RxHarun

Cervical Transverse Nerve Root Compression at the Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

Dr. Lisa S. Apfel MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Dr. Lisa S. Apfel MD - Spine and Neurosurgery
3 Views
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)

Cervical transverse nerve root compression at the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) refers to the pinching or irritation of the first and second cervical spinal nerve roots as they exit the spinal canal at the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints. This impingement triggers an inflammatory cascade—mediated by nitric oxide, prostaglandins, interleukins, and matrix metalloproteinases—leading to nerve swelling, pain, and dysfunction MedscapeMedscape. Although C7 and C6 roots are most commonly affected in general cervical radiculopathy, compression at C1–C2 manifests uniquely as occipital neuralgia, upper neck pain, and head-turning discomfort MedscapeMedscape.

Anatomy

Structure & Location

  • C1 nerve root (Suboccipital nerve):

    • Emerges between the occiput and the atlas (C1) vertebra. It often lacks a dorsal root ganglion and carries primarily motor fibers, with a small meningeal sensory branch to the dura of the foramen magnum WikipediaNCBI.

  • C2 nerve root:

    • Exits above the C2 vertebra (axis) and divides into dorsal and ventral rami. The dorsal ramus gives rise to the greater occipital nerve, supplying sensation to the posterior scalp; the ventral ramus contributes to the superior root of the ansa cervicalis WikipediaNCBI.

Origin & “Insertion”

  • Origin: Both C1 and C2 roots arise from spinal cord segments at the cervicomedullary junction.

  • “Insertion”:

    • C1/Suboccipital nerve innervates the four suboccipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major/minor, obliquus capitis superior/inferior), which form the suboccipital triangle KenhubGeeky Medics.

    • C2 root innervates rectus capitis anterior and lateralis muscles and gives motor fibers to the trapezius via accessory connections, plus sensory fibers to the scalp and earlobes Wikipedia.

Blood Supply

  • Spinal nerve roots receive blood from radicular arteries branching off the vertebral, ascending cervical, and deep cervical arteries. These travel through the intervertebral and lateral mass foramina to nourish the roots and dorsal root ganglia NCBIKenhub.

Nerve Composition

  • Each root comprises dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) rootlets.

  • C1 often has few or absent dorsal rootlets; C2 typically has well-formed dorsal rootlets and ganglion NCBIWikipedia.

Functions (six key roles)

  1. Head Extension: Via innervation of rectus capitis posterior muscles Kenhub.

  2. Head Rotation: Especially by obliquus capitis inferior rotating atlas on axis NCBI.

  3. Neck Proprioception: Deep suboccipital muscles provide fine positional sense Kenhub.

  4. Scalp Sensation: Greater occipital nerve (from C2) supplies posterior scalp Wikipedia.

  5. Pharyngeal Muscle Control: C1 fibers via ansa cervicalis innervate geniohyoid and thyrohyoid for swallowing NCBI.

  6. Dural Sensation: Small meningeal branch of C1 transmits pain from dura near foramen magnum Wikipedia.

Types of Compression

  1. Discogenic: Herniation of the C1–C2 intervertebral disc pressing on the root Medscape.

  2. Spondylotic (Osteophytic): Bone spur formation in uncovertebral/facet joints narrows the foramen Medscape.

  3. Ligamentous (Flavum) Hypertrophy: Thickening of the ligamentum flavum encroaches on root space Medscape.

  4. Traumatic: Fracture or dislocation of atlas/axis compresses the root Wikipedia.

  5. Neoplastic: Tumors (meningiomas, schwannomas, metastases) occupy the foramen Medscape.

  6. Inflammatory/Synovial: Atlantoaxial synovial cysts or rheumatoid pannus impinge nerve Medscape.

Causes

  1. Herniated nucleus pulposus at C1–C2 – disc rupture bulges into foramen Medscape.

  2. Facet joint osteoarthritis – bone spur formation Medscape.

  3. Uncovertebral joint spurring – anterior foraminal narrowing Medscape.

  4. Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy – posterior canal encroachment Medscape.

  5. Atlantoaxial instability – trauma or congenital laxity allowing subluxation Wikipedia.

  6. Jefferson fracture (C1 burst) – ring fracture compresses root Wikipedia.

  7. Rheumatoid arthritis pannus – inflammatory tissue in joint space Medscape.

  8. Atlanto-occipital assimilation – congenital C0–C1 fusion distorts foramen Wikipedia.

  9. Synovial cyst – fluid-filled sac in facet joint Medscape.

  10. Ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament – ligament calcifies and bulges Medscape.

  11. Epidural abscess – infection causes pus compressing root PM&R KnowledgeNow.

  12. Vertebral artery loop – arterial dilation into foramen Radiopaedia.

  13. Schwannoma/neurofibroma – benign nerve sheath tumor Medscape.

  14. Meningioma – dural‐based tumor encroaching root Medscape.

  15. Metastatic lesion – secondary cancer growth in bone Medscape.

  16. Paget’s disease of bone – bony overgrowth narrows canal NCBI.

  17. Tuberculous spondylitis (Pott’s disease) – vertebral infection collapses margin Medscape.

  18. Brucellar spondylitis – zoonotic infection affecting spine Medscape.

  19. Hemorrhagic cyst – bleeding into ligamentous cyst PM&R KnowledgeNow.

  20. Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis – diffuse dural thickening PM&R KnowledgeNow.

Symptoms

  1. Occipital headache – pain at back of head MedscapeMedscape.

  2. Neck stiffness – limited motion, guarding Medscape.

  3. Scalp tenderness – over suboccipital region NCBI.

  4. Occipital neuralgia – shooting pain in C2 dermatome Wikipedia.

  5. Radiating shoulder/arm pain – if lower roots involved Medscape.

  6. Paresthesias – tingling in scalp, face Medscape.

  7. Numbness – sensory loss in C2 dermatome Wikipedia.

  8. Muscle weakness – suboccipital muscle atrophy Kenhub.

  9. Reduced head rotation – pain with turning Medscape.

  10. Gait unsteadiness – rarely if cord compression Medscape.

  11. Dysphagia – C1-C2 instability affecting pharyngeal muscles NCBI.

  12. Torticollis – involuntary head tilt Medscape.

  13. Hyperreflexia – if upper motor neurons irritated Medscape.

  14. Allodynia – pain from light touch Medscape.

  15. Hyperalgesia – increased pain sensitivity Medscape.

  16. Scapular dyskinesia – altered shoulder blade motion Medscape.

  17. Myofascial trigger points – tender neck spots Medscape.

  18. Vertigo – cervicogenic vestibular symptoms Medscape.

  19. Photophobia – sensitivity light (umbilical headaches) Medscape.

  20. Autonomic symptoms – sweating, flushing in head region Medscape.

Diagnostic Tests

  1. Plain radiographs – AP, lateral, odontoid views; assess bony alignment and ADI Medscape.

  2. Flexion–extension X-rays – detect atlantoaxial instability Medscape.

  3. Computed tomography (CT) – bony detail, fracture evaluation Medscape.

  4. CT myelography – if MRI contraindicated Medscape.

  5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – soft tissue, nerve root visualization Medscape.

  6. Electromyography (EMG) – confirms radiculopathy and rule out peripheral neuropathy Medscape.

  7. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) – assess conduction velocity Medscape.

  8. Selective diagnostic nerve root block (SNRB) – localizes symptomatic root Medscape.

  9. Spurling’s test – pain reproduction with head extension and rotation Radiopaedia.

  10. Distraction test – symptom relief with axial traction ACR Search.

  11. Upper limb tension test – stretching nerve root reproduces symptoms Spine.

  12. Valsalva maneuver – increased intrathecal pressure provokes pain ACR Search.

  13. Sensory mapping – delineates dermatome involvement .

  14. Motor strength testing – myotome assessment Medscape.

  15. Reflex testing – biceps (C5–C6), triceps (C7) reflexes .

  16. Cervical MRI flow studies – dynamic CSF flow for canal compromise Radiopaedia.

  17. Bone scan – detect infection or tumor ACR Search.

  18. Laboratory tests – ESR, CRP for infection or giant cell arteritis Medscape.

  19. Screening bloodwork – rheumatologic panels for RA Medscape.

  20. Ultrasound – guide injection blocks Medscape.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

  1. Cervical traction – reduces foraminal compression AAFP.

  2. Manual physical therapy – joint mobilization and manipulation Medscape.

  3. Therapeutic exercise – stabilization and strengthening Medscape.

  4. Postural correction – ergonomic adjustments AAFP.

  5. Heat therapy – muscle relaxation, pain relief AAFP.

  6. Cold therapy – reduce inflammation and numb pain AAFP.

  7. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) – pain modulation Medscape.

  8. Acupuncture – relaxes spasm, reduces edema PubMed.

  9. Chiropractic manipulation – spinal adjustments PMC.

  10. Massage therapy – soft-tissue mobilization Medscape.

  11. Dry needling – trigger-point release Medscape.

  12. Ultrasound therapy – deep heating modality AAFP.

  13. Laser therapy – tissue repair stimulation AAFP.

  14. Cervical collar – short-term immobilization AAFP.

  15. Ergonomic workstation setup – prevent recurrence AAFP.

  16. Yoga and Pilates – flexibility and core control Medscape.

  17. Aquatic therapy – low-impact exercise Medscape.

  18. Mindfulness and relaxation training – stress-induced tension reduction Medscape.

  19. Post-isometric relaxation – muscle energy techniques Medscape.

  20. Mulligan mobilizations – sustained natural apophyseal glides Medscape.

  21. Cervical stabilization bracing – support during rehabilitation AAFP.

  22. Inversion therapy – axial unloading AAFP.

  23. Biofeedback – muscle tension control Medscape.

  24. Ergonomic neck pillow – maintain neutral alignment AAFP.

  25. Fascial release – reduce adhesions Medscape.

  26. Kinesio taping – proprioceptive support Medscape.

  27. Craniosacral therapy – gentle mobilization Medscape.

  28. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) – target weak muscles Medscape.

  29. Ergonomic phone/headset use – avoid neck tilting AAFP.

  30. Lifestyle modification – smoking cessation, weight control Medscape.

Drugs

  1. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) – reduce nerve inflammation Medscape.

  2. COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib) – selective anti-inflammatory Medscape.

  3. Acetaminophen – analgesic for mild pain AAFP.

  4. Oral corticosteroids – diminish acute inflammation PM&R KnowledgeNow.

  5. Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine) – reduce spasm AAFP.

  6. Gabapentinoids (gabapentin, pregabalin) – neuropathic pain relief Medscape.

  7. Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) – modulate pain pathways Medscape.

  8. SSRIs (e.g., duloxetine) – adjunct for chronic pain PM&R KnowledgeNow.

  9. SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine) – dual reuptake inhibition PM&R KnowledgeNow.

  10. Opioids (e.g., tramadol) – reserved for severe pain AAFP.

  11. Topical NSAIDs (e.g., diclofenac gel) – localized effect AAFP.

  12. Topical capsaicin – depletes substance P AAFP.

  13. Steroid injections (epidural or transforaminal) – direct anti-inflammatory Medscape.

  14. Local anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine patch) – focal pain relief Medscape.

  15. NMDA antagonists (e.g., ketamine) – refractory neuropathic pain PM&R KnowledgeNow.

  16. Botulinum toxin injections – muscle spasm management AAFP.

  17. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil) – off-label neuralgia AAFP.

  18. Bisphosphonates – if bone mets contribute Medscape.

  19. Methotrexate – for rheumatoid pannus Medscape.

  20. Antibiotics (e.g., vancomycin) – for epidural abscess PM&R KnowledgeNow.

Surgeries

  1. Posterior foraminotomy – decompresses nerve root via facet joint removal .

  2. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) – remove disc, fuse vertebrae .

  3. Anterior cervical corpectomy – remove vertebral body, decompress cord/root .

  4. Laminectomy at C1/C2 – posterior arch removal for canal enlargement .

  5. Facet joint fusion – stabilize unstable segments .

  6. Osteophyte resection – remove bone spurs .

  7. Pannus excision – in RA patients Medscape.

  8. Tumor resection – remove neoplastic lesion Medscape.

  9. Synovial cyst fenestration – drain cyst Medscape.

  10. Vertebral artery decompression – if vascular loop compresses root Radiopaedia.

Preventions

  1. Ergonomic workstation – neutral neck posture AAFP.

  2. Regular exercise – strengthen neck stabilizers Medscape.

  3. Smoking cessation – slows degenerative changes Medscape.

  4. Weight management – reduces mechanical load Medscape.

  5. Proper lifting mechanics – avoid neck hyperextension Medscape.

  6. Protective gear in sports – collars or braces Medscape.

  7. Avoid repetitive overhead activities – minimize joint stress Medscape.

  8. Neck stretching breaks – during prolonged desk work AAFP.

  9. Regular posture checks – neutral alignment reminders AAFP.

  10. Early treatment of infection/arthritis – prevent inflammatory pannus Medscape.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention if you experience:

  • Severe, unrelenting neck or head pain not relieved by rest

  • Progressive muscle weakness or numbness

  • Difficulty swallowing or breathing

  • Signs of infection (fever, chills)

  • Sudden onset of torticollis or inability to hold your head upright

  • New autonomic symptoms (sweating, flushing) PM&R KnowledgeNow.

FAQs

  1. What causes C1–C2 nerve root compression?
    Disc herniation, bone spurs, trauma, tumors, or inflammation can pinch the roots Medscape.

  2. How is it diagnosed?
    Through physical exam (Spurling’s, traction tests), imaging (X-ray, MRI), and EMG/NCS Medscape.

  3. Can it mimic migraine?
    Yes—occipital neuralgia can present like a migraine NCBI.

  4. Is surgery always needed?
    No—80–90% improve with conservative care within 4–6 weeks Medscape.

  5. What exercises help?
    Deep neck flexor strengthening and suboccipital stretches Medscape.

  6. Is traction effective?
    It may relieve root compression short-term AAFP.

  7. Can acupuncture help?
    Studies show significant pain reduction versus traction alone PubMed.

  8. What medications are first-line?
    NSAIDs for inflammation, gabapentin for neuropathic pain Medscape.

  9. When are injections used?
    If pain persists after 6–8 weeks of therapy Medscape.

  10. Are collars recommended?
    Short-term only; prolonged use weakens muscles AAFP.

  11. Can poor posture cause it?
    Yes—forward head posture narrows foramina Medscape.

  12. Is electrophysiology always necessary?
    Not if imaging and exam correlate, but helpful in ambiguous cases Medscape.

  13. Can vitamin deficiencies play a role?
    Rarely—B12 deficiency can mimic symptoms; labs help rule out ACR Search.

  14. What is the prognosis?
    Excellent—most recover fully with proper management Medscape.

  15. How to prevent recurrence?
    Maintain neck strength, posture, ergonomic habits AAFP.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 04, 2025.

  1. Spine-nomenclatures-spinal-cord
  2. Neurospine and spinal cord injury[rxharun.com]
  3. Lumbar Disc Herniation and Central Lumbar Spinal Stenosis[rxharun.com]
  4. spinal_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  5. lumbar-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  6. low back pain_pathophysiology_and_mx
  7. daniels-et-al-2018-the-lateral-c1-c2-puncture-indications-technique-and-potential-complications
  8. Thoracic_Spine_Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  9. lumbarstenosis[rxharun.com]
  10. surface anatomy[rxharun.com]
  11. thorax-spine-objectives3[rxharun.com]
  12. Anatomy of spinal blood supply[rxharun.com]
  13. cervicalradiculopathy
  14. backgrounder-Spinal-Function-and-Anatomy-Fact-Sheet[rxharun.com]
  15. amandersson,+17453679309160118[rxharun.com]
  16. VERTEBRAL-CANAL-II[rxharun.com] ,
  17. anatomy_of_the_spinal_cord[rxharun.com]
  18. Vertebrae-General Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  19. Human Anatomy & Physiology[rxharun.com]
  20. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  21. anatomyofvertebralcolumn-170714070023[rxharun.com]
  22. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine [rxharun.com]
  23. spine THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN[rxharun.com]
  24. Applied anatomy of the cervical spine[rxharun.com]
  25. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  26. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy [rxharun.com]
  27. Spine_Program_TMH-Insert-Spinal-Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  28. my-spine-explained[rxharun.com]
  29. Anatomy of the spine [rxharun.com]
  30. algorithm[rxharun.com]
  31. anatomy-and-physiology-of-lumbar-spine-tn6srjc8uq[rxharun.com]
  32. Boose-Degenerative-spondylolisthesis[rxharun.com]
  33. mri-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com][rxharun.com]
  34. Low_Back_Pain_Guidelines___April_2012___JOSPT[rxharun.com]
  35. l-spine-lumbar-spinal-stenosis[rxharun.com]
  36. differentiating-hip-pathology-from-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com]
  37. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  38. 1403 room4 thur Holtzhausen – Examination of the lumbosacral spine[rxharun.com]
  39. low_back_pain[rxharun.com]
  40. lumbar-spine-anatomy-diagram[rxharun.com]
  41. Lumbar-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  42. McKenzie-Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  43. lhmc-rehab-protocol-post-op-lumbar-spinal-fusion[rxharun.com]
  44. Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  45. post-op-lumbar-fusion[rxharun.com]
  46. Clinical-Biomechanics-of-spine[rxharun.com]
  47. spine2-mb-anatomy-and-biomech-of-the-tls-spine[rxharun.com]
  48. Diagnosis and Treatment of[rxharun.com]
  49. ow-back-pain-exercises[rxharun.com]
  50. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  51. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  52. Lumbar Core Strength[rxharun.com]
  53. Stability of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  54. lumbar-radiofrequency-ablabtion-[rxharun.com]
  55. Clinical examination of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  56. anatomy-of-the-spine Typical vertebral anatomy-lateral view[rxharun.com]
  57. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  58. Lumbar Spine Range of Movement Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  59. Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  60. witek2019[rxharun.com] Wilcyznski_MRI-lumbar[rxharun.com]
  61. biomechanics-of-lumbar-spine-and-lumbar-disc[rxharun.com]
  62. Lumbar Spine Muscles and Movement [rxharun.com]
  63. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  64. Nomenclature[rxharun.com]
  65. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  66. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-Guideline[rxharun.com]
  67. spine-1-jk-anatomy-of-the-spine[rxharun.com]
  68. Physical Exam of the Spine[rxharun.com]
  69. degenerative pathology of the spine new[rxharun.com]
  70. Spinal-pathology-Drop-foot-Thoracic-pain-Inflammatory-Back-Pain[rxharun.com]
  71. Many Facets of Spine Pathology[rxharun.com]
  72. osteoarthritis-of-the-spine-information[rxharun.com]
  73. MRI in Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases[rxharun.com]
  74. ARTIFICIAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS LUMBAR SPINE[rxharun.com]
  75. 2022985[rxharun.com]
  76. amandersson[rxharun.com]
  77. lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com]
  78. Anaesthesia-for-paediatric-dentistry[rxharun.com]
  79. Developments in intervertebral disc disease research_ pathophysiotherapy[rxharun.com]
  80. 2025.03.13.643128v1.full[rxharun.com]
  81. Lumbar_Disc_Herniation[rxharun.com]
  82. Biomechanics of the Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  83. percutaneous annular puncture[rxharun.com]
  84. The nucleus pulposus microenvironment i[rxharun.com]
  85. Intervertebral Disc Stress [rxharun.com]
  86. degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc[rxharun.com]
  87. Dixon_AR, Mechanical Engineering, PhD, 2022[rxharun.com]
  88. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION [rxharun.com]
  89. Intervertebral disc degeneration rx[rxharun.com]
  90. Biological Therapeutic Modalities for Intervertebral[rxharun.com]
  91. intervertebral-disc-mechanics-[rxharun.com]
  92. Intervertebral Disc Damage & Repair[rxharun.com]
  93. disc_prolapse_pathology_2016[rxharun.com]
  94. Strontium Ranelate Ameliorates Intervertebral Disc[rxharun.com]
  95. faysal_bas_it,+841_221-223[rxharun.com]
  96. LUMBAR PROLAPSED INTERVERTEBRAL[rxharun.com]
  97. nrrheum.2014-disc-nutrient-review[rxharun.com]
  98. Intervertebral Disc Degeneration[rxharun.com]
  99. Structure and Biology of the Intervertebral Disk in Health and Disease[rxharun.com]
  100. amandersson,+17453679309160104[rxharun.com]
  101. Ligamentum Flavum at L4-5[rxharun.com]
  102. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  103. Anatomy of the spine[rxharun.com]
  104. lab manual_spinal cord and spinal nerves_a+p[rxharun.com]
  105. Spinal Cord Functions & Reflexes[rxharun.com]
  106. Nervous System Lect Notes[rxharun.com]
  107. Central nervous system[rxharun.com]
  108. Nervous System.BD[rxharun.com]
  109. SAJAA(V26N6)+p40-44+09+2535+Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  110. Spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  111. spinalcord[rxharun.com]
  112. Management of[rxharun.com]
  113. integrated-care-pathway-spinal-cord-injury[rxharun.com]
  114. Spinal Cord Spinal Nerve Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  115. 1st-Professional-MBBS-Chapter-wise-Questions[rxharun.com]
  116. Key_Sensory_Points[rxharun.com]
  117. Spinal-cord-slides[rxharun.com]
  118. Range_of_Motion[rxharun.com]
  119. yes-you-can_digital[rxharun.com]
  120. Motor_Exam_Guide[rxharun.com]
  121. Living-with-a-Spinal-Cord-Injury[rxharun.com]
  122. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  123. Spinal cord nerves [rxharun.com]
  124. anatomy-of-the-circulation-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord[rxharun.com]
  125. Spinal_cord_Tracts[rxharun.com]
  126. Spinal Cord Injury[rxharun.com]
  127. spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  128. SpinalCord34[rxharun.com]
  129. Spinal_Cord_Anatomy_and_Localization.-compressed[rxharun.com]
  130. Functions of the Spinal Cord[rxharun.com]
  131. Spinal Cord Organization[rxharun.com]
  132. Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves[rxharun.com]
  133. AnatomyBackSpinalCord-StatPearls-NCBIBookshelf[rxharun.com]
  134. SpinalCord nerve, reflexes, coloumn[rxharun.com]
  135. Spinal Cord, nerve, reflexes[rxharun.com]
  136. Anatomy of the Spinal Cord [rxharun.com]
  137. Spinal+cord+pathways[rxharun.com]
  138. L2-Anatomy of Spinal cord[rxharun.com]
  139. fnhum-11-00343[rxharun.com]
  140. spine_injury_guidelines[rxharun.com]
  141. spine-care-for-the-therapist[rxharun.com]
  142. thoracic spine based on graphical images[rxharun.com]
  143. Spine-biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  144. ajnr_1_1_009[rxharun.com]
  145. Ultrasonography of the Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Spine for Central Neuraxial Blockade [rxharun.com]
  146. thoracic-spine[rxharun.com]
  147. JAAOS_Management_of_Thoracic_and_lumbar_metastases[rxharun.com]
  148. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  149. Spine7 Treatment of Fractures of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  150. Thoracic_spine_mobility_an_essential_link_in_upper_limb_kinetic_chains_a_systematic_review_v2[rxharun.com]
  151. Disorders of the thoracic spine pathology treatment[rxharun.com]
  152. Thoracoscopy-A-Minimally-Invasive-Approach-to-the-Anterior-Thoracic-Spine[rxharun.com]
  153. Thoracic-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  154. thoracic-mobility-and-athletic-performance[rxharun.com]
  155. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  156. Thoracic Home Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  157. Thoracic Posture and Mobility in Mechanical Neck[rxharun.com]
  158. Thoracic_and_Lumbar_Spine_ROM_exercise_programme_done_2019[rxharun.com]
  159. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  160. Clinical examination of the thoracic spine[rxharun.com]
  161. TIMS-Managing-Thoracic-Back-Pain-July-2024[rxharun.com]
  162. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-[rxharun.com]

PDF Document For This Disease Conditions

  1. https://rxharun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nomenclature.pdf
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  13. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  14. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  15. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  16. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  18. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  20. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  22. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  23. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  24. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  25. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  26. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  27. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  28. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  29. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  30. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  31. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  32. https://www.skincancer.org/
  33. https://illnesshacker.com/
  34. https://endinglines.com/
  35. https://www.jaad.org/
  36. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  37. https://books.google.com/books?
  38. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  39. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  40. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  41. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  42. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  43. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  44. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  45. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  46. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  49. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  50. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  51. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  52. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  53. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  54. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  55. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  56. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  57. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  58. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  59. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  60. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  61. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  62. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  63. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  64. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  65. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  66. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  67. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  69. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References

 

You Might Also Like This Posts:

  1. Cervical Transverse Nerve Root Compression Cervical Transverse Nerve Root Compression—often called cervical radiculopathy or a “pinched nerve in the neck”—occurs when one or more nerve roots exiting the cervical spinal cord are pressed upon by surrounding structures. This compression disrupts normal nerve signaling, leading to pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the shoulder, arm, or hand. It can arise suddenly […]...
  2. Foraminal Nerve Compression Test A physical examination technique that reduces the opening of the foramen may demonstrate if there is pressure upon the exiting spinal nerve. The test is done to detect spinal nerve root involvement, a herniated disc, bulging disc, or foraminal stenosis. The patient is seated with the head and neck in a neutral position. Pressure is increasingly applied on the head and neck in […]...
  3. Cervical Annular Peripheral (transverse) Tear A cervical annular peripheral (transverse) tear is a rip or fissure in the tough outer ring (annulus fibrosus) of one of the neck (cervical) intervertebral discs. This tear occurs in the outermost lamellae (peripheral fibers) and runs around the disc in a transverse (circumferential) direction. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), these tears often show up […]...
  4. Cervical Nerves – Anatomy, Nerve Supply, Functions Cervical nerves are spinal nerves that arise from the cervical region of the spinal cord. These nerves conduct motor and sensory information via efferent and afferent fibers, respectively, to and from the central nervous system. While classified as peripheral nerves, the motor cell body resides in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. There are […]...
  5. Cervical Spinal Nerves – Anatomy, Nerve Supply, Function Cervical Spinal Nerves/Cervical nerves are spinal nerves that arise from the cervical region of the spinal cord. These nerves conduct motor and sensory information via efferent and afferent fibers, respectively, to and from the central nervous system. While classified as peripheral nerves, the motor cell body resides in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. […]...
  6. The Cervical Nerves – Anatomy, Blood And Nerve Supply The Cervical Nerves/Cervical nerves are spinal nerves that arise from the cervical region of the spinal cord. These nerves conduct motor and sensory information via efferent and afferent fibers, respectively, to and from the central nervous system. While classified as peripheral nerves, the motor cell body resides in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. […]...
  7. Spinal Accessory Nerve Compression Spinal accessory nerve compression can lead to discomfort and restricted movement. This condition occurs when the spinal accessory nerve, which controls certain muscles in the neck and shoulders, becomes compressed or damaged. In this guide, we’ll break down what spinal accessory nerve compression is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and various treatment options available. The spinal […]...
  8. Spinal Cord Compression: Causes, Symptoms And Treatment The spinal cord is an assembly of small bones (vertebrae), nerves and soft tissues which together work to transmit messages to the brain and vice versa. It runs from the base of the head down to the lower back. The nerves project out of the intervertebral spaces and connect with the muscles to send signals […]...
  9. Arnold’s Nerve Compression Arnold’s nerve compression, also known as occipital neuralgia, occurs when the occipital nerves, which run from the top of the spinal cord to the scalp, are compressed or irritated. This can result in intense pain in the back of the head and neck. Understanding the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for Arnold’s nerve compression […]...
  10. Lesser Petrosal Nerve Compression When the lesser petrosal nerve gets compressed, it can lead to various uncomfortable symptoms. In this article, we’ll explore what lesser petrosal nerve compression is, what causes it, its symptoms, how it’s diagnosed, and the available treatments. We’ll also touch on when it’s essential to seek medical help. The lesser petrosal nerve is a small […]...

To Get Daily Health Newsletter

We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Terms and Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Editorial Policy
Advertising Policy
EU User Consent Policy
Correction Policy
Citation Policy
Ethics and Logical Policies
About Us
Contact Us
Newsletter
Career
Sitemap
Advertise with us
Editorial Board Members
Review Board Member
Team RxHarun
Web Developers Team
Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
Request for Board Member
Women Writers
Download Mobile Apps
Follow us on Social Media
© 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
RxHarun
Logo