RxHarun

Thoracic Disc Contained Prolapse

Nada G. Abou Fayssal, MD - Neurologist and Spinal Cord Specialist. Nada G. Abou Fayssal, MD - Neurologist and Spinal Cord Specialist.
4 Views
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)

A thoracic disc contained prolapse, also known as a contained thoracic disc herniation, occurs when the nucleus pulposus (the soft inner core of an intervertebral disc) pushes outward but remains confined by the intact outer annulus fibrosus. Unlike a free fragment, this contained prolapse can still compress spinal nerves or the spinal cord within the narrow thoracic canal, potentially causing upper-back pain, radicular symptoms, or myelopathic signs UMMSWikipedia.

A thoracic disc contained prolapse—also called a disc protrusion—occurs when the soft, jelly-like center of an intervertebral disc (the nucleus pulposus) pushes outward against, but does not break through, the outer fibrous ring (the annulus fibrosus) in the mid-back (thoracic) region. Because the bulge remains contained within the disc’s outer layer, it’s generally less severe than an extrusion or free fragment, but it can still press on nerve roots or the spinal cord, causing pain and other symptoms in the chest, back, or legs Barrow Neurological InstituteWikipedia.

Types of Disc Herniation

While there are several ways to categorize herniated discs, the three classic “types” are:

  1. Disc Protrusion (Contained Prolapse):
    The bulging nucleus presses against the intact annulus fibrosus but doesn’t rupture it. This is the “contained” type you’re asking about Verywell Health.

  2. Disc Extrusion (Non-Contained):
    The nucleus breaches the annular fibers and extends into the spinal canal, though it remains connected to the disc Verywell Health.

  3. Disc Sequestration (Free Fragment):
    A piece of the nucleus breaks entirely free and may migrate within the spinal canal, potentially causing more severe nerve irritation Verywell Health.

Causes

  1. Age-related disc degeneration. Over time discs dry out and become less flexible, making them prone to bulging Integrity Spine & Orthopedics.

  2. Acute trauma. A fall, car accident or similar blow can tear annular fibers and provoke a protrusion Barrow Neurological Institute.

  3. Repetitive microtrauma. Frequent bending or lifting can gradually weaken the disc wall Integrity Spine & Orthopedics.

  4. Genetic predisposition. Family history makes some people more prone to early disc breakdown Barrow Neurological Institute.

  5. Smoking. Nicotine and chronic cough both accelerate degeneration and increase intradiscal pressure PubMedLippincott Journals.

  6. Obesity. Extra body weight adds constant load to thoracic discs Mayo Clinic.

  7. Physically demanding jobs. Repetitive lifting, pushing or twisting strains discs over time Mayo Clinic.

  8. Sedentary lifestyle. Lack of regular exercise weakens spinal support muscles, transferring more stress to discs Mayo Clinic.

  9. Poor posture. Slouching or uneven muscular tension can unevenly load discs SELF.

  10. Frequent driving/vibration. Seat-belt pressure and road vibration can irritate thoracic discs Mayo Clinic.

  11. Scheuermann’s disease. This developmental kyphosis can predispose to mid-back disc issues Orthobullets.

  12. Osteoporosis. Weak vertebral bodies alter load distribution on discs Healthline.

  13. Spinal infection (discitis). Infection in the disc space can disrupt annular integrity Christiana Spine Center.

  14. Autoimmune arthritis. Inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) may weaken annular fibers Medscape.

  15. Chronic cough. Repeated Valsalva maneuvers spike intradiscal pressure Lippincott Journals.

  16. Disc calcification. Hardened (“calcified”) discs lose elasticity and are more likely to bulge Barrow Neurological Institute.

  17. Abnormal spinal curvature (kyphosis/lordosis). Excessive curves change how force is applied to discs Wikipedia.

  18. Dehydration. Poor hydration reduces disc height and resilience (common in elderly) Wikipedia.

  19. High-impact sports. Repeated jumping or collisions can damage disc walls Wikipedia.

  20. Frequent bending/twisting. Any activity that chronically stresses the thoracic spine can lead to contained prolapse Integrity Spine & Orthopedics.

Symptoms

  1. Mid-back pain. Often dull or aching across the thoracic region Barrow Neurological Institute.

  2. Radicular “strap-like” chest pain. Feels like a tightened band around the ribs Barrow Neurological Institute.

  3. Myelopathy signs. Leg weakness, spasticity or clumsiness from cord pressure Barrow Neurological Institute.

  4. Localized chest wall pain. Can mimic cardiac or pleuritic pain Southwest Scoliosis and Spine Institute.

  5. Referred abdominal/epigastric discomfort. Sometimes misdiagnosed as GI issues Physio-pedia.

  6. Numbness or tingling. Paresthesias in the chest or trunk Southwest Scoliosis and Spine Institute.

  7. Muscle weakness. Especially in the legs if the cord is involved Southwest Scoliosis and Spine Institute.

  8. Hyperreflexia. Increased knee or ankle reflexes from cord irritation Radiopaedia.

  9. Clonus. Rhythmic muscle spasm when reflexes are exaggerated Radiopaedia.

  10. Spasticity. Stiff, tight muscles below the level of compression Radiopaedia.

  11. Gait disturbance. Unsteady or wide-based walking Radiopaedia.

  12. Bowel or bladder dysfunction. Urgency, retention, or incontinence in severe cases Barrow Neurological Institute.

  13. Sensory level. A clear “line” on the torso where sensation changes Radiopaedia.

  14. Autonomic changes. Rarely, altered sweating or blood pressure below lesion Barrow Neurological Institute.

  15. Burning or electric shocks. Sudden lancinating pains with movement Southwest Scoliosis and Spine Institute.

  16. Exercise-induced pain. Worse with bending or twisting Verywell Health.

  17. Night pain. Often wakes patients from sleep Verywell Health.

  18. Asymptomatic. Many contained prolapses are found incidentally SELF.

  19. Local tenderness. Pain on direct compression of the thoracic spine NCBI.

  20. Muscle atrophy. Chronic compression can waste paraspinal muscles Physio-pedia.

 Diagnostic Tests

Physical Exam

  1. Posture assessment. Observe spinal curves and alignment NCBI.

  2. Palpation. Feel for tenderness or muscle spasm along T-levels NCBI.

  3. Range of motion. Ask patient to flex, extend, rotate ∙ NCBI.

  4. Neurologic screening. Check motor strength in trunk and legs Physio-pedia.

  5. Reflex testing. Patellar and Achilles reflexes for hyperreflexia Radiopaedia.

  6. Sensory exam. Light touch and pinprick mapping across dermatomes Physio-pedia.

  7. Gait analysis. Observe for spastic, wide-based, or ataxic gait Radiopaedia.

Manual (Provocative) Tests

  1. Kemp’s test. Rotational extension to provoke facetopathy Physio-pedia.

  2. Adam’s forward bend. Checks for accentuated kyphosis or rib hump Physio-pedia.

  3. Rib spring test. Applies pressure to rib angles to elicit pain Physio-pedia.

  4. Intercostal stretch. Passively stretch the intercostal nerves Physio-pedia.

Laboratory & Pathological

  1. CBC. Rules out infection or anemia Medscape.

  2. ESR. General inflammation marker Medscape.

  3. CRP. Acute-phase reactant for inflammation Medscape.

  4. RF/ANA. Autoimmune screen Medscape.

  5. Blood cultures. If discitis is suspected Christiana Spine Center.

  6. Tumor markers. When neoplasm is in the differential MedLink.

Electrodiagnostic

  1. EMG. Evaluates muscle electrical activity UMMS.

  2. Nerve conduction study. Measures peripheral nerve speed UMMS.

  3. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). Tests dorsal column integrity UMMS.

Imaging

  1. Plain X-ray (thoracic spine). First-line to look for bony anomalies UMMS.

  2. MRI. Gold standard for disc and cord visualization Barrow Neurological Institute.

  3. CT scan. Better for bony detail and calcified discs UMMS.

  4. Myelography. Contrast study for canal stenosis UMMS.

  5. Discography. Provocative injection to confirm symptomatic level MedLink.

  6. Ultrasound. Rarely used but can assess superficial structures UMMS.

  7. Bone scan (scintigraphy). Detects infection, tumor, or fracture UMMS.

  8. PET scan. Helps identify malignancy or infection UMMS.

Advanced & Experimental

  1. Dynamic X-rays. Flexion/extension films for instability UMMS.

  2. Functional MRI. Research tool for cord function under load NCBI.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Physiotherapy and Electrotherapy Therapies

  1. Rest & Activity Modification: Short periods of rest (1–2 days), followed by gradual reintroduction of gentle movements, help reduce inflammation and mechanical stress on the disc Spine-health.

  2. Manual Spinal Mobilization: Controlled, hands-on joint movements performed by physiotherapists to restore thoracic segmental mobility and relieve stiffness Spine-healthPhysio.co.uk.

  3. Soft Tissue Massage: Targeted massage of paraspinal muscles reduces muscle spasm, enhances circulation, and facilitates metabolic waste removal Physio.co.uk.

  4. Heat Therapy (Thermotherapy): Application of moist heat or heating pads increases local blood flow, relaxes muscles, and promotes nutrient delivery to the disc Desert Institute for Spine CareSpine-health.

  5. Cold Therapy (Cryotherapy): Intermittent ice packs constrict blood vessels to limit inflammation and numb superficial pain receptors Desert Institute for Spine CareSpine-health.

  6. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Low-voltage electrical currents applied via skin electrodes activate inhibitory nerve pathways, reducing pain transmission StiwellWikipedia.

  7. Interferential Current Therapy: Medium-frequency currents penetrate deeper than TENS to alleviate muscle pain and promote tissue healing Physio.co.uk.

  8. Therapeutic Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves generate deep-tissue heating and mechanical microstreaming, enhancing soft-tissue extensibility Stiwell.

  9. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): Electrical pulses evoke muscle contractions to strengthen atrophied core and paraspinal muscles, improving spinal support Stiwell.

  10. Mechanical Traction: Controlled tensile forces applied to the thoracic spine to decompress the disc, widen intervertebral foramen, and reduce nerve root pressure WikipediaSpine-health.

  11. Spinal Decompression Therapy: Motorized traction rigs create negative intradiscal pressure, encouraging retraction of the protruded material and facilitating nutrient exchange WikipediaHershey Family Chiropractic.

  12. Biofeedback: Real-time monitoring of muscle activity teaches patients to relax overactive muscles and optimize posture Physio.co.uk.

  13. EMG-Triggered Neuromuscular Stimulation: Muscle activation detected via EMG triggers electrical stimulation, reinforcing proper neuromuscular firing patterns Stiwell.

  14. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT): Non-thermal laser light stimulates cellular photoreceptors, promoting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation Wikipedia.

  15. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT): Acoustic shock waves induce mechanotransduction in soft tissues, enhancing healing and decreasing chronic pain PubMed CentralPubMed Central.

Exercise Therapies

  1. Core Stabilization Exercises: Focused activation of the transverse abdominis and multifidus to provide dynamic spinal support and unload thoracic discs Spine-health.

  2. Thoracic Extension Stretches: Gentle back-extension movements over a foam roller to open the anterior disc space and restore normal curvature Spine-health.

  3. Postural Correction Drills: Retractive scapular and chin-tuck exercises to counteract forward-rounded shoulders and reduce disc stress Spine-health.

  4. Walking & Low-Impact Aerobics: Gradual cardiovascular activity improves disc nutrition through motion-induced fluid exchange Spine-health.

  5. Swimming: Buoyancy reduces gravitational load on the spine while promoting full-body strengthening Centeno-Schultz Clinic.

  6. McKenzie Extension Protocol: Repeated lumbar and thoracic extension movements centralize protruded disc material and alleviate radicular pain Spine-health.

  7. Pilates-Based Strengthening: Core and spinal stabilization movements enhance muscular endurance and postural control Spine-health.

Mind-Body Therapies

  1. Mindfulness Meditation: Focused attention practices reduce pain perception by modulating central pain pathways NCBI.

  2. Progressive Muscle Relaxation: Systematic tensing and releasing of muscle groups to diminish muscle guarding and lower stress hormones NCBI.

  3. Guided Imagery: Visualization techniques that distract from pain signals and promote endorphin release NCBI.

  4. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Psychological intervention to reframe pain-related thoughts and improve coping strategies NCBI.

  5. Diaphragmatic Breathing Exercises: Deep, slow breathing to activate the parasympathetic system, reduce muscle tension, and mitigate pain anxiety NCBI.

Educational Self-Management

  1. Ergonomics Training: Instruction on workstation setup, lifting techniques, and vehicle posture to minimize disc stress Spine-health.

  2. Back-Care Workshops: Structured programs teaching safe movement patterns, body mechanics, and home exercise adherence Spine-health.

  3. Self-Monitoring Logs: Pain and activity diaries that help patients identify flare-up triggers and adjust behaviors proactively Spine-health.

Drugs

NSAIDs & Analgesics

  1. Ibuprofen (Propionic Acid NSAID): 400 mg PO every 4–6 hours as needed; max 1,200 mg/day OTC; side effects include GI upset, renal impairment, and elevated blood pressure Mayo ClinicMedical News Today.

  2. Naproxen (Propionic Acid NSAID): 220 mg PO every 8–12 hours; max 660 mg/day; risks of GI bleeding and cardiovascular events Medical News TodayDrugs.com.

  3. Diclofenac (Acetic Acid NSAID): 50 mg PO three times daily; warnings for hepatic toxicity and hypertension .

  4. Celecoxib (COX-2 Inhibitor): 200 mg PO once or twice daily; lower GI risk but elevated cardiovascular risk Drugs.com.

Muscle Relaxants

  1. Cyclobenzaprine: 5–10 mg PO three times daily; side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth MedlinePlus.

  2. Baclofen: 5 mg PO three times daily, titrate to 80 mg/day; side effects: weakness, sedation MedlinePlus.

  3. Tizanidine: 2 mg PO every 6–8 hours; max 36 mg/day; side effects: hypotension, dry mouth MedlinePlus.

  4. Methocarbamol: 1500 mg PO four times daily; side effects: dizziness, GI upset MedlinePlus.

Neuropathic Pain Agents

  1. Gabapentin: 300 mg PO at bedtime, titrate to 1800 mg/day; side effects: dizziness, peripheral edema MedlinePlus.

  2. Pregabalin: 75 mg PO twice daily; titrate to 300 mg/day; side effects: somnolence, weight gain MedlinePlus.

  3. Amitriptyline: 10 mg PO at bedtime; side effects: anticholinergic effects, sedation MedlinePlus.

  4. Duloxetine: 30 mg PO once daily; side effects: nausea, insomnia MedlinePlus.

Corticosteroids

  1. Oral Prednisone: 5–10 mg PO daily for 5–7 days; side effects: hyperglycemia, mood changes Spine-health.

  2. Methylprednisolone Taper Pak: Equivalent to prednisone taper over 6 days; same side effects Spine-health.

  3. Epidural Steroid Injection (Triamcinolone): 40 mg into epidural space; risks: infection, dural puncture Spine-health.

Adjunct Analgesics

  1. Acetaminophen: 500–1000 mg PO every 6 hours; max 3000 mg/day; hepatotoxicity risk Mayo Clinic.

  2. Tramadol: 50–100 mg PO every 4–6 hours; max 400 mg/day; side effects: nausea, dizziness MedlinePlus.

  3. Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen: 5/325 mg PO every 4–6 hours; max acetaminophen 3000 mg/day; risk of dependency MedlinePlus.

  4. Codeine/Acetaminophen: 30/300 mg PO every 4 hours; same max; side effects: constipation, sedation MedlinePlus.

  5. Tapentadol: 50 mg PO every 4–6 hours; max 600 mg/day; side effects: dizziness, nausea MedlinePlus.

Dietary Molecular Supplements

  1. Glucosamine Sulfate (1,500 mg/day): Supports glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cartilage; may modestly reduce disc-related inflammation HealthlineMerck Manuals.

  2. Chondroitin Sulfate (800 mg/day): Enhances proteoglycan content; anti-inflammatory effects on disc matrix HealthlineMerck Manuals.

  3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (1,000 mg EPA/DHA daily): Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α), aiding pain reduction Verywell Health.

  4. Curcumin (500 mg twice daily): Blocks NF-κB pathway to reduce discogenic inflammatory mediators Verywell Health.

  5. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) (1,000 mg twice daily): Supports collagen cross-linking and antioxidant pathways Verywell Health.

  6. Vitamin D (1,000–2,000 IU daily): Modulates immune response and promotes bone health around affected segments Verywell Health.

  7. Collagen Peptides (10 g/day): Supplies amino acids for annulus fibrosus repair and hydration Verywell Health.

  8. Hyaluronic Acid (50 mg/day): Improves synovial and disc hydration; viscoelastic cushioning Verywell Health.

  9. Magnesium (300 mg/day): Facilitates muscle relaxation and nerve conduction balance Verywell Health.

  10. Vitamin C (500 mg twice daily): Essential cofactor for collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection Verywell Health.

 Specialized Drug Therapies (Bisphosphonates, Regenerative, Viscosupplementation, Stem Cell)

  1. Alendronate (Bisphosphonate): 70 mg PO weekly; improves vertebral bone density to offload discs; mechanism via osteoclast inhibition NCBI.

  2. Risedronate: 35 mg PO weekly; similar osteoclast suppression benefits NCBI.

  3. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injections: 3–5 mL autologous PRP into epidural space every 4 weeks (3 shots); growth factors promote disc repair Avid Sports Medicine.

  4. Hyaluronic Acid Viscosupplementation: 2–4 mL epidural injection; restores extracellular matrix viscosity and disc hydration Avid Sports Medicine.

  5. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy: 10–20 million cells injected percutaneously into disc; differentiation into nucleus pulposus–like cells and immunomodulation Avid Sports Medicine.

  6. Zoledronic Acid (Bisphosphonate): 5 mg IV annually; high-potency osteoclast inhibition for vertebral strength NCBI.

  7. Calcitonin: 100 IU SC daily; reduces bone resorption and may have analgesic effects NCBI.

  8. Growth Differentiation Factor-5 (GDF-5): Experimental intra-disc injection; promotes proteoglycan synthesis and disc regeneration ScienceDirect.

  9. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Investigational; anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects on disc cells ScienceDirect.

  10. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β): Research use only; stimulates extracellular matrix production in disc ScienceDirect.

Surgical Procedures

  1. Open Posterolateral Thoracic Discectomy: Removal of protruded disc via posterior approach; benefit: direct decompression of spinal cord Barrow Neurological Institute.

  2. Minimally Invasive Lateral Thoracic Discectomy: Muscle-sparing lateral access; benefit: reduced post-op pain and faster recovery Barrow Neurological Institute.

  3. Thoracoscopic Discectomy: Video-assisted anterior approach; benefit: minimal muscle disruption and direct visualization Barrow Neurological Institute.

  4. Posterior Laminectomy and Discectomy: Removal of lamina to access and remove disc fragment; benefit: broad decompression for multilevel disease Barrow Neurological Institute.

  5. Instrumented Thoracic Fusion: Stabilization with rods and screws after discectomy; benefit: prevents segmental instability Barrow Neurological Institute.

  6. Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy: Percutaneous endoscopic removal via foraminal corridor; benefit: outpatient procedure with local anesthesia Barrow Neurological Institute.

  7. Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS): Minimally invasive anterior decompression; benefit: reduced chest wall trauma Barrow Neurological Institute.

  8. Corpectomy & Strut Grafting: Removal of vertebral body and disc, followed by graft reconstruction; benefit: decompression of spinal canal in large central prolapses Barrow Neurological Institute.

  9. Osteotomies with Fusion: Bony cuts to realign thoracic kyphosis and stabilize; benefit: corrects deformity and relieves cord tension Barrow Neurological Institute.

  10. Percutaneous Thoracic Nucleoplasty: Radiofrequency ablation of nucleus pulposus; benefit: disc decompression with local anesthesia; minimal tissue damage .

 Prevention Strategies

  1. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Reduces axial load on thoracic discs and adjacent structures Spine-health.

  2. Regular Core Strengthening: Supports spinal alignment and unloads disc pressures Spine-health.

  3. Ergonomic Workstation Setup: Proper monitor height and lumbar support reduce awkward thoracic flexion Spine-health.

  4. Safe Lifting Techniques: Bend knees, keep spine neutral to avoid sudden disc stress Spine-health.

  5. Postural Awareness: Frequent posture checks to correct slouching and forward head carriage Spine-health.

  6. Regular Breaks During Sitting: Stand and stretch every 30–60 minutes to relieve disc compression Spine-health.

  7. Quit Smoking: Nicotine impairs disc nutrition and repair mechanisms UMMS.

  8. Balanced Nutrition: Adequate protein, vitamins, and minerals for disc matrix maintenance Wikipedia.

  9. Avoid High-Impact Sports: Activities like heavy football or rugby can traumatize thoracic spine Spine-health.

  10. Use Supportive Footwear: Shock-absorbing shoes diminish upward force transmission through the spine Spine-health.

When to See a Doctor

  • Persistent or Worsening Pain: Thoracic pain lasting >6 weeks despite conservative care Spine-health.

  • Neurological Signs: Numbness, weakness, or gait disturbance indicating cord or root compression UMMS.

  • Red Flags: Sudden bowel/bladder dysfunction, severe night pain, or constitutional symptoms (fever, weight loss) UMMS.

What to Do and What to Avoid

Do:

  • Apply heat/cold packs as needed.

  • Perform gentle range-of-motion exercises.

  • Follow prescribed home-exercise program.

  • Maintain good posture during activities.

  • Stay active with low-impact exercise.

Avoid:

  • Heavy lifting and twisting motions.

  • Prolonged sitting without breaks.

  • High-impact aerobics or contact sports.

  • Slouching or hunching forward.

  • Smoking or nicotine products.

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What causes a thoracic contained disc prolapse?
    Microtears in the annulus fibrosus from degeneration, trauma, or repetitive strain allow nucleus pulposus bulging without full rupture UMMS.

  2. How is it diagnosed?
    MRI is gold standard for visualizing contained prolapse and assessing cord/nerve root involvement Spine-health.

  3. Can it heal on its own?
    Many contained herniations regress via phagocytosis and dehydration of the nucleus; conservative care often suffices Spine-health.

  4. What is the expected recovery time?
    With adherence to therapy, most patients improve substantially within 6–12 weeks Spine-health.

  5. Are corticosteroid injections effective?
    Epidural steroids can reduce local inflammation and pain, but effects may be transient; best combined with rehabilitation Spine-health.

  6. Is surgery always required?
    No—surgery is reserved for progressive neurological deficits, intractable pain, or myelopathy signs Barrow Neurological Institute.

  7. What are long-term outcomes?
    Most have favorable outcomes with conservative care; some may experience residual stiffness or mild pain Spine-health.

  8. Can I travel by air?
    Yes, if pain is controlled and mobility allows; use lumbar support and walk periodically to reduce stiffness Spine-health.

  9. Does weight loss help?
    Reducing BMI decreases axial spinal load and disc pressure, often leading to symptom relief Spine-health.

  10. Are supplements safe long-term?
    Most (glucosamine, chondroitin) have good safety profiles over years, but monitor for allergies or interactions Merck Manuals.

  11. Can I do yoga?
    Gentle, supervised yoga focusing on extension and posture correction can be beneficial but avoid extremes of flexion Spine-health.

  12. Is smoking cessation important?
    Absolutely—nicotine impairs disc nutrition and oxidative repair, hindering healing UMMS.

  13. What ergonomic tips help?
    Use a chair with thoracic support, keep screens at eye level, and position keyboards to minimize forward reach Spine-health.

  14. How often should I exercise?
    Daily short sessions (15–20 min) of prescribed exercises promote consistent disc nutrition and muscular support Spine-health.

  15. When should I consider second opinions?
    If pain persists beyond 12 weeks despite proper care or if new neurological signs emerge, seek neurosurgical evaluation Barrow Neurological Institute.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 30, 2025.

  1. Spine-nomenclatures-spinal-cord
  2. The spinal-disorders-diseases a to z[rxharun.com]
  3. Degenerative-Spine-Diseases[rxharun.com]
  4. Neurospine and spinal cord injury[rxharun.com]
  5. Living with Back pain
  6. rehab_update_2025_min_invasive_spine_surgery
  7. NEUROSURGICAL DISEASES AND TRAUMA OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD[rxharun.com]
  8. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-Guideline a to z[rxharun.com]
  9. CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD DISORDERS[rxharun.com]
  10. Lumbar Disc Herniation and Central Lumbar Spinal Stenosis[rxharun.com]
  11. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  12. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy [rxharun.com]
  13. spinal_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  14. lumbar-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  15. low back pain_pathophysiology_and_mx
  16. Multidisciplinary Spine Care[rxharun.com]
  17. radiological-classification-for-degenerative-lumbar-spine-disease-a-literature-review-of-the-main-systems[rxharun.com]
  18. ABCs of the degenerative spine[rxharun.com]
  19. Common Spinal Disorders[rxharun.com]
  20. Disordersofthespine[rxharun.com]
  21. pe-degenerative-disc[rxharun.com]
  22. SPINAL CORD DISEASES[rxharun.com]
  23. Common Spine Disorders[rxharun.com]
  24. Lumber disc harination [rxharun.com]
  25. lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com
  26. daniels-et-al-2018-the-lateral-c1-c2-puncture-indications-technique-and-potential-complications
  27. Thoracic_Spine_Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  28. lumbarstenosis[rxharun.com]
  29. Lumber disc harination [rxharun.com]
  30. Lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com
  31. surface anatomy[rxharun.com]
  32. thorax-spine-objectives3[rxharun.com]
  33. Anatomy of spinal blood supply[rxharun.com]
  34. cervicalradiculopathy
  35. backgrounder-Spinal-Function-and-Anatomy-Fact-Sheet[rxharun.com]
  36. amandersson,+17453679309160118[rxharun.com]
  37. VERTEBRAL-CANAL-II[rxharun.com] ,
  38. anatomy_of_the_spinal_cord[rxharun.com]
  39. Vertebrae-General Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  40. Human Anatomy & Physiology[rxharun.com]
  41. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  42. anatomyofvertebralcolumn-170714070023[rxharun.com]
  43. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine [rxharun.com]
  44. spine THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN[rxharun.com]
  45. Applied anatomy of the cervical spine[rxharun.com]
  46. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  47. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy [rxharun.com]
  48. Spine_Program_TMH-Insert-Spinal-Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  49. my-spine-explained[rxharun.com]
  50. Anatomy of the spine [rxharun.com]
  51. algorithm[rxharun.com]
  52. anatomy-and-physiology-of-lumbar-spine-tn6srjc8uq[rxharun.com]
  53. Boose-Degenerative-spondylolisthesis[rxharun.com]
  54. mri-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com][rxharun.com]
  55. Low_Back_Pain_Guidelines___April_2012___JOSPT[rxharun.com]
  56. l-spine-lumbar-spinal-stenosis[rxharun.com]
  57. differentiating-hip-pathology-from-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com]
  58. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  59. 1403 room4 thur Holtzhausen – Examination of the lumbosacral spine[rxharun.com]
  60. low_back_pain[rxharun.com]
  61. lumbar-spine-anatomy-diagram[rxharun.com]
  62. Lumbar-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  63. McKenzie-Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  64. lhmc-rehab-protocol-post-op-lumbar-spinal-fusion[rxharun.com]
  65. Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  66. post-op-lumbar-fusion[rxharun.com]
  67. Clinical-Biomechanics-of-spine[rxharun.com]
  68. spine2-mb-anatomy-and-biomech-of-the-tls-spine[rxharun.com]
  69. Diagnosis and Treatment of[rxharun.com]
  70. ow-back-pain-exercises[rxharun.com]
  71. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  72. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  73. Lumbar Core Strength[rxharun.com]
  74. Stability of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  75. lumbar-radiofrequency-ablabtion-[rxharun.com]
  76. Clinical examination of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  77. anatomy-of-the-spine Typical vertebral anatomy-lateral view[rxharun.com]
  78. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  79. Lumbar Spine Range of Movement Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  80. Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  81. witek2019[rxharun.com] Wilcyznski_MRI-lumbar[rxharun.com]
  82. biomechanics-of-lumbar-spine-and-lumbar-disc[rxharun.com]
  83. Lumbar Spine Muscles and Movement [rxharun.com]
  84. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  85. Nomenclature[rxharun.com]
  86. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  87. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-Guideline[rxharun.com]
  88. spine-1-jk-anatomy-of-the-spine[rxharun.com]
  89. Physical Exam of the Spine[rxharun.com]
  90. degenerative pathology of the spine new[rxharun.com]
  91. Spinal-pathology-Drop-foot-Thoracic-pain-Inflammatory-Back-Pain[rxharun.com]
  92. Many Facets of Spine Pathology[rxharun.com]
  93. osteoarthritis-of-the-spine-information[rxharun.com]
  94. MRI in Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases[rxharun.com]
  95. ARTIFICIAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS LUMBAR SPINE[rxharun.com]
  96. 2022985[rxharun.com]
  97. amandersson[rxharun.com]
  98. lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com]
  99. Anaesthesia-for-paediatric-dentistry[rxharun.com]
  100. Developments in intervertebral disc disease research_ pathophysiotherapy[rxharun.com]
  101. 2025.03.13.643128v1.full[rxharun.com]
  102. Lumbar_Disc_Herniation[rxharun.com]
  103. Biomechanics of the Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  104. percutaneous annular puncture[rxharun.com]
  105. The nucleus pulposus microenvironment i[rxharun.com]
  106. Intervertebral Disc Stress [rxharun.com]
  107. degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc[rxharun.com]
  108. Dixon_AR, Mechanical Engineering, PhD, 2022[rxharun.com]
  109. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION [rxharun.com]
  110. Intervertebral disc degeneration rx[rxharun.com]
  111. Biological Therapeutic Modalities for Intervertebral[rxharun.com]
  112. intervertebral-disc-mechanics-[rxharun.com]
  113. Intervertebral Disc Damage & Repair[rxharun.com]
  114. disc_prolapse_pathology_2016[rxharun.com]
  115. Strontium Ranelate Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc[rxharun.com]
  116. faysal_bas_it,+841_221-223[rxharun.com]
  117. LUMBAR PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL[rxharun.com]
  118. nrrheum.2014-disc-nutrient-review[rxharun.com]
  119. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration[rxharun.com]
  120. Structure and Biology of the Intervertebral Disk in Health and Disease[rxharun.com]
  121. amandersson,+17453679309160104[rxharun.com]
  122. Ligamentum Flavum at L4-5[rxharun.com]
  123. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  124. Anatomy of the spine[rxharun.com]
  125. lab manual_spinal cord and spinal nerves_a+p[rxharun.com]
  126. Spinal Cord Functions & Reflexes[rxharun.com]
  127. Nervous System Lect Notes[rxharun.com]
  128. Central nervous system[rxharun.com]
  129. Nervous System.BD[rxharun.com]
  130. SAJAA(V26N6)+p40-44+09+2535+Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  131. Spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  132. spinalcord[rxharun.com]
  133. Management of[rxharun.com]
  134. integrated-care-pathway-spinal-cord-injury[rxharun.com]
  135. Spinal Cord Spinal Nerve Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  136. 1st-Professional-MBBS-Chapter-wise-Questions[rxharun.com]
  137. Key_Sensory_Points[rxharun.com]
  138. Spinal-cord-slides[rxharun.com]
  139. Range_of_Motion[rxharun.com]
  140. yes-you-can_digital[rxharun.com]
  141. Motor_Exam_Guide[rxharun.com]
  142. Living-with-a-Spinal-Cord-Injury[rxharun.com]
  143. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  144. Spinal cord nerves [rxharun.com]
  145. anatomy-of-the-circulation-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  146. Spinal_cord_Tracts[rxharun.com]
  147. Spinal Cord Injury[rxharun.com]
  148. spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  149. SpinalCord34[rxharun.com]
  150. Spinal_Cord_Anatomy_and_Localization.-compressed[rxharun.com]
  151. Functions of the Spinal Cord[rxharun.com]
  152. Spinal Cord Organization[rxharun.com]
  153. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  154. AnatomyBackSpinalCord-StatPearls-NCBIBookshelf[rxharun.com]
  155. SpinalCord nerve, reflexes, coloumn[rxharun.com]
  156. Spinal Cord, nerve, reflexes[rxharun.com]
  157. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord [rxharun.com]
  158. Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  159. L2-Anatomy of Spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  160. fnhum-11-00343[rxharun.com]
  161. spine_injury_guidelines[rxharun.com]
  162. spine-care-for-the-therapist[rxharun.com]
  163. thoracic spine based on graphical images[rxharun.com]
  164. Spine-biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  165. ajnr_1_1_009[rxharun.com]
  166. Ultrasonography of the Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Spine for Central Neuraxial Blockade [rxharun.com]
  167. thoracic-spine[rxharun.com]
  168. JAAOS_Management_of_Thoracic_and_lumbar_metastases[rxharun.com]
  169. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  170. Spine7 Treatment of Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  171. Thoracic_spine_mobility_an_essential_link_in_upper_limb_kinetic_chains_a_systematic_review_v2[rxharun.com]
  172. Disorders of the thoracic spine pathology treatment[rxharun.com]
  173. Thoracoscopy-A-Minimally-Invasive-Approach-to-the-Anterior-Thoracic-Spine[rxharun.com]
  174. Thoracic-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  175. thoracic-mobility-and-athletic-performance[rxharun.com]
  176. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  177. Thoracic Home Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  178. Thoracic Posture and Mobility in Mechanical Neck[rxharun.com]
  179. Thoracic_and_Lumbar_Spine_ROM_exercise_programme_done_2019[rxharun.com]
  180. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  181. Clinical examination of the thoracic spine[rxharun.com]
  182. TIMS-Managing-Thoracic-Back-Pain-July-2024[rxharun.com]
  183. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-[rxharun.com]
  184. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-[rxharun.com]
  185. [ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  186. ACHOT_ach-202402-0005[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  187. 2.01.534[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  188. P160057C [ rxharun.com][ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  189. ecri-hyaluronic-acid-hla[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  190. injection-options-for-knee-osteoarthritis2018[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  191. p080020s020d[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  192. P170007D[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  193. sodium-hyaluronate[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  194. P090031B[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  195. ha-visco_final_report_101113[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  196. FDA-2018-N-4751-0040_attachment_[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  197. HA-PRP-final-KQs_0[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  198. Consensus_2015[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  199. viscosupplementation[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  200. 1045-Assessment-Report[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  201. 0883527e2ed6a879a98016da71c70a42c047[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  202. 20100503-141823_k0184_viscosupplementation_for_oa_final[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  203. 25549-a-comprehensive-review-of-viscosupplementation-in-osteoarthritis-of-the-knee[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  204. Viscosupplementation GL 9-13-2023[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  205. bmj-2022-069722.full[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  206. Use_of_Viscosupplementation_for_Knee_Osteoarthritis[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  207. 1-s2.0-S1877056814003235-main[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  208. pt-cervical-spine-neck-pain physicalmedicineandrehabilitationsupplementalguide
  209. Viscosupplementation-for-the-Osteoarthritis-of-the-Knee[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  210. overview-final-pdf-6659770717[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  211. Prot_SAP_000[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  212. Viscosupplementation-AHM[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  213. Hyaluronic_Acid_Derivative_Clinical_Coverage_Criteria_-_PM144[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  214. hyaluronic-acid-viscosupplementation[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  215. synvisc-in-knee-osteoarthritis[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  216. sodium-hyaluronate-cs[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  217. UQ118381_OA[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  218. 25549-a-comprehensive-review-of-viscosupplementation-in-osteoarthritis-of-the-knee Hyaluronate Derivatives ACHOT_ach-202402-0005[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation[ rxharun.com]
  219. Viscosupplementation 2.01.534[ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  220. [ rxharun.com] Viscosupplementation
  221. stem-cells-therapy-in-general-medicine-7406
  222. American Journal of Medicine Advances in Regenerative Medicine
  223. advances-in-regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-innovation-and-transformation-of-medicine
  224. .postpn333REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
  225. Regenerative_medicine_
  226. gao-Regenerative
  227. stem-cells-regenerative-medicine
  228. Regenerative
  229. Regenerative_medicine_
  230. A_review roland_berger_regenerative_medicine

PDF Document For This Disease Conditions

  1. https://rxharun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nomenclature.pdf
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  13. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  14. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  15. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  16. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  18. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  20. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  22. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  23. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  24. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  25. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  26. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  27. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  28. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  29. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  30. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  31. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  32. https://www.skincancer.org/
  33. https://illnesshacker.com/
  34. https://endinglines.com/
  35. https://www.jaad.org/
  36. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  37. https://books.google.com/books?
  38. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  39. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  40. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  41. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  42. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  43. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  44. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  45. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  46. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  49. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  50. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  51. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  52. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  53. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  54. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  55. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  56. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  57. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  58. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  59. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  60. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  61. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  62. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  63. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  64. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  65. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  66. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  67. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  69. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References

You Might Also Like This Posts:

  1. Lumbar Contained Disc Prolapse Lumbar contained disc prolapse—sometimes called a contained herniated disc or disc bulge—occurs when the gel-like center (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disc in your lower back pushes against, but does not break through, the tough outer ring (annulus fibrosus). This bulging disc can press on nearby nerves, causing low back pain, leg pain (sciatica), numbness, […]...
  2. Lumbar Non-Contained Disc Prolapse A lumbar non-contained disc prolapse (also called an extruded or sequestered disc herniation) occurs when the soft inner core (nucleus pulposus) of a lumbar intervertebral disc breaks through the tough outer ring (annulus fibrosus) and escapes into the spinal canal without remaining confined by the outer layers. Unlike a contained protrusion—where the nucleus bulges but […]...
  3. Thoracic Disc Prolapse at T3–T4 Thoracic disc prolapse at T3–T4 occurs when the soft center of the intervertebral disc between the third and fourth thoracic vertebrae pushes through its tough outer ring. Though far less common than lumbar or cervical herniations, a T3–T4 prolapse can press on the spinal cord or nerve roots in the upper-mid back, causing localized pain, […]...
  4. Thoracic Disc Prolapse at T8–T9 Thoracic disc prolapse at T8–T9 occurs when the soft, gel-like core of the intervertebral disc between the eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae (T8 and T9) pushes through a tear in the tough outer ring of the disc and into the spinal canal. This displaced disc material can press on the spinal cord or nerve roots, […]...
  5. Thoracic Disc Paramedian Prolapse Thoracic disc paramedian prolapse is a subtype of thoracic disc herniation in which the soft inner core (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disc pushes through a tear in its tough outer ring (annulus fibrosus) into the spinal canal just off midline. Because the thoracic spine (T1–T12) is stabilized by the rib cage, herniations here are […]...
  6. Thoracic Disc Central Prolapse Thoracic disc central prolapse, also called a central thoracic disc herniation, occurs when the soft inner core (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disc in the mid-back pushes straight backward through a tear in its tough outer ring (annulus fibrosus) into the middle of the spinal canal. This central bulge can press on the spinal cord […]...
  7. Thoracic Disc Prolapse at T11–T12 Thoracic disc prolapse at the T11–T12 level, also known as a herniated thoracic disc, is an uncommon spinal condition that affects the portion of the spine between your lower chest and upper abdomen. Unlike lumbar or cervical disc herniations, thoracic disc protrusions account for only 0.25–1% of all disc herniations. Because the thoracic spine is […]...
  8. Thoracic Disc Prolapse at T7–T8 An intervertebral disc prolapse (herniation) occurs when nucleus pulposus material breaches the annulus fibrosus and encroaches upon the spinal canal or foramina. While lumbar herniations predominate, thoracic disc herniations are rare—accounting for roughly 0.1–5 % of all spinal disc herniations—and most often affect mid‐thoracic levels such as T7–T8 PMC. In one large review of 2,340 […]...
  9. Thoracic Disc Prolapse at T4–T5 Thoracic disc prolapse—also known as thoracic disc herniation—occurs when the soft, gelatinous nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc at the T4–T5 level bulges or extrudes through a tear in its tougher outer ring (the annulus fibrosus). Unlike cervical or lumbar disc herniations, thoracic disc prolapse is rare, comprising only about 0.25–1% of all symptomatic disc […]...
  10. Thoracic Disc Prolapse at T12–L1 Thoracic disc prolapse at the T12–L1 level occurs when the inner gel-like core (nucleus pulposus) of the intervertebral disc pushes through its tough outer ring (annulus fibrosus) in the lower thoracic spine. This herniation can press on nearby spinal nerves or the spinal cord, causing pain and neurological symptoms. Although less common than lumbar or […]...

To Get Daily Health Newsletter

We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Terms and Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Editorial Policy
Advertising Policy
EU User Consent Policy
Correction Policy
Citation Policy
Ethics and Logical Policies
About Us
Contact Us
Newsletter
Career
Sitemap
Advertise with us
Editorial Board Members
Review Board Member
Team RxHarun
Web Developers Team
Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
Request for Board Member
Women Writers
Download Mobile Apps
Follow us on Social Media
© 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
RxHarun
Logo