Zygomaticomaxillary Fractures
A zygomaticomaxillary fracture—often called a ZMC fracture or tripod/tetrapod fracture—is a break of the cheekbone where the zygoma (cheekbone) meets the maxilla (upper jaw) and the orbit (eye ...
Rx Fracture of Bone (A – Z)
Orbital Roof Fractures
The orbital roof is the bony “ceiling” of the eye socket. It is made mainly by the frontal bone. It separates the eye from the front part of the brain. An orbital roof fracture means this thin bone ...
Orbital Medial Wall Fractures
An orbital medial wall fracture is a break in the thin bone on the inner side of the eye socket. The eye socket is the orbit. The inner wall sits next to the ethmoid sinus, which is a group of air ...
Orbital Floor Fractures
An orbital floor fracture is a break in the thin bone that makes the “bottom” of the eye socket. Your eye sits in a bony cup called the orbit. The floor of this cup is very thin and lies on top of ...
Cough-Induced Rib Fractures
A cough-induced rib fracture happens when repeated, forceful coughing (or one severe cough) places very high stress on the rib cage. The muscles between the ribs and in the abdominal wall contract ...
Naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) Complex Fracture
A naso-orbitoethmoid (NOE) complex fracture is a break of the thin bones in the middle of the face where the top of the nose meets the inner corner of the eye sockets and the small air cells (ethmoid ...
LeFort Fractures
LeFort fractures are specific break patterns in the middle of the face (the “midface”). They were first mapped by a French surgeon, René Le Fort, who studied how different blows break facial bones. ...
Vertical Root Fractures
Vertical Root Fractures (VRF) are dental issues that can cause severe pain and damage to your teeth. In this article, we'll break down everything you need to know about VRF in simple, ...
Tooth Fracture
Tooth fractures can be painful and worrying, but understanding them can help you take better care of your oral health. In this article, we'll provide you with clear and straightforward explanations ...
Fracture Blister
A fracture blister can happen when a bone breaks, and it's important to understand what it is, what causes it, and how to deal with it. In this article, we'll break down everything you need to know ...
Pathologic Fractures
Pathologic fractures represent a growing concern in the field of musculoskeletal oncology. The incidence of pathologic fractures is rising, primarily due to improved diagnosis and treatment of ...
Types of Bone Fractures
Fracture of Bones is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several pieces. A bone fracture ...
Olecranon Bursitis
Olecranon bursitis is a condition characterized by swelling, redness, and pain at the tip of the elbow. If the underlying cause is due to an infection, fever may be present. The condition is ...
Lateral Ankle Sprain
A lateral ligament ankle sprain occurs when the ligaments outside the ankle are stretched beyond their limits. Injury to these ligaments causes pain and swelling in the ankle. Generally, most ...
Medial Mnkle Sprains
Medial ankle sprains are usually caused by a sudden twisting, turning, or rolling inwards of the ankle. A medial ankle sprain can occur due to a fall or stepping awkwardly onto an uneven surface. It ...
Hand Fracture
Hand fracture means the injury, dislocation, fracture, or breaks of the bone of the hand with injury of tendon, cartilage, ligament, and soft tissue laceration. You may have difficulty using your ...
Keifhaber-Stern Classification
The Keifhaber-Stern classification was proposed originally by Hastings and later modified by Keifhaber and Stern in 1998. This classification, along with the Eaton classification, is the most widely ...
Bankart Lesion
A Bankart lesion is an injury of the glenoid labrum due to an anteroinferior shoulder dislocation, often located in the 3–6 o’clock position (1) and causes anterior shoulder instability due to ...
Brachial Plexus Test
The Brachial Plexus Compression Test, also called Morley's Compression Test is employed for the assessment of thoracic outlet syndrome which produces tenderness at the basis of the neck when pressure ...
Reverse Hill-Sachs Defect, McLaughlin Mesion
Reverse Hill-Sachs defect, also called a McLaughlin lesion, is defined as an impaction, impression fracture of the anteromedial aspect of the humeral head and causes posterior dislocation of ...
Hill-Sachs Lesion and Fracture
A Hill-Sachs lesion is a typical impression fracture in the long bone of the upper arm humerus head compression injury to the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head created by the hits against the ...
Humeral Head Fracture
Humeral head fracture is an irregular hemisphere shape one of three types of shoulder fractures and refers to an injury, dislocation, or break involving the area surrounding the humeral head, which ...
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that frequently uses gamma rays radioisotope or gamma camera to take the 2D or 3D image for diagnosis of ...
Lateral Humeral Condyle Fractures
Lateral humeral condyle fractures also referred to as injury, dislocation, laceration, and brake the lateral condyle of the humerus as lateral condyle fractures (in the appropriate context), are ...
Medial Condyle Fractures Distal Humerus
Medial condyle fractures mean injury, dislocation, break the bone of the humerus condyle involve a fracture line that extends through and separates the medial metaphysis and epicondyle from the rest ...
Transphyseal Fractures
Transphyseal fractures/Medial epicondyle fracture is intra-articular incarceration that occurs in the setting of an elbow dislocation, injury, break of the medial epicondyle fragment that may become ...
Medial Epicondyle Avulsion Fracture
Medial epicondyle fracture is intra-articular incarceration that occurs in the setting of an elbow dislocation, injury, break of the medial epicondyle fragment that may become entrapped in the elbow ...
Medial Epicondyle Fracture
Medial epicondyle fracture is an intra-articular incarceration occur in the setting of an elbow dislocation, injury, break the medial epicondyle fragment that may become entrapped in the elbow joint ...
Lateral Epicondyle Fractures of The Elbow
Lateral epicondyle fractures of the elbow are rare epicondylar fractures referred to as lateral epicondyle fractures, injury, dislocation, breaking of the bone by avulsion fractions of the ...
Essex-Lopresti Fracture Dislocation
Essex-Lopresti fracture-dislocation is may be defined by a fracture of the radial head, longitudinal radioulnar dissociation with dislocation, disruption of the distal radioulnar joint, and ...
Forearm Fracture Near Elbow Joints
Forearm Fracture Near Elbow Joints or Fractures of the forearm is an intra-articular group of fractures that can occur at different levels following trauma, injury, dislocation, bleeding, hematoma, ...
Child Middle Forearm Fracture
Child Middle Forearm Fracture or Fractures of the forearm is an intra-articular group of fractures that can occur at different levels following trauma, injury, dislocation, bleeding, hematoma, and ...
Middle Forearm Fracture in Right Hand
Middle Forearm Fracture in Right Hand or Fractures of the forearm is an intra-articular group of fractures that can occur at different levels following trauma, injury, dislocation, bleeding, ...
Forearm Fracture Near Wrist and Distal End
Forearm Fracture Near Wrist and Distal End or Fractures of the forearm is an intra-articular group of fractures that can occur at different levels following trauma, injury, dislocation, bleeding, ...
Forearm Fractures
Fractures of the forearm are an intra-articular group of fractures that can occur at different levels following trauma, injury, dislocation, bleeding, hematoma, and breaking the forearm near the ...
Smith Fracture
A Smith fracture is also known as Goyrand fractures (extra-, juxta-, or intra-articular), an eponym for an extraarticular fracture of the distal radius featuring angulation a volar displacement, or ...
Pisiform Bone Fracture
Pisiform Bone Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the pisiform bone is a small bone near the wrist joint causes fracture either oblique, transverse, comminuted, ...
Volar Cortical Fractures
Volar Cortical Fractures or Volar Barton fractures involve the volar articular margin of the distal radius with proximal and volar subluxation of the carpus. Although traditionally conceptualized as ...
Triquetral Body Fractures
Triquetral body fractures are often associated with perilunate fracture-dislocations, which are approximately in 12% to 25% of all triquetral fractures . These injuries tend to result in transverse ...
Dorsal Cortical Fractures of Triquetrum Bone
Dorsal cortical fractures are most commonly associated with falls with an extended wrist that is also ulnar deviated. A triquetral fracture typically presents as ulnar-sided wrist pain that is worse ...
Triquetrum Bone Fracture
Triquetrum Bone Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the Triquetrum Bone Fracture is a small bone near the wrist joint of either oblique, transverse, comminuted, ...
Lunate Bone Fracture
Lunate bone Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the lunate bone a small bone near the wrist joint, and fracture either oblique, transverse, comminuted, incomplete ...
Carpal Bone Fracture
Carpal Bone Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the lunate bone a small bone near the wrist joint of either oblique, transverse, comminuted, incomplete ...
Scaphoid Bone Fracture
Scaphoid Bone Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the hamate in proximal pole, the wrist of the scaphoid, and distal pole of bone a small bone near the base of thumb ...
Hamate Hook Fracture
Hamate Hook Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the Hamate hook Fracture tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete ...
Hamate Body Fracture
Hamate Body Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the Hamate body Fracture tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete ...
Hamate Fracture
Hamate Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the Hamate Fracture tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete intra-articular ...
Capitate Bone Fracture
Capitate Bone Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the capitate bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete intra-articular ...
Trapezium Fracture
Trapezium Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the trapezoid tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete intra-articular ...
Trapezoid Fracture
Trapezoid Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, breaking of the trapezoid tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete intra-articular ...
Fifth Metacarpal Neck Fracture
Fifth Metacarpal Neck Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the 5th metacarpal tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete ...
Fifth Metacarpal Shaft Fracture
Fifth Metacarpal Shaft Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the 5th metacarpal tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete ...
Fifth Metacarpal Base Fracture
Fifth Metacarpal base Fracture is isolated, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the 5th metacarpal tubular bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, incomplete ...
Fourth Metacarpal Neck Fracture
Fourth Metacarpal Neck Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the fourth metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, ...
Fourth Metacarpal Head Fracture
Fourth Metacarpal head Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the fourth metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, ...
Fourth Metacarpal Shaft Fracture
Fourth Metacarpal base Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the fourth metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, ...
Fourth Metacarpal Base Fracture
Fourth Metacarpal base Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the fourth metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, ...
Third Metacarpal Head Fracture
Third Metacarpal head Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the head of the third metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, ...
Third Metacarpal Shaft Fracture
Third Metacarpal shaft Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the shaft of the third metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, spiral, complete, ...
Third Metacarpal Base Fracture
Third Metacarpal Base Fracture is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break the base of the third metacarpal bone either oblique, transverse, comminuted, complete, incomplete ...
Second Metacarpal Head Fracture
Second Metacarpal Head Fracture (Base of the metacarpal bone of the index finger is the longest, largest of all the metacarpal bones) is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break ...
Second Metacarpal Body Fracture
Second Metacarpal Body Fracture (Base of the metacarpal bone of the index finger is the longest, largest of all the metacarpal bones) is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break ...
Second Metacarpal Shaft Fracture
Second Metacarpal Shaft Fracture (Base of the metacarpal bone of the index finger is the longest, largest of all the metacarpal bones) is isolated, simple, closed, stable injury, dislocation, break ...
Second Metacarpal Base Fracture
Second Metacarpal Base Fracture (Base of the metacarpal bone of the index finger is the longest, largest of all the metacarpal bones) is injury, dislocation, break either oblique, transverse, ...
Metacarpal Head Fracture
Metacarpal head fracture is injury, dislocation, break either oblique, transverse, comminuted, complete, incomplete intra-articular fracture associated with axial compression of the extended digit ...
Head Fracture of First Metacarpal Bone
Head Fracture of First Metacarpal Bone/Metacarpal head fracture is injury, dislocation, break either oblique, transverse, comminuted, complete, incomplete intra-articular fracture associated with ...
Shaft and Body Fracture of the 1st Metacarpal Bone
Shaft and Body Fracture of the 1st Metacarpal Bone is an extra-articular, Oblique fracture, Pure transverse, Y or T shaped complete intra-articular and extraarticular fracture that occurs in the ...
1st Metacarpal Shaft Fracture
1st Metacarpal Shaft Fracture/The Shaft of the 1st metacarpal fracture is extra-articular, Oblique fracture, Pure transverse, Y or T shaped complete intra-articular and extraarticular fracture occurs ...
Base of the 1st Metacarpal Fractures
The base of the 1st metacarpal fracture is an extra-articular, Oblique fracture, Pure transverse, Y or T shaped complete intra-articular fracture in the base of 1st metacarpal bone by connected to ...
Base of The Thumb Fractures
The base of the Thumb fractures is extra-articular, Oblique fracture, Pure transverse, Y or T shaped complete intra-articular fracture in the base of 1st metacarpal bone by connected to the trapezium ...
Reverse Bennett Fracture Dislocation
A reverse Bennett fracture-dislocation is a fracture-dislocation, injury, sub relaxation of the base of the 5th metacarpal bone. It is pathologically and radiographically analogous or opposite to the ...
Femur Shaft Fractures
Femur shaft fractures have become safe and reproducible since the advent of the popularization of intramedullary nailing, however, many femoral shaft fractures are complicated by associated ...
Thumb Spica Splinting
Thumb Spica Splinting is often effective as a short-lived immobilization measure and provides adequate protection from further soft tissue injury secondary to the structural support when the ...
Stener Lesion
A Stener lesion is a type of traumatic injury, mild sprain, partial to complete ligamentous tear of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) from the forceful abduction of distal thumb's proximal phalanx ...
Skier’s Thumb
Skier’s thumb(also called Sprained thumb; Stable thumb; Ulnar collateral ligament injury; Gamekeeper's thumb) is stable, undisplaced avulsion fractures and incomplete ligamentous lesions or partial ...
Gamekeeper’s Thumb for Football, Cricket
The gamekeeper's thumb is acute, chronic instability insufficiency tears of the ulnar collateral ligament that originates from the head of the metacarpal of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the ...
Pseudo-Bennett Fracture / Winterstein Fracture
Pseudo-Bennett fracture or Winterstein fracture is stable, oblique fractures, transverse extra-articular two-piece fractures of the proximal first metacarpal bone. They are usually stable, fractures ...
Epibasal Fractures of The Thumb
Epibasal fractures of the thumb (also called pseudo-Bennett fracture or Winterstein fracture) are stable, oblique fractures, transverse extra-articular two-piece fractures of the proximal first ...
Rolando Fracture
The Rolando fracture is a comminuted, concomitant intra-articular fracture through the base of the thumb's first metacarpal dorsolateral process (the first bone forming the thumb) which extends ...
Bennett Fracture Dislocation
Bennett fracture-dislocation is an unstable, oblique, Hyperabduction/ hyperextension, intra-articular metacarpal fracture (known as the palmar beak fragment) of the base of the first metacarpal with ...
Distal Phalanx Shaft Fracture
Distal Phalanx Shaft Fracture means the injury, dislocation, and breaking off the shaft of the distal phalanx that lies between the base and tuft of the distal phalanx, and fracture occurs ...
Distal Phalanx Base Fracture
Distal Phalanx Base Fracture means the injury, dislocation, and break off the base of the distal phalanx that is near the distal interphalangeal joint, or lies between the distal interphalangeal ...
Middle Phalanx Head Fracture
Middle Phalanx Head Fracture means the injury, dislocation, and break the head of the middle phalanx that is near the distal interphalangeal joint, or lies between the distal interphalangeal joint ...
Middle Phalanx Shaft Fracture
Middle Phalanx shaft fracture means the injury, dislocation, and break of the shaft of the middle phalanx that lyes between proximal interphalangeal joint and distal interphalangeal joint, or lyes ...
Middle Phalanx Base Fracture
The Middle Phalanx base has two concave facets, with a smooth ridge separating them facets for articulating with the head of the proximal phalanx. Middle Phalanx base Fracture means the injury, ...
Bicondylar Fractures Head of The Proximal Phalanx
Bicondylar fractures of the head of the proximal phalanx may be T-shaped, with a long or a short T pattern of fracture is a combination of a long oblique fracture separating one condyle, together ...
Proximal Phalanx Head Fracture
Bicondylar fractures of the head of the proximal phalanx may be T-shaped, with a long or a short T pattern of fracture is a combination of a long oblique fracture separating one condyle, together ...
Proximal Phalanx Shaft Fracture
Proximal Phalanx shaft Fracture means the injury, dislocation, and break of the proximal phalanx shaft fractures including transverse fractures and longitudinaly fractures (may extend to involve the ...
Proximal Phalanx Base Fracture
Proximal Phalanx Base Fracture or Fracture of Base In Proximal Phalanx means the fracture and break of the base of the proximal phalanx near the metacarpophalanx joint in where the interosseus and ...
Supracondylar Fractures of The Distal Phalanx
Supracondylar fractures of the distal phalanx are unstable fractures that occur at the neck of the phalanx, usually result from injury, dislocation, break off the supracondylar bone of the distal ...
Supracondylar Fractures of Middle Phalanx
Supracondylar fractures of the middle phalanx are unstable fractures that occur at the neck of the phalanx, usually result from injury, dislocation, break off the supracondylar bone of the middle ...
Supracondylar Fractures of Proximal Phalanx
Supracondylar fractures of proximal phalanx are unstable fractures that occur at the neck of the phalanx, usually result of injury, dislocation, break the supracondylar bone of proximal phalanx by a ...
Supracondylar Phalanx Fractures
Supracondylar phalanx fractures mean the injury, dislocation, break off the supracondylar bone of the phalanx by a direct blow, rotational movement, sudden, heavy impact of a car accident bike ...
Phalangeal Neck Fractures
Phalangeal neck fractures Synonyms include sub-capital, subcondylar, supracondylar phalanx fractures, which are displaced with apex volar angulation with malrotated, osteochondral fracture from the ...
Salter-Harris Fracture
A Salter-Harris fracture refers to an injury, or fracture, through the growth plate of a long bone classification system is a method used to grade fractures that occur in children and involve the ...
Epiphyseal Fractures
Epiphyseal fractures are is the translucent, cartilaginous disc separating the epiphysis(areas at the end of certain bones that allow the bones to grow) from the metaphysis and are responsible for ...
Volar Plate Fracture
Volar Plate Fracture encompasses a spectrum of multilayered condensation of fibrocartilaginous soft tissue and bony injury lying between the flexor tendons and the palmar PIPJ capsule at the PIPJ ...
Volar Plate Injury
Volar plate injury encompasses a spectrum of multilayered condensation of fibrocartilaginous soft tissue and bony injury lying between the flexor tendons and the palmar PIPJ capsule at the PIPJ that ...
Subungual Hematoma
A subungual hematoma(The word subungual is derived from the Latin sub meaning beneath and unguis, meaning nail or claw) is a transient condition where blood and fluid collect underneath the ...
Nail Bed Injury – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment
The nail bed injury (synechiae) or nail plate (a horny texture structure 0.5-mm thick) is the pinkish-colored soft tissue underneath your nail plate (the hard part of your nail). Nail bed injuries ...
Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joint Dislocation
The metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint collection of synovial, condyloid, diarthrodial joints where the large convex heads of the distal aspect of the metacarpals articulate with the concave-shaped ...
Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint Dislocation
The proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint dislocation is hinge-type joint lye between the proximal and middle phalanges of the finger means the injury, break, tears, dislocation, rupture, traumatic ...
Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint Dislocation
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint dislocation of the finger means the injury, break, tears, dislocation, rupture, laceration, trapped, an incision in proximal attachment, between the distal phalanx ...
Tuft Fractures
A tuft fracture, in general, can be described as a stable type of fracture, involving the distal phalanx of your fingers or thumb break is through the growth plate, dislocation, injury is at the edge ...
Seymour Fractures
Seymour fractures mean juxta-epiphyseal region fractures of the terminal phalanx of the finger in conjunction with flexion deformity at the fracture site, laceration of the nail bed, displaced distal ...
Middle Phalanx Fracture
Middle phalanx fracture means the broken, dislocation, injury, bleeding of the middle phalanx central slip avulsions, by the extensor mechanism of the central slip of the flexor digitorum ...
Volar Plate Avulsion Fracture
The volar plate fracture means the injury, torn, laceration, dislocation, broken the volar plate is a thick multilayered condensation of the fibrocartilagenous ligament lying between the flexor ...
Judet and Letournel Classification (Acetabular Fracture)
The Judet and Letournel classification is the most widely used classification system for acetabular, and pelvic fractures. It classifies acetabular fractures into ten major fracture patterns, which ...
Young and Burgess Classification
The Young and Burgess classification is a modified form of the earlier Tile classification for allowing judgment on pelvic stability. It is the recommended and most widely used classification system ...
Pipkin Classification and Brumback Classifications For Femoral Head Injury
Pipkin classification is most commonly used to diagnose femoral head fracture taking under consideration the direction of dislocation and joint stability. Another one is the Brumback classifications ...
Garden Classification of Subcapital Femoral Neck Fractures
The Garden classification is used to classify intracapsular proximal femur fractures, and subcapital femoral neck fractures are the most widely used and predict the development of AVN. There are ...
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Classification of Periprosthetic Hip Fractures
The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons classification of periprosthetic hip fractures divides the femur into three separate regions: level I: proximal femur distally to the lower extent of the ...
