Sternohyoid Muscle Pain

Sternohyoid muscle pain can affect your ability to swallow, speak, and move your neck comfortably. This guide provides detailed, evidence-based information about the sternohyoid muscle, its pain-related issues, and treatment options.

The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, strap-like muscle located in the front of the neck. It connects the sternum (breastbone) to the hyoid bone, which is a small U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and is involved in swallowing and speech. When this muscle becomes painful or strained, it can cause discomfort and affect neck movement and other functions.

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Anatomy of the Sternohyoid Muscle

Understanding the anatomy of the sternohyoid muscle can help clarify how pain or dysfunction in this area occurs.

Structure & Location

• Structure: The sternohyoid is a long, narrow muscle.

• Location: It is found in the anterior (front) region of the neck, just below the chin and above the collarbone.

Origin & Insertion

• Origin: The muscle begins at the manubrium of the sternum (upper part of the breastbone).

• Insertion: It inserts on the inferior (lower) aspect of the hyoid bone in the neck.

Blood Supply & Nerve Supply

• Blood Supply: Small branches of arteries in the neck supply blood to the sternohyoid muscle. These include branches from the superior thyroid artery.

• Nerve Supply: The muscle is innervated by the ansa cervicalis, a loop of nerves in the cervical region.

Key Functions

1. Swallowing: Helps in the movement of the hyoid bone during swallowing.

2. Speaking: Assists in controlling the position of the hyoid bone, thereby influencing voice modulation.

3. Neck Stabilization: Provides support to the neck structures.

4. Head Movement: Contributes to minor adjustments in head position.

5. Assist in Breathing: Plays a role in facilitating movements necessary for breathing.

6. Postural Support: Helps maintain proper head and neck posture.

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Types of Sternohyoid Muscle Pain

Sternohyoid muscle pain may be classified in several ways:

• Acute Pain: Sudden pain from a recent injury or strain.

• Chronic Pain: Persistent discomfort that lasts for weeks or months.

• Referred Pain: Pain felt in the sternohyoid muscle but originating from another nearby structure.

• Myofascial Pain: Discomfort due to trigger points or knots in the muscle.

• Strain-Related Pain: Often resulting from overuse, improper posture, or repetitive movements.

• Inflammatory Pain: Pain due to inflammation, which might be associated with an underlying systemic condition.

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Causes of Sternohyoid Muscle Pain

1. Muscle Strain: Overuse or sudden stretching.

2. Poor Posture: Prolonged poor alignment while sitting or standing.

3. Repetitive Movements: Activities that overwork the neck muscles.

4. Trauma: Accidents or direct blows to the neck.

5. Whiplash Injury: Sudden jerking of the neck in a car accident.

6. Infections: Throat infections spreading to neck tissues.

7. Inflammation: Conditions such as myositis.

8. Degenerative Changes: Age-related wear and tear.

9. Stress: Muscle tension related to anxiety.

10. Overexertion in Exercise: Excessive or improper exercise routines.

11. Lymphadenitis: Swollen lymph nodes affecting nearby muscles.

12. Thyroid Disorders: Enlarged thyroid or thyroiditis.

13. Fibromyalgia: Widespread musculoskeletal pain that includes the neck.

14. Nerve Compression: Pressure on nerves that innervate the muscle.

15. Cervical Disc Disease: Issues with spinal discs causing referred pain.

16. Autoimmune Conditions: Diseases like rheumatoid arthritis affecting neck tissues.

17. Post-Surgical Complications: Pain after neck surgery.

18. Tumors or Cysts: Growths in the neck area.

19. Traumatic Injections: Injections that accidentally irritate the muscle.

20. Ergonomic Issues: Poor workstation design causing muscle strain.

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Symptoms Associated with Sternohyoid Muscle Pain

1. Localized Pain: Sharp or dull pain in the front of the neck.

2. Stiffness: Reduced range of motion in the neck.

3. Tenderness: Sensitivity when the muscle is touched.

4. Swelling: Noticeable puffiness or enlargement around the muscle.

5. Muscle Spasms: Sudden, involuntary contractions.

6. Difficulty Swallowing: Trouble moving food or liquid down the throat.

7. Hoarseness: Changes in voice quality.

8. Headache: Pain radiating upward into the head.

9. Referred Pain: Discomfort spreading to the jaw or shoulders.

10. Fatigue: Muscle tiredness or weakness.

11. Burning Sensation: A feeling of heat in the affected area.

12. Cramping: Intermittent muscle cramps.

13. Clicking or Popping: Sensations during movement.

14. Difficulty Breathing: Mild breathing challenges due to muscle tension.

15. Dizziness: Lightheadedness associated with neck pain.

16. Pain on Swallowing: Increased pain when swallowing.

17. Irritability: General discomfort causing mood changes.

18. Sleep Disturbances: Trouble sleeping due to pain.

19. Pain with Neck Movement: Increased discomfort when turning the head.

20. Tension: A general feeling of tightness around the neck.

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Diagnostic Tests for Sternohyoid Muscle Pain

1. Physical Examination: Doctor’s manual assessment.

2. Medical History Review: Detailed discussion of symptoms and past injuries.

3. Ultrasound Imaging: Visualizes soft tissue structures.

4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Detailed imaging of soft tissues.

5. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Cross-sectional images of neck anatomy.

6. X-Rays: Check for skeletal abnormalities.

7. Electromyography (EMG): Measures electrical activity in muscles.

8. Nerve Conduction Studies: Evaluate nerve function.

9. Blood Tests: Rule out infections or autoimmune conditions.

10. Thyroid Function Tests: Assess thyroid health.

11. Bone Scintigraphy: Detects bone inflammation or stress.

12. Trigger Point Injection Diagnostic: Local anesthesia to identify pain points.

13. Doppler Ultrasound: Assess blood flow in neck vessels.

14. Cervical Spine Examination: Evaluate spinal alignment.

15. Range of Motion Tests: Measure neck movement limitations.

16. Palpation Tests: Manual checking for tenderness.

17. Posture Analysis: Identify ergonomic issues.

18. Functional Movement Assessment: Observe movement patterns.

19. Stress Testing: Evaluate muscle performance under load.

20. Observation of Swallowing: Assess functional impact during swallowing.

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Non-Pharmacological Treatments

1. Rest: Allow the muscle to recover.

2. Cold Compresses: Reduce inflammation.

3. Warm Compresses: Relax the muscle.

4. Physical Therapy: Professional guided exercises.

5. Stretching Exercises: Improve flexibility.

6. Massage Therapy: Relieve tension.

7. Acupuncture: Stimulate healing points.

8. Chiropractic Care: Adjust alignment.

9. Postural Training: Improve ergonomic habits.

10. Neck Braces or Collars: Provide support.

11. Mindfulness Meditation: Reduce stress-induced tension.

12. Heat Therapy: Use heat packs to soothe the area.

13. Progressive Muscle Relaxation: Learn to relax muscle groups.

14. Ergonomic Adjustments: Improve workstation setup.

15. Yoga: Enhance flexibility and reduce tension.

16. Pilates: Strengthen neck muscles.

17. Hydrotherapy: Use water-based exercises.

18. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): Use electrical stimulation for pain relief.

19. Trigger Point Release Techniques: Self-massage or professional treatments.

20. Self-Care Education: Learn proper neck care routines.

21. Behavioral Therapy: Manage stress and muscle tension.

22. Activity Modification: Avoid activities that worsen pain.

23. Supportive Pillows: Use specially designed neck pillows.

24. Biofeedback: Learn to control muscle tension.

25. Ergonomic Seating: Invest in supportive chairs.

26. Massage Balls or Foam Rollers: Self-myofascial release.

27. Stretch Bands: Assist with controlled stretching.

28. Post-Injury Rehabilitation Programs: Tailored exercises after injury.

29. Manual Therapy: Hands-on manipulation from a skilled therapist.

30. Lifestyle Changes: Regular exercise and healthy habits.

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Drugs Used for Muscle Pain Relief

Note: Medication should always be prescribed by a healthcare provider.

1. Ibuprofen: Reduces inflammation and pain.

2. Naproxen: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

3. Aspirin: Pain reliever and anti-inflammatory.

4. Acetaminophen (Tylenol): Pain relief without anti-inflammatory effects.

5. Diclofenac: NSAID for pain management.

6. Celecoxib: A COX-2 inhibitor with fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

7. Meloxicam: Long-acting NSAID.

8. Ketoprofen: Another option for inflammatory pain.

9. Indomethacin: NSAID for severe inflammation.

10. Prednisone: Corticosteroid for reducing severe inflammation.

11. Methylprednisolone: Corticosteroid used in acute cases.

12. Cyclobenzaprine: Muscle relaxant to reduce muscle spasms.

13. Tizanidine: Helps relieve muscle spasticity.

14. Baclofen: Muscle relaxant used for spasms.

15. Gabapentin: Can help with nerve-related pain.

16. Amitriptyline: Low-dose tricyclic antidepressant for chronic pain.

17. Duloxetine: SNRI used for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

18. Topical NSAIDs (gel or cream): Direct application to the area.

19. Lidocaine Patches: Topical anesthetic for localized pain.

20. Capsaicin Cream: Topical agent that helps desensitize pain receptors.

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Surgical Options

Surgery is rarely needed for sternohyoid muscle pain unless there is an underlying structural issue. However, in complex cases, the following procedures may be considered:

1. Muscle Release Surgery: Cutting and releasing tight muscle fibers.

2. Neurolysis: Decompression or release of entrapped nerves.

3. Removal of Cysts or Tumors: Excision of abnormal growths causing pressure.

4. Surgical Debridement: Removal of damaged tissue if infection is present.

5. Cervical Spine Decompression: To relieve nerve compression.

6. Arthroscopic Surgery: Minimally invasive surgery for joint-related issues.

7. Fusion Procedures: Stabilizing cervical spine segments if instability contributes to muscle pain.

8. Thyroid Surgery: Removing an enlarged thyroid that may affect surrounding tissues.

9. Lymph Node Biopsy/Removal: If enlarged nodes cause local pain.

10. Reconstructive Surgery: Repair of damaged tissues after trauma.

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Prevention Strategies

Preventing sternohyoid muscle pain involves good habits and ergonomic care:

1. Maintain Good Posture: Keep your head aligned with your spine.

2. Regular Exercise: Strengthen neck and upper body muscles.

3. Stretch Daily: Incorporate neck stretches into your routine.

4. Ergonomic Workspace: Adjust your chair, desk, and computer.

5. Avoid Prolonged Sitting: Take regular breaks to move.

6. Proper Lifting Techniques: Use your legs instead of your back or neck.

7. Stress Management: Practice relaxation techniques.

8. Stay Hydrated: Keep muscles well-hydrated.

9. Healthy Diet: Support muscle function with proper nutrition.

10. Regular Medical Checkups: Early detection of neck issues can prevent complications.

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When to See a Doctor

Seek professional medical advice if you experience any of the following:

• Persistent Pain: If the pain lasts more than a few days.

• Severe Pain: Intense pain that interferes with daily activities.

• Swallowing Difficulties: Trouble swallowing or breathing.

• Neurological Symptoms: Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms.

• Fever or Swelling: Signs of infection in the neck.

• Recent Trauma: Injury to the neck or head.

• Unexplained Weight Loss: Could signal an underlying condition.

• Worsening Symptoms: If your pain increases or spreads.

• Limited Neck Movement: Loss of range of motion.

• Uncertainty: When in doubt, getting a professional evaluation is best.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is the sternohyoid muscle?
   It’s a thin muscle in the front of the neck that connects the breastbone to the hyoid bone and plays a role in swallowing and speaking.

2. What causes sternohyoid muscle pain?
   Causes include muscle strain, poor posture, injury, overuse, and underlying conditions like thyroid disorders or inflammation.

3. How do I know if my neck pain is from the sternohyoid muscle?
   A doctor will evaluate your symptoms, perform a physical exam, and may order imaging tests to pinpoint the source of your pain.

4. Can poor posture cause this pain?
   Yes, prolonged poor posture can strain the sternohyoid and surrounding muscles.

5. What non-drug treatments are available?
   Options include physical therapy, massage, stretching, acupuncture, and ergonomic adjustments.

6. Are there medications specifically for sternohyoid pain?
   While there are no drugs exclusive to this muscle, many pain relievers and muscle relaxants help alleviate the pain.

7. Is surgery often needed?
   Surgery is rare and typically only considered if there’s an underlying structural issue.

8. What lifestyle changes can help prevent this pain?
   Maintaining good posture, regular exercise, ergonomic improvements, and stress management are key.

9. How long does recovery usually take?
   Recovery depends on the cause and severity; minor strains may improve in a few days, while chronic issues might take weeks or longer.

10. Can this pain affect swallowing and speaking?
    Yes, because the sternohyoid supports the hyoid bone, its pain can impact swallowing and voice.

11. What diagnostic tests are used?
    Tests include physical examinations, ultrasounds, MRI, CT scans, and nerve conduction studies.

12. How effective is physical therapy?
    Physical therapy is often very effective in reducing pain and restoring function through targeted exercises and manual therapies.

13. When should I see a specialist?
    If conservative treatments fail or you have neurological symptoms, it’s important to see a specialist such as a neurologist or an orthopedic surgeon.

14. Can stress cause sternohyoid muscle pain?
    Yes, stress can lead to muscle tension, which may worsen pain.

15. Is there a risk of chronic pain?
    If not addressed early, acute pain can become chronic; early treatment and lifestyle adjustments can help prevent long-term issues.

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Final Thoughts

Sternohyoid muscle pain, while often manageable, can significantly impact your quality of life. This guide outlines everything from the basic anatomy and function of the muscle to practical tips for prevention and treatment. Remember, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential. Always consult your healthcare provider if you experience persistent or severe symptoms.

 

Authors Information

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

 

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