Cirrhosis is defined as the histological development of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic liver injury, which leads to portal hypertension and end-stage liver ...
Hyperbilirubinaemia/ Jaundice is the commonest presentation of patients with liver and biliary disease. The cause can be established in most cases by simple non-invasive tests, but many patients will ...
Jaundice is the commonest presentation of patients with liver and biliary disease. The cause can be established in most cases by simple non-invasive tests, but many patients will require referral to ...
Hemorrhoids are a very common anorectal condition defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. They affect millions of people around the world and ...
Infertility means not having children after one year of regular sexual life without the use of contraception techniques (rx). Infertility is one of the major health care problems in all societies ...
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Metabolic abnormalities in ...
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection of the bladder and associated structures. These are patients with no structural abnormality and no comorbidities, such as diabetes, ...
Lung cancer is among the most deadly cancers for both men and women (rx). Its death rate exceeds that of the three most common cancers (colon, breast, and pancreatic) combined (rx). Over half of ...
Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women, accounting for more than 1 in 10 new cancer diagnoses each year. It is the second most common cause of death from cancer among women in the ...
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchi of lungs. It is a very common presentation in an emergency department, urgent care center, and primary care office. About 5% of adults have ...
Dental Pain also is known as dental pain is a pain in the teeth and/or their supporting structures, caused by dental diseases or pain referred to the teeth by non-dental diseases. Common causes ...
Psoriatic Arthropathy(also arthritis psoriatica, arthropathic psoriasis or psoriatic arthropathy) is a type of inflammatory arthritis that will develop in between 6 and 42% of people who have the ...
Calcaneal Apophysitis /Sever's Disease another name known as calcaneal apophysitis is an inflammation of the growth plate in the heel of growing children, typically adolescents. The condition ...
Plantar Fasciopathy is a disorder that results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot. The pain is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest. Pain is also ...
Chikungunya Fever is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It can cause high fever, join and muscle pain, and headache. ...
Joint Aspiration/ Arthrocentesis is the clinical procedure of using a syringe to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule. It is also known as joint aspiration. Arthrocentesis is used in the ...
Osteochondrosis/Osgood Schlatter disease occurs most often in children who participate in sports that involve running, jumping and swift changes of direction- such as soccer, basketball, figure ...
Management of Drug Interactions is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together. This action can be synergistic (when the ...
Hypertrophic scars (HTSs) are defined as visible and elevated scars that do not spread into surrounding tissues and that often regress spontaneously . These scars are characterized by proliferation ...
Venous Thrombosis/ Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clot that develops in a vein deep in the body. The clot may partially or completely block blood flow through the vein. Most DVTs occur in the lower ...
Brain Inflammation is an inflammation of the nervous tissue. It may be initiated in response to a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic brain injury, toxic metabolites, or autoimmunity. In ...
Oxygen Ozone Treatment for Herniated Discs (PLID) or Spinal disc herniation, also known as a slipped disc, is a medical condiervertibral dissection affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, ...
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States. This review details the risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment, and prophylaxis for the disease. Typically, the tick ...
Complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is the injury of the spinal cord from the foramen magnum to the cauda equina which occurs as a result of compulsion, incision or contusion. The most common causes of ...
Pressure Injury/Bed Sores also known as pressure sores, bedsores, and decubitus ulcers, are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result ...
Pressure Ulcer/Bed Sores also known as pressure sores, bedsores, and decubitus ulcers, are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result ...
Decubitus Ulcer/Bed Sores also known as pressure sores, bedsores, and decubitus ulcers, are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result ...
Bed Sores also known as pressure sores, bedsores, and decubitus ulcers, are localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a bony prominence as a result of pressure, or ...
Acute Whiplash injury is a hyperextension and flexion injury to the neck or sudden thrusting forwards due to forceful, rapid back-and-forth movement of the neck, like the cracking of a whip. Whiplash ...
Idiopathic Facial Palsy is an idiopathic, acute, unilateral paresis or paralysis of the face in a pattern consistent with peripheral facial nerve dysfunction, and may be partial or complete, ...
Halitosis is a symptom in which a noticeably unpleasant odor is present on the breath. It can result in anxiety among those affected. It is also associated with depression and symptoms ...
Abdominal Pain Types Causes Symptoms is also known as stomach pain or tummy ache, is a common symptom associated with non-serious and serious causes. Common causes of pain in the abdomen include ...
Ischemic Stroke Causes Symptoms is defined as an acute focal or global neurological deficit lasting longer than 24 h or leading to death and which is of no aetiology other than vascular. It is the ...
Early Warning Signs of a Stroke, Treatment is a neurological deficit of cerebrovascular causes the sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an ...
Cerebrovascular accident is defined as an acute focal or global neurological deficit lasting longer than 24 h or leading to death and which is of no aetiology other than vascular. It is the third ...
List of Musculoskeletal Disorders(MSDs) is injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck, ...
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome- Causes, Symptoms can be described compression of the neurovascular structures as they exit through the thoracic outlet (cervicothoracobrachial region). It is a condition in ...
What happens if mallet finger goes untreated? Mallet finger is an injury to the thin tendon that straightens the end joint of a finger or thumb. Although it is also known as baseball finger this ...
Which of the Drugs is Given to Treat Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow ...
What Causes Airway Inflammation in Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow ...
Types of Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. ...
Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is an overuse injury or repetitive-stress injury of the shin area. Various stress reactions of the tibia and surrounding musculature occur when the body is unable ...
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency Anemia /Pernicious anemia (also known as Biermer’s disease) is an autoimmune atrophic gastritis, predominantly of the fundus, and is responsible for a deficiency in vitamin ...
Knee Swelling is a general term used to describe excess fluid that accumulates in or around your knee joint. Your doctor may refer to this condition as a knee "effusion." Painful knee effusions may ...
Parkinsonism (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The symptoms generally come on slowly over time. Early in the disease, the ...
Klumpke’s Palsy /Erb–Duchenne palsy is a form of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. It occurs when there's an injury to the brachial plexus, specifically the upper brachial plexus at birth. The injury ...
Brachial Plexus Injury/ Erb– Duchenne palsy is a form of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. It occurs when there's an injury to the brachial plexus, specifically the upper brachial plexus at birth. The ...
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) are important causes of morbidity and mortality, with mortality rates approaching 62%. HAP and VAP are the second most ...
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is commonly described as an acute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired in the community. It is most commonly bacterial in nature and is associated with ...
Posterior Tibial Neuralgia/ Tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) also known as posterior tibial neuralgia, is a compression neuropathy and painful foot condition in which the tibial nerve is compressed as it ...
Restlessness/ Agitation can be defined as excessive verbal / motor behavior. It can readily escalate to aggression, which can be either verbal (vicious cursing and threats) or physical (toward ...
Irritability/ Agitation can be defined as excessive verbal / motor behavior. It can readily escalate to aggression, which can be either verbal (vicious cursing and threats) or physical (toward ...
Nightmare Sleep paralysis is when during awakening or falling asleep, a person is aware but unable to move or speak. During an episode, one may hear, feel, or see things that are not there. It often ...
MND (Motor Neuron Disease) is any of several neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons, the cells that control voluntary muscles of the body. A group of related diseases of ...
Unipolar or major depression is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or a lack of interest in outside stimuli. It is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that ...
Causes, Symptoms of Lumbar Disc Herniation /Spinal disc herniation also is known as a slipped disc, is a medical condition affecting the spine in which a tear in the outer, fibrous ring of ...
Treatment of Cervical Spondylosis/Cervical spondylosis is a generalized disease process affecting all levels of the cervical spine. Cervical spondylosis encompasses a sequence of degenerative changes ...
Viagra treatment for all with the ‘little blue pill...Study results suggest that PDE-5 inhibitors could have a role in treating cancer, heart failure, neurodegenerative diseases, circulatory ...
Regular physical activity (PA) is increasingly promoted for people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases as well as the general population. We evaluated if the public health ...
Asthma Latest Research is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of ...
Vitamin B Complex/B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, they are chemically distinct compounds ...
Adrenal crisis (also known as Addisonian crisis and acute adrenal insufficiency) is a medical emergency and potentially life-threatening situation requiring immediate emergency treatment. It is a ...
Hypopituitarism is the decreased (hypo) secretion of one or more of the eight hormones normally produced by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. If there is decreased secretion of one ...
Hyperthyroidism is a condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the condition that occurs due to excessive thyroid hormone of any ...
Epigastric pain is felt in the middle of the upper abdomen, just below the ribcage. Epigastric pain is pain that is localized to the region of the upper abdomen immediately below the ribs. Often, ...
Flatulence or intestinal gas is the state of having the excessive stomach and/or intestinal gas (waste gas produced during digestion) that is usually released from the anus with sound and/or odor. ...
Cefetamet is a semisynthetic, beta-lactamase-stable, third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefetamet binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the ...
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a long-term condition that results in inflammation and ulcers of the colon and rectum. It causes irritation and swelling called inflammation. Eventually, that leads to ...
Crohn's disease is a chronic long-term type condition of inflammatory bowel disease that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. It causes inflammation of your digestive ...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. ...
Amoebiasis also is known amoebic dysentery, is an infection caused by any of the amoebas of the Entamoeba group & parasitic infection of the intestines caused by the protozoan Entamoeba ...
Mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect. A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the ...
Hand injury is a kind of injury that contains the muscle, bones, nerve, tendon, ligament, cartilage, synovium, bursa and more. The hand is a very complex organ with multiple joints, different types ...
Drowsiness / Sleepiness and wakefulness are regulated primarily by an interaction between sleep homeostatic and circadian processes.1,2 In general, the homeostatic drive for sleep increases with time ...
Hemophilia is not one disease but rather one of a group of inherited bleeding disorders that cause abnormal or exaggerated bleeding and poor blood clotting. The term is most commonly used to refer to ...
Shoulder impingement syndrome is a common condition affecting the shoulder often seen in aging adults. This condition is closely related to shoulder bursitis and rotator cuff tendonitis. These ...
ADHD (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a mental disorder of the neurodevelopmental type. It is characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling ...
COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.It is an umbrella term used to describe progressive ...
Laser Therapy is a medical treatment that uses low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes to alter cellular function. Laser has primarily been shown useful in the short-term treatment of acute pain ...
Biofeedback Therapy is a non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate.It is the process ...
Joint Stiffness is the feeling that the motion of a joint is limited or difficult. The feeling is not caused by weakness or reluctance to move the joint due to pain. It is the sensation of difficulty ...
Occupational Therapy (OT) is the use of assessment and intervention to develop, recover, or maintain the meaningful activities, or occupations, of individuals, groups, or communities. It is an allied ...
Lung / Pulmonary Function Test is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary ...
Osteomyelitis is an infection and inflammation of the bone or the bone marrow. It can happen if a bacterial or fungal infection enters the bone tissue from the bloodstream, due to injury or ...
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older people may ...
Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder caused when an error in cell division results in an extra 21st chromosome. Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by ...
Lumbar puncture (LP) also known as a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal, most commonly to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic testing. ...
Echocardiogram is a test that uses ultrasound to evaluate your heart muscle and heart valves.An echocardiogram, often referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo, is a sonogram of the heart. ...
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow.It is a form of cancer that affects the body's ability to make healthy blood cells. It starts in the bone marrow, the soft center of various bones. ...
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as ...
Blurred vision means, lack of sharpness of vision with, as a result, the inability to see fine detail. Blurred vision can occur when a person who wears corrective lens is without them. Blurred vision ...
Fever also is known as pyrexia and febrile response is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point. There is not a single agreed-upon ...
Hallucination is a sensation or sensory perception that a person experiences in the absence of a relevant external stimulus. That is, a person experiences something that doesn’t really exist (except ...
Apnea or sleep apnea is a temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep or suspension of breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, and the volume of ...
Peptic ulcer (stomach or duodenal) is a break in the inner lining of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. A peptic ulcer of the stomach is called a gastric ulcer; of the duodenum, a duodenal ulcer; ...
Nasal Congestion or Runny Nose & Sneezing is excess drainage produced by nasal and adjacent tissues and blood vessels in the nose. This drainage may range from a clear fluid to thick mucus.Stuffy ...
Sore Throat or Pharyngitis or Strep throat, also called streptococcal sore throat, is an infection of the throat and tonsils caused by Streptococcal bacteria. Typical symptoms are sore throat, ...
Heart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet the body's needs for blood and oxygen. It is inability of the heart to keep ...
Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered obese when their body mass ...
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare disorder that is usually caused by a gastrinoma, or tumor, that originates from the pancreas or, less likely, from the small intestine.The tumor secretes a ...
Heartburn is a sensation of burning in the chest caused by stomach acid backing up into the esophagus (food pipe). It is also known as acid indigestion, is a burning sensation in the ...
Erosive esophagitis is defined as inflammation of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach.Esophagitis can be caused by infection, irritation of the esophagus, or ...
GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease ) also known as acid reflux, is a long-term condition where stomach contents come back up into the esophagus resulting in either symptoms or ...
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry, that is, apprehensive expectation about events or activities. This ...
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. This instability often ...
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a condition in which a woman has severe depression symptoms, irritability, and tension before menstruation. The symptoms of PMDD are more severe than those ...
Persistent depressive disorder known as dysthymia or low-grade depression, is less severe than major depression but more chronic. It occurs twice as often in women as in men.Persistent depressive ...
Major depressive disorder also known as unipolar or major depression is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness or a lack of interest in outside stimuli. It is a mental ...
Premature ejaculation (PE) occurs when a man experiences orgasm and expels semen soon after sexual activity and with minimal penile stimulation. It has also been called early ejaculation, rapid ...
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, ...
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, or other threats on a ...
CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) is a short-term form of behavioral treatment that helps people problem-solve and see the relationship between beliefs, thoughts, and feelings, and subsequent ...
