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Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist Dr. Harun Ar Rashid, MD - Arthritis, Bones, Joints Pain, Trauma, and Internal Medicine Specialist
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Rx Dermatology (A-Z)

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) is a rare but severe skin condition that can be life-threatening. This article aims to provide simple, easy-to-understand information about SJS, including its types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and associated drugs.

Types of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  1. SJS (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome): This is the mildest form, characterized by skin and mucous membrane lesions affecting less than 10% of the body surface area.
  2. SJS/TEN Overlap: In this type, features of both Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) are present.
  3. TEN (Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis): TEN is the most severe form, with extensive skin and mucous membrane involvement affecting over 30% of the body.

Causes of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  1. Medications: SJS can be triggered by various drugs, including antibiotics (e.g., sulfonamides), anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  2. Infections: Certain infections, like herpes, can increase the risk of SJS.
  3. Genetic Predisposition: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more susceptible to SJS.
  4. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like lupus and HIV can also increase the risk.
  5. Vaccinations: Although extremely rare, some vaccines have been associated with SJS.
  6. Environmental Factors: Exposure to certain chemicals or toxins may play a role.
  7. Unknown Causes: In some cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

Symptoms of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  1. Skin Rash: A red or purplish rash often starts on the face and chest, spreading to other parts of the body.
  2. Blisters: Painful blisters and sores may develop on the skin, resembling burns.
  3. Mouth and Eye Involvement: SJS affects mucous membranes, leading to painful sores in the mouth and red, swollen eyes.
  4. Fever: High fever is common and often accompanies other symptoms.
  5. Flu-like Symptoms: Patients may experience fatigue, cough, and a sore throat.
  6. Pain: Skin and mucous membrane involvement can cause severe pain.
  7. Skin Peeling: As the condition progresses, the skin may start to peel off in sheets.
  8. Nail Changes: Nail loss or changes in nail color may occur.
  9. Sensitivity to Light: Increased sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, can be a symptom.
  10. Breathing Difficulty: In severe cases, breathing problems may arise due to airway inflammation.

Diagnostic Tests for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  1. Skin Biopsy: A small piece of skin is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.
  2. Blood Tests: Blood samples can help identify underlying causes, such as infections or autoimmune disorders.
  3. Mucous Membrane Examination: Doctors inspect the mouth, eyes, and other mucous membranes for characteristic lesions.
  4. Allergy Testing: Identifying specific drug allergies can be crucial in preventing future episodes.
  5. Ophthalmological Evaluation: Eye specialists assess eye involvement and may perform tests like a Schirmer’s test.

Treatment for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  1. Hospitalization: Patients with SJS are typically hospitalized in a specialized burn unit.
  2. Discontinuing Causative Agents: Identifying and stopping the medication or other trigger is vital.
  3. Supportive Care: This includes pain management, wound care, and eye care.
  4. Intravenous Fluids: To prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
  5. Nutrition Support: Proper nutrition is essential for healing.
  6. Infection Prevention: Antibiotics may be given to prevent or treat infections.
  7. Corticosteroids: In some cases, steroids like prednisone are used to suppress the immune response.
  8. Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG): These may be administered to modulate the immune system.
  9. Skin Grafting: For severe cases, skin grafts may be necessary to cover damaged areas.
  10. Ophthalmic Care: Eye specialists manage eye complications and provide lubrication.

Drugs Associated with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

  1. Sulfonamides: Antibiotics like Bactrim.
  2. Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin (Dilantin) and carbamazepine (Tegretol).
  3. NSAIDs: Ibuprofen, naproxen, and others.
  4. Allopurinol: Used to treat gout.
  5. Lamotrigine: An anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer.
  6. Nevirapine: An antiretroviral medication for HIV.
  7. Phenobarbital: An anticonvulsant.
  8. Cox-2 Inhibitors: Certain medications used for pain and inflammation.
  9. Cephalosporins: A group of antibiotics.
  10. Vaccines: Rarely, vaccines like the flu shot can be associated with SJS.

Conclusion

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is a rare but serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. It can be caused by medications, infections, genetics, or other factors. Symptoms include skin rash, blisters, mucous membrane involvement, and fever. Diagnosis involves various tests, including skin biopsy and blood tests. Treatment includes discontinuing the trigger, supportive care, and, in severe cases, hospitalization with specialized care. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments for SJS is essential for early recognition and better outcomes. If you suspect you or someone you know may have SJS, seek immediate medical help.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, always seek the advice of a medical professional before trying any treatments to ensure to find the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this page or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

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References


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