway. -
Muscle Weakness:
Reduced strength in the neck muscles. -
Headaches:
Tension headaches may be linked to neck muscle strain. -
Postural Changes:
Abnormal head position due to muscle imbalance. -
Chronic Discomfort:
Ongoing discomfort that persists over time. -
Sharp, Stabbing Pain:
Occurring suddenly during neck movement. -
Burning Sensation:
A burning feeling along the neck muscles. -
Intermittent Pain:
Pain that comes and goes, often related to activity levels.
Diagnostic Tests for Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
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Physical Examination:
A detailed exam by a healthcare provider to check for tenderness, swelling, and range of motion. -
Medical History Review:
Understanding patient history and previous neck issues. -
Ultrasound Imaging:
To visualize soft tissue and muscle structure. -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):
Provides detailed images of muscle tissues. -
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:
To rule out other structural abnormalities. -
X-rays:
To check the alignment of cervical vertebrae. -
Electromyography (EMG):
Measures electrical activity in the muscle. -
Nerve Conduction Studies:
To evaluate the nerve supply to the muscle. -
Blood Tests:
To check for markers of inflammation or autoimmune conditions. -
Thyroid Function Tests:
Because thyroid health can affect nearby muscles. -
Endoscopy:
In some cases, to examine the throat if swallowing is affected. -
Stress Tests:
To observe how the muscle performs under physical strain. -
Biopsy:
Rarely, a small sample of muscle tissue may be taken for analysis. -
Dynamic Ultrasound:
Observing the muscle in motion to assess function. -
CT Angiography:
To view blood vessels that supply the neck muscles. -
Fluoroscopy:
A moving X-ray to see real-time muscle movement. -
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan:
Sometimes used for complex cases involving metabolic activity. -
Digital Motion Analysis:
Evaluating movement patterns of the neck. -
Thermography:
Measuring temperature differences that may indicate inflammation. -
Functional Assessment Tests:
Evaluations performed by physical therapists to assess muscle function and strength.
Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
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Physical Therapy:
Tailored exercises and stretches to relieve muscle tension. -
Neck Exercises:
Specific routines to strengthen neck muscles. -
Heat Therapy:
Applying heat packs to relax muscles and reduce pain. -
Cold Therapy:
Using ice packs to decrease inflammation and numb pain. -
Massage Therapy:
Manual massage to relieve tension and improve blood flow. -
Postural Training:
Techniques to correct neck alignment and reduce strain. -
Ergonomic Adjustments:
Changing work setups to support the neck and reduce stress. -
Acupuncture:
Traditional Chinese medicine technique to reduce pain. -
Stretching Exercises:
Regular stretches to improve flexibility. -
Relaxation Techniques:
Practices such as deep breathing or meditation. -
Yoga:
Gentle yoga routines focusing on neck and upper body. -
Pilates:
Exercises that enhance core strength and posture. -
Manual Therapy:
Hands-on techniques provided by a trained therapist. -
Trigger Point Therapy:
Targeted pressure on muscle knots. -
Massage Balls or Foam Rolling:
Self-massage tools for muscle relaxation. -
Posture Correctors:
Devices or braces to help maintain proper neck posture. -
Hydrotherapy:
Exercises or therapy in warm water. -
Progressive Muscle Relaxation:
Sequentially tensing and relaxing muscles to reduce overall tension. -
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
To manage pain-related anxiety and stress. -
Biofeedback:
Learning to control body functions to reduce muscle tension. -
Chiropractic Care:
Adjustments to help align the cervical spine. -
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation):
A therapy that uses low-voltage electrical current. -
Manual Lymphatic Drainage:
A massage technique that improves circulation. -
Water Aerobics:
Exercise in water to reduce load on the neck. -
Lifestyle Modifications:
General advice on healthy habits. -
Sleep Hygiene Improvements:
Techniques to ensure proper rest and neck support during sleep. -
Stress Management Programs:
Courses or practices to reduce overall tension. -
Ergonomic Pillows:
Specially designed pillows that support the neck. -
Self-Care Education:
Learning how to manage symptoms at home. -
Mindfulness Meditation:
Focusing on present-moment awareness to lower stress.
Drugs Used for Managing Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
Note: Medications for sternothyroid muscle disorders are often chosen based on the underlying cause (e.g., muscle spasms, inflammation, or pain). Always follow your doctor’s advice before starting any medication.
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Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):
Such as ibuprofen to reduce pain and inflammation. -
Acetaminophen:
For pain relief. -
Muscle Relaxants:
Medications like cyclobenzaprine to ease muscle spasms. -
Corticosteroids:
Short courses to reduce severe inflammation. -
Gabapentin:
For nerve pain that may accompany muscle disorders. -
Amitriptyline:
Sometimes used for chronic pain management. -
Baclofen:
A muscle relaxant that can help with spasticity. -
Topical Analgesics:
Creams or gels containing NSAIDs or capsaicin. -
Opioids:
In severe cases, for short-term pain management under strict medical supervision. -
Anticonvulsants:
For nerve-related pain. -
Benzodiazepines:
For acute muscle spasm relief (short-term use). -
COX-2 Inhibitors:
A type of NSAID that may have fewer gastrointestinal side effects. -
Local Anesthetic Injections:
For temporary relief of localized pain. -
Antidepressants:
Low doses for chronic pain management. -
Nerve Blocks:
Medications injected to block nerve signals. -
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists:
Such as clonidine, sometimes used off-label for pain. -
Antispasmodics:
To relieve muscle spasm symptoms. -
Cholinesterase Inhibitors:
Occasionally used to help with neuromuscular transmission. -
Anti-inflammatory Topicals:
Patches or gels to reduce local inflammation. -
Experimental Agents:
In some cases, newer medications under clinical trials may be considered.
Surgeries for Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
Surgical options are rare and usually reserved for cases where non-invasive treatments have failed or when there is structural damage.
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Sternothyroid Myotomy:
Cutting or releasing a portion of the muscle to relieve tension. -
Muscle Debridement:
Removal of damaged muscle tissue. -
Nerve Decompression Surgery:
To relieve pressure on nerves that supply the muscle. -
Thyroidectomy:
Removal of part or all of the thyroid, sometimes impacting nearby muscle structures. -
Endoscopic Neck Surgery:
Minimally invasive techniques to access and treat the affected area. -
Laser-Assisted Surgery:
Using lasers to remove or reshape affected tissue. -
Open Neck Surgery:
For more severe or complex cases. -
Reconstructive Surgery:
To repair damage following trauma or previous surgery. -
Scar Revision Surgery:
Correcting scar tissue that might restrict muscle movement. -
Functional Muscle Transfer:
In very rare cases, transferring muscle tissue to restore function.
Preventions for Sternothyroid Muscle Disorders
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Maintain Good Posture:
Practice proper neck alignment at work and home. -
Regular Exercise:
Strengthen neck muscles with appropriate exercises. -
Ergonomic Workstation:
Ensure your desk and computer setup support good posture. -
Stretching Routines:
Incorporate regular neck stretches into your daily routine. -
Avoid Repetitive Strain:
Take frequent breaks during long periods of speaking or computer work. -
Proper Lifting Techniques:
Use correct body mechanics to avoid neck strain. -
Stress Management:
Practice relaxation techniques to reduce muscle tension. -
Adequate Hydration:
Keep muscles hydrated for optimal performance. -
Balanced Diet:
Ensure adequate nutrients for muscle health. -
Regular Check-ups:
Early detection of muscle or thyroid issues. -
Ergonomic Pillows and Mattresses:
Support the neck during sleep. -
Avoid Overuse:
Don’t overstrain the neck during exercise or work. -
Proper Warm-ups:
Always warm up before vigorous activities. -
Weight Management:
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce overall strain on the body. -
Avoid Smoking:
Smoking can impair blood flow to muscles. -
Limit Caffeine:
Excessive intake may contribute to muscle tension. -
Postural Reminders:
Use apps or devices that remind you to correct your posture. -
Modify High-Risk Activities:
Adjust activities that repeatedly stress the neck. -
Use Protective Gear:
For sports or activities that may lead to neck injury. -
Education on Body Mechanics:
Learn proper techniques for daily activities.
When to See a Doctor
It is important to consult a healthcare professional if you experience any of the following:
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Persistent Neck Pain:
Pain that does not improve with rest or home care. -
Difficulty Swallowing or Speaking:
Changes in voice, hoarseness, or trouble swallowing. -
Muscle Weakness:
Noticeable weakness or loss of function in the neck. -
Unexplained Swelling:
Swelling or tenderness in the neck area. -
Nerve Symptoms:
Numbness, tingling, or pain radiating to the jaw or ears. -
Injury After Trauma:
Neck pain following an accident or injury. -
Limited Neck Movement:
A significant reduction in your range of motion. -
Symptoms of Inflammation:
Signs of infection or autoimmune conditions. -
Referred Pain:
When neck pain is accompanied by headaches or other symptoms. -
Impact on Daily Life:
When symptoms interfere with work, sleep, or social activities.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
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What is the sternothyroid muscle?
It is a small, strap-like muscle in the front of the neck that helps control the movement of the larynx for voice and swallowing. -
What are common causes of sternothyroid muscle disorders?
Causes include overuse, poor posture, injury, nerve compression, and inflammation among other factors. -
How can I tell if I have a sternothyroid muscle problem?
Common signs are neck pain, stiffness, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and muscle spasms. -
What diagnostic tests are used to evaluate these disorders?
Doctors may use physical exams, imaging tests (ultrasound, MRI, CT), nerve studies, and blood tests. -
Can lifestyle changes help manage the condition?
Yes, exercises, proper posture, ergonomic adjustments, and stress management can all be beneficial. -
When should I seek medical attention for neck pain?
If the pain is persistent, worsening, or accompanied by swallowing and breathing difficulties, consult a doctor. -
Are there non-drug treatments available?
Yes, physical therapy, massage, acupuncture, and relaxation techniques are among the many non-pharmacological treatments. -
What role does physical therapy play in treatment?
It helps strengthen neck muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pain through guided exercises and stretches. -
Is surgery often required for sternothyroid muscle disorders?
Surgery is rare and typically reserved for cases that do not respond to conservative treatments or when there is significant structural damage. -
What medications are commonly prescribed?
Pain relievers (NSAIDs, acetaminophen), muscle relaxants, and sometimes corticosteroids are used depending on the cause. -
Can stress cause sternothyroid muscle issues?
Yes, chronic stress can lead to muscle tension and exacerbate symptoms. -
How effective are non-pharmacological treatments?
Many patients benefit significantly from these methods, especially when used in combination with lifestyle changes. -
What can I do at home to prevent neck strain?
Practice good posture, take frequent breaks during repetitive activities, and incorporate stretching into your daily routine. -
How long does it take to recover from a muscle strain in the neck?
Recovery time varies based on the severity of the strain and adherence to treatment, but many cases improve within a few weeks with proper care. -
Is sternothyroid muscle disorder related to thyroid problems?
While the sternothyroid muscle is near the thyroid gland, its disorders are generally related to muscle strain or nerve issues rather than primary thyroid disease.
Conclusion
Sternothyroid muscle disorders can be challenging, but understanding the anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnostic options, and treatments is key to managing the condition. Whether it is through physical therapy, lifestyle changes, medications, or, in rare cases, surgery, there are many ways to address the discomfort and functional problems associated with these disorders. Early recognition and proper care are essential for a better outcome. If you experience persistent symptoms or any of the warning signs mentioned, consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Update: April 07, 2025.
