RxHarun

Parasagittal Thecal Sac Indentation

Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery
2 Views
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)

A parasagittal thecal sac indentation is a finding on spinal imaging—most often MRI—where the protective membrane around the spinal cord (the thecal sac) is pressed inward at a point just off the midline (parasagittal region). This indentation can be caused by many processes (such as a bulging disc, bone spur, or ligament thickening) that push on the thecal sac from one side. Although often seen incidentally, significant indentations can narrow the space for spinal nerves or even the spinal cord itself, potentially leading to pain, nerve symptoms, or more serious neurologic issues.

Anatomy of the Thecal Sac

Structure & Location
The thecal sac is a tubular sheath formed by the dura mater (the tough outer membrane of the meninges) that extends from the base of the skull (foramen magnum) down to the second sacral vertebra (S2).
Origin & “Insertion”

  • Origin: Continuous with the cranial dura mater at the foramen magnum.

  • “Insertion”: Anchored inferiorly by the filum terminale at S2.

Blood Supply

  • Arterial: Branches of the vertebral arteries supply the upper cervical dura; spinal branches of the aorta (segmental medullary arteries) supply the lower dura.

  • Venous: Internal vertebral venous plexus drains blood from the dura into segmental veins.

Nerve Supply

  • The recurrent meningeal (sinuvertebral) nerves provide pain fibers to the dura and posterior longitudinal ligament.

Key Functions

  1. Protection: Encases the spinal cord and nerve roots in a durable membrane.

  2. CSF Containment: Holds cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the cord and nerves.

  3. Shock Absorption: Fluid pressure within the sac helps dampen sudden forces on the spine.

  4. Anchor Point: The filum terminale within the sac stabilizes the spinal cord’s position.

  5. Nutrient Transport: CSF carries nutrients and removes waste for spinal cord health.

  6. Barrier to Infection: Dural layers form a barrier against pathogens entering the subarachnoid space.

Types of Parasagittal Thecal Sac Indentation

  1. Disc-Related Indentation: Caused by a herniated or bulging disc pressing laterally.

  2. Facet Joint Hypertrophy: Overgrown facet joints on one side indent the sac.

  3. Ligamentum Flavum Buckling: Thickened ligament folds into the canal off-midline.

  4. Osteophytic (Bone Spur) Indentation: Bony outgrowths push into the thecal sac.

  5. Epidural Mass Lesions: Tumors or cysts adjacent to the sac create focal indentations.

Common Causes

  1. Lumbar disc herniation

  2. Disc bulge or protrusion

  3. Facet joint hypertrophy

  4. Ligamentum flavum thickening

  5. Posterior longitudinal ligament ossification

  6. Osteophyte (bone spur) formation

  7. Synovial cysts of facet joints

  8. Epidural lipomatosis (fat overgrowth)

  9. Epidural abscess or infection

  10. Spinal tumors (meningioma, schwannoma)

  11. Metastatic cancer deposits

  12. Hematoma after trauma or anticoagulation

  13. Arachnoiditis with adhesions

  14. Disc space narrowing from degeneration

  15. Spondylolisthesis (vertebral slippage)

  16. Paget’s disease–related bone changes

  17. Rheumatoid pannus formation

  18. Congenital canal narrowing

  19. Traumatic bone fragments

  20. Post-surgical scar tissue (fibrosis)

Possible Symptoms

  1. Localized back or neck pain (depending on level)

  2. Side-specific (unilateral) radiating pain

  3. Numbness/tingling in a specific dermatome

  4. Muscle weakness on one side

  5. Sciatica (leg pain) if in lumbar region

  6. Claudication (leg cramping with walking)

  7. Loss of reflexes (knee or ankle)

  8. Gait instability or shuffling

  9. Bowel or bladder difficulty (if severe)

  10. Sexual dysfunction (rare)

  11. Muscle spasms or cramping

  12. Stiffness or reduced range of motion

  13. Pain that worsens with standing or extension

  14. Relief of pain when bending forward

  15. Pain at night or at rest

  16. Hypersensitivity to touch (allodynia)

  17. Muscle atrophy from chronic denervation

  18. Balance problems

  19. Falls due to leg weakness

  20. Low-grade fever or weight loss (if infection or tumor)

Diagnostic Tests

  1. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Gold standard for thecal sac visualization.

  2. CT Scan: Shows bony structures and calcifications clearly.

  3. X-Rays (Plain Films): Reveal alignment, osteoporosis, or spondylolisthesis.

  4. CT Myelogram: CT after injecting dye into CSF to outline sac indentations.

  5. Flexion/Extension X-Rays: Assess dynamic instability.

  6. Ultrasound: Limited use, but can detect epidural lipomatosis.

  7. EMG (Electromyography): Evaluates nerve root function.

  8. Nerve Conduction Studies: Checks electrical conduction in peripheral nerves.

  9. CSF Analysis: Via lumbar puncture if infection or inflammation is suspected.

  10. Blood Tests: ESR & CRP for inflammation or infection.

  11. Bone Scan: Detects active bone disease (e.g., Paget’s).

  12. PET Scan: Finds metabolically active tumors.

  13. SSEP (Somatosensory Evoked Potentials): Tests spinal cord pathway integrity.

  14. Discography: Dye injection into disc to reproduce pain (controversial).

  15. Diagnostic Nerve Blocks: Determines which nerve root causes symptoms.

  16. Biopsy (Image-Guided): For suspected tumors or infections.

  17. DEXA Scan: Bone density test if osteoporosis or Paget’s is considered.

  18. Angiography: If vascular malformation suspected.

  19. Myelo-CT with Dynamic Postures: To see changes under stress.

  20. CT with 3D Reconstruction: Detailed bone anatomy for surgical planning.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

  1. Physical therapy (guided exercises)

  2. Core-strengthening routines

  3. Flexibility stretches (hamstrings, hip flexors)

  4. Posture training & ergonomics

  5. Heat therapy (warm packs)

  6. Cold therapy (ice packs)

  7. Manual therapy (massage, soft tissue work)

  8. Spinal mobilization by trained therapists

  9. Chiropractic adjustments (if no red flags)

  10. Acupuncture for pain relief

  11. Yoga or Pilates for flexibility & strength

  12. Tai Chi for balance & core control

  13. Aquatic therapy in a warm pool

  14. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

  15. Traction (inversion or mechanical)

  16. Ergonomic workstation setup

  17. Weight-loss programs (to reduce spinal load)

  18. Bracing (lumbar corset) for short-term support

  19. Activity modification (avoid heavy lifting)

  20. Post-operative rehabilitation (after surgery)

  21. Dry needling for trigger points

  22. Dietary counseling (anti-inflammatory diet)

  23. Smoking cessation (improves disc nutrition)

  24. Biofeedback for muscle control

  25. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic pain

  26. Mindfulness meditation

  27. Laser or ultrasound therapy

  28. Prolotherapy (injection-based stabilization)

  29. Ergonomic vehicle seat adjustments

  30. Foot orthotics if gait contributes to back strain

Commonly Used Drugs

  1. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen)

  2. Acetaminophen (paracetamol)

  3. Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine)

  4. Gabapentin (for nerve pain)

  5. Pregabalin (neuropathic agent)

  6. Duloxetine (SNRI for chronic pain)

  7. Oral corticosteroids (short course prednisone)

  8. Epidural steroid injections (targeted anti-inflammatory)

  9. Tramadol (weak opioid)

  10. Oxycodone (stronger opioid, short-term)

  11. Topical lidocaine patch

  12. Capsaicin cream (topical desensitizer)

  13. Methotrexate (for rheumatoid pannus)

  14. Bisphosphonates (for Paget’s or osteoporosis)

  15. Antibiotics (if epidural abscess)

  16. Anti-TNF agents (ankylosing spondylitis)

  17. Antiviral therapy (herpes zoster cases)

  18. Calcium & Vitamin D supplements

  19. Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline)

  20. SNRI antidepressants (venlafaxine for pain/well-being)

 Surgical Options

  1. Laminectomy: Remove part of vertebral arch to decompress.

  2. Microdiscectomy: Remove herniated disc material with minimal tissue disruption.

  3. Laminotomy: Small window in lamina for targeted decompression.

  4. Foraminotomy: Widen the nerve-root exit canal.

  5. Spinal fusion: Join two or more vertebrae to stabilize.

  6. Corpectomy: Remove part of vertebral body for severe compression.

  7. Facet joint excision (facetectomy): Remove overgrown facets.

  8. Artificial disc replacement: Swap damaged disc for prosthetic.

  9. Endoscopic spine surgery: Minimally invasive approach for select cases.

  10. Epidural decompression via interspinous spacer: Implant device to hold vertebrae apart.

Preventive Measures

  1. Maintain a healthy weight to reduce spinal load.

  2. Practice proper lifting techniques (bend knees, keep back straight).

  3. Strengthen core muscles regularly.

  4. Keep good posture when sitting and standing.

  5. Use ergonomic chairs and workstations.

  6. Avoid tobacco (smoking impairs disc nutrition).

  7. Stay active with low-impact exercise (walking, swimming).

  8. Ensure adequate calcium and vitamin D intake.

  9. Take regular stretch breaks if sitting ≥30 minutes.

  10. Wear supportive footwear to maintain spinal alignment.

When to See a Doctor

  • Severe or worsening pain that limits daily activities

  • New weakness or numbness in arms or legs

  • Loss of bladder or bowel control

  • Fever or chills with back pain (possible infection)

  • Unexplained weight loss plus back pain (possible tumor)

  • Night pain that wakes you from sleep

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What exactly causes a parasagittal thecal sac indentation?
    It happens when something off the midline—like a bulging disc or bone spur—pushes into the dural sac that surrounds your spinal cord.

  2. Is it the same as central canal stenosis?
    Not always. Central stenosis narrows the canal in the exact middle, while parasagittal indentation is off-center, affecting one side more.

  3. Can small indentations resolve on their own?
    Mild cases often improve with physical therapy, posture correction, and anti-inflammatory treatments.

  4. How is it diagnosed?
    An MRI is the best test to see thecal sac shape and any indenting lesions clearly.

  5. Will I need surgery?
    Only if you have severe, persistent symptoms that don’t respond to conservative care, or if you have new neurologic deficits.

  6. Can it cause permanent nerve damage?
    In rare, severe cases with prolonged compression, yes—but early treatment usually prevents this.

  7. What role does posture play?
    Poor posture can worsen the pressure on one side of your spinal canal, making indentations more symptomatic.

  8. Is walking or exercise safe?
    Yes—low-impact exercise like walking or swimming can actually relieve pressure and strengthen supporting muscles.

  9. What drugs help most?
    NSAIDs and targeted nerve-pain medications (gabapentin, pregabalin) are commonly effective.

  10. Are epidural steroid injections risky?
    They’re generally safe if done by an experienced specialist, though there’s a small risk of infection or bleeding.

  11. How long does recovery take after surgery?
    Most patients see significant relief within 6–12 weeks, though full healing can take up to a year.

  12. Can I prevent future indentations?
    Yes—core strength, good posture, weight control, and proper ergonomics make a big difference.

  13. When should emergency care be sought?
    If you suddenly lose control of your bladder or bowels, or have rapid leg weakness, go to the ER immediately.

  14. Is this common in older adults?
    Yes—age-related disc degeneration and arthritis are leading causes of parasagittal indentations.

  15. Will physical therapy hurt?
    No—therapists tailor exercises to your tolerance, gradually improving strength and flexibility without making indentations worse.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 02, 2025.

  1. Spine-nomenclatures-spinal-cord
  2. Neurospine and spinal cord injury[rxharun.com]
  3. Lumbar Disc Herniation and Central Lumbar Spinal Stenosis[rxharun.com]
  4. spinal_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  5. lumbar-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  6. Thoracic_Spine_Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  7. lumbarstenosis[rxharun.com]
  8. surface anatomy[rxharun.com]
  9. thorax-spine-objectives3[rxharun.com]
  10. Anatomy of spinal blood supply[rxharun.com]
  11. cervicalradiculopathy
  12. backgrounder-Spinal-Function-and-Anatomy-Fact-Sheet[rxharun.com]
  13. amandersson,+17453679309160118[rxharun.com]
  14. VERTEBRAL-CANAL-II[rxharun.com] ,
  15. anatomy_of_the_spinal_cord[rxharun.com]
  16. Vertebrae-General Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  17. Human Anatomy & Physiology[rxharun.com]
  18. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  19. anatomyofvertebralcolumn-170714070023[rxharun.com]
  20. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine [rxharun.com]
  21. spine THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN[rxharun.com]
  22. Applied anatomy of the cervical spine[rxharun.com]
  23. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  24. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy [rxharun.com]
  25. Spine_Program_TMH-Insert-Spinal-Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  26. my-spine-explained[rxharun.com]
  27. Anatomy of the spine [rxharun.com]
  28. algorithm[rxharun.com]
  29. anatomy-and-physiology-of-lumbar-spine-tn6srjc8uq[rxharun.com]
  30. Boose-Degenerative-spondylolisthesis[rxharun.com]
  31. mri-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com][rxharun.com]
  32. Low_Back_Pain_Guidelines___April_2012___JOSPT[rxharun.com]
  33. l-spine-lumbar-spinal-stenosis[rxharun.com]
  34. differentiating-hip-pathology-from-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com]
  35. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  36. 1403 room4 thur Holtzhausen – Examination of the lumbosacral spine[rxharun.com]
  37. low_back_pain[rxharun.com]
  38. lumbar-spine-anatomy-diagram[rxharun.com]
  39. Lumbar-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  40. McKenzie-Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  41. lhmc-rehab-protocol-post-op-lumbar-spinal-fusion[rxharun.com]
  42. Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  43. post-op-lumbar-fusion[rxharun.com]
  44. Clinical-Biomechanics-of-spine[rxharun.com]
  45. spine2-mb-anatomy-and-biomech-of-the-tls-spine[rxharun.com]
  46. Diagnosis and Treatment of[rxharun.com]
  47. ow-back-pain-exercises[rxharun.com]
  48. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  49. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  50. Lumbar Core Strength[rxharun.com]
  51. Stability of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  52. lumbar-radiofrequency-ablabtion-[rxharun.com]
  53. Clinical examination of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  54. anatomy-of-the-spine Typical vertebral anatomy-lateral view[rxharun.com]
  55. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  56. Lumbar Spine Range of Movement Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  57. Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  58. witek2019[rxharun.com] Wilcyznski_MRI-lumbar[rxharun.com]
  59. biomechanics-of-lumbar-spine-and-lumbar-disc[rxharun.com]
  60. Lumbar Spine Muscles and Movement [rxharun.com]
  61. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  62. Nomenclature[rxharun.com]
  63. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  64. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-Guideline[rxharun.com]
  65. spine-1-jk-anatomy-of-the-spine[rxharun.com]
  66. Physical Exam of the Spine[rxharun.com]
  67. degenerative pathology of the spine new[rxharun.com]
  68. Spinal-pathology-Drop-foot-Thoracic-pain-Inflammatory-Back-Pain[rxharun.com]
  69. Many Facets of Spine Pathology[rxharun.com]
  70. osteoarthritis-of-the-spine-information[rxharun.com]
  71. MRI in Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases[rxharun.com]
  72. ARTIFICIAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS LUMBAR SPINE[rxharun.com]
  73. 2022985[rxharun.com]
  74. amandersson[rxharun.com]
  75. lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com]
  76. Anaesthesia-for-paediatric-dentistry[rxharun.com]
  77. Developments in intervertebral disc disease research_ pathophysiotherapy[rxharun.com]
  78. 2025.03.13.643128v1.full[rxharun.com]
  79. Lumbar_Disc_Herniation[rxharun.com]
  80. Biomechanics of the Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  81. percutaneous annular puncture[rxharun.com]
  82. The nucleus pulposus microenvironment i[rxharun.com]
  83. Intervertebral Disc Stress [rxharun.com]
  84. degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc[rxharun.com]
  85. Dixon_AR, Mechanical Engineering, PhD, 2022[rxharun.com]
  86. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION [rxharun.com]
  87. Intervertebral disc degeneration rx[rxharun.com]
  88. Biological Therapeutic Modalities for Intervertebral[rxharun.com]
  89. intervertebral-disc-mechanics-[rxharun.com]
  90. Intervertebral Disc Damage & Repair[rxharun.com]
  91. disc_prolapse_pathology_2016[rxharun.com]
  92. Strontium Ranelate Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc[rxharun.com]
  93. faysal_bas_it,+841_221-223[rxharun.com]
  94. LUMBAR PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL[rxharun.com]
  95. nrrheum.2014-disc-nutrient-review[rxharun.com]
  96. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration[rxharun.com]
  97. Structure and Biology of the Intervertebral Disk in Health and Disease[rxharun.com]
  98. amandersson,+17453679309160104[rxharun.com]
  99. Ligamentum Flavum at L4-5[rxharun.com]
  100. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  101. Anatomy of the spine[rxharun.com]
  102. lab manual_spinal cord and spinal nerves_a+p[rxharun.com]
  103. Spinal Cord Functions & Reflexes[rxharun.com]
  104. Nervous System Lect Notes[rxharun.com]
  105. Central nervous system[rxharun.com]
  106. Nervous System.BD[rxharun.com]
  107. SAJAA(V26N6)+p40-44+09+2535+Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  108. Spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  109. spinalcord[rxharun.com]
  110. Management of[rxharun.com]
  111. integrated-care-pathway-spinal-cord-injury[rxharun.com]
  112. Spinal Cord Spinal Nerve Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  113. 1st-Professional-MBBS-Chapter-wise-Questions[rxharun.com]
  114. Key_Sensory_Points[rxharun.com]
  115. Spinal-cord-slides[rxharun.com]
  116. Range_of_Motion[rxharun.com]
  117. yes-you-can_digital[rxharun.com]
  118. Motor_Exam_Guide[rxharun.com]
  119. Living-with-a-Spinal-Cord-Injury[rxharun.com]
  120. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  121. Spinal cord nerves [rxharun.com]
  122. anatomy-of-the-circulation-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  123. Spinal_cord_Tracts[rxharun.com]
  124. Spinal Cord Injury[rxharun.com]
  125. spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  126. SpinalCord34[rxharun.com]
  127. Spinal_Cord_Anatomy_and_Localization.-compressed[rxharun.com]
  128. Functions of the Spinal Cord[rxharun.com]
  129. Spinal Cord Organization[rxharun.com]
  130. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  131. AnatomyBackSpinalCord-StatPearls-NCBIBookshelf[rxharun.com]
  132. SpinalCord nerve, reflexes, coloumn[rxharun.com]
  133. Spinal Cord, nerve, reflexes[rxharun.com]
  134. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord [rxharun.com]
  135. Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  136. L2-Anatomy of Spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  137. fnhum-11-00343[rxharun.com]
  138. spine_injury_guidelines[rxharun.com]
  139. spine-care-for-the-therapist[rxharun.com]
  140. thoracic spine based on graphical images[rxharun.com]
  141. Spine-biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  142. ajnr_1_1_009[rxharun.com]
  143. Ultrasonography of the Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Spine for Central Neuraxial Blockade [rxharun.com]
  144. thoracic-spine[rxharun.com]
  145. JAAOS_Management_of_Thoracic_and_lumbar_metastases[rxharun.com]
  146. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  147. Spine7 Treatment of Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  148. Thoracic_spine_mobility_an_essential_link_in_upper_limb_kinetic_chains_a_systematic_review_v2[rxharun.com]
  149. Disorders of the thoracic spine pathology treatment[rxharun.com]
  150. Thoracoscopy-A-Minimally-Invasive-Approach-to-the-Anterior-Thoracic-Spine[rxharun.com]
  151. Thoracic-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  152. thoracic-mobility-and-athletic-performance[rxharun.com]
  153. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  154. Thoracic Home Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  155. Thoracic Posture and Mobility in Mechanical Neck[rxharun.com]
  156. Thoracic_and_Lumbar_Spine_ROM_exercise_programme_done_2019[rxharun.com]
  157. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  158. Clinical examination of the thoracic spine[rxharun.com]
  159. TIMS-Managing-Thoracic-Back-Pain-July-2024[rxharun.com]
  160. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-[rxharun.com]

PDF Document For This Disease Conditions

  1. https://rxharun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nomenclature.pdf
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  13. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  14. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  15. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  16. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  18. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  20. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  22. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  23. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  24. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  25. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  26. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  27. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  28. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  29. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  30. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  31. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  32. https://www.skincancer.org/
  33. https://illnesshacker.com/
  34. https://endinglines.com/
  35. https://www.jaad.org/
  36. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  37. https://books.google.com/books?
  38. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  39. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  40. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  41. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  42. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  43. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  44. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  45. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  46. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  49. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  50. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  51. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  52. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  53. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  54. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  55. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  56. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  57. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  58. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  59. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  60. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  61. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  62. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  63. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  64. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  65. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  66. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  67. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  69. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References

You Might Also Like This Posts:

  1. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C7-T1 Cervical thecal sac indentation at C7-T1 is a medical condition where the thecal sac, a protective membrane surrounding the spinal cord, is compressed or indented at the C7-T1 level of the spine. This area is located at the lower part of the neck, where the cervical spine transitions into the thoracic spine. Understanding this condition […]...
  2. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C6–C7 Cervical thecal sac indentation at C6–C7 refers to a narrowing or flattening of the protective membrane (thecal sac) that surrounds the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid where it passes between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae. On MRI, this appears as a slight “dimple” or impression on the front (ventral) surface of the dural sac […]...
  3. Central and Both Paracentral Thecal Sac Indentation Central and both paracentral thecal sac indentation refers to MRI findings where the dural (thecal) sac— the protective membrane containing the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid— is flattened or deformed by adjacent structures. Central indentation occurs when the sac is compressed symmetrically at the midline of the spinal canal. Paracentral indentation happens when the compression […]...
  4. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C2–C3 Cervical thecal sac indentation at C2–C3 is a finding often reported on cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It refers to pressure on the thecal sac—the protective membrane sheath that surrounds the spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid—at the level between the second (C2) and third (C3) cervical vertebrae. This indentation can occur due to various […]...
  5. Thecal Sac Indentation Cervical Region Cervical thecal sac indentation occurs when structures—like a bulging disc or bone spur—press into the dural sac in the neck (cervical) portion of the spine, causing it to flatten or “dent.” It is also called thecal sac effacement or encroachment. While mild indentation may cause no symptoms, more severe compression can pinch nerve roots or […]...
  6. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C3–C4 Cervical thecal sac indentation at C3–C4 refers to a condition in which a structure—most commonly an intervertebral disc protrusion or osteophyte—presses against the front (ventral) aspect of the dural sac (the thecal sac) at the level of the third and fourth cervical vertebrae. This indentation can narrow the space available for the spinal cord and […]...
  7. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C4–C5 Cervical thecal sac indentation at C4–C5 refers to a focal inward pressing of the thecal sac—the protective membrane (dural sac) that surrounds the spinal cord and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—at the level between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. On an MRI scan, this appears as a noticeable “flattening” or “indentation” of the normally round […]...
  8. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C5–C6 The thecal sac is a fluid-filled membrane that encapsulates the spinal cord and the cauda equina (a bundle of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord). It provides a protective environment for these delicate structures. Cervical thecal sac indentation at C5–C6 refers to a pressing-in or deformation of the dura mater “tube” (thecal sac) […]...
  9. Paracentral Thecal Sac Indentation Paracentral thecal sac indentation is a focal deformation or inward pressure on the thecal sac— the dural sheath enclosing the spinal cord and cauda equina—caused by structures abutting its lateral aspects in the paracentral zone of the spinal canal. On axial MRI, the canal is divided into central (medial two quarters), paracentral (lateral two quarters), […]...
  10. Cervical Thecal Sac Indentation at C1–C2 Cervical thecal sac indentation at the C1–C2 level refers to a radiologic finding in which the dural sac that encases the spinal cord is pushed inward or compressed by an adjacent structure at the junction between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) vertebrae. This indentation is most commonly identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) […]...

To Get Daily Health Newsletter

We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Terms and Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Editorial Policy
Advertising Policy
EU User Consent Policy
Correction Policy
Citation Policy
Ethics and Logical Policies
About Us
Contact Us
Newsletter
Career
Sitemap
Advertise with us
Editorial Board Members
Review Board Member
Team RxHarun
Web Developers Team
Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
Request for Board Member
Women Writers
Download Mobile Apps
Follow us on Social Media
© 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
RxHarun
Logo