Mesangial Cells Kidney Cancers

Mesangial cells are specialized cells located within the kidneys, specifically in the glomeruli—the tiny filtering units. They provide structural support, regulate blood flow, and help in the filtration process by managing the space around capillaries. While mesangial cells are essential for normal kidney function, their abnormal growth or malfunction can contribute to kidney diseases.

Kidney cancer refers to malignant tumors that form in the tissues of the kidneys. The most common type is renal cell carcinoma, which originates in the lining of the small tubes within the kidneys. While “Mesangial Cancer” isn’t a standard term, cancers involving mesangial-like cells would be exceedingly rare and fall under broader kidney cancer categories.

Pathophysiology: Structure, Blood, and Nerve Supply

Structure

• Kidney Anatomy: Each kidney contains about a million nephrons, which are the functional units. Nephrons include the glomerulus, where mesangial cells reside.
• Mesangial Cells: These cells provide structural support to the glomerular capillaries and help regulate blood filtration.

Blood Supply

• Renal Arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys.
• Glomerular Capillaries: Site of blood filtration; mesangial cells interact closely with these capillaries.

Nerve Supply

• Sympathetic Nervous System: Regulates blood flow and filtration rates in the kidneys.
• Autonomic Regulation: Maintains kidney functions through nerve signals.

Types of Kidney Cancers

1. Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC): Most common kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the tubules.
2. Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Begins in the lining of the renal pelvis.
3. Wilms Tumor: Common in children, affects kidney tissue.
4. Renal Sarcoma: A rare type that starts in the blood vessels or connective tissues.
5. Collecting Duct Carcinoma: Originates in the collecting ducts of the kidney.

Possible Causes of Kidney Cancers

While specific causes of kidney cancer are not always clear, several risk factors may contribute:

1. Smoking: Increases risk significantly.
2. Hypertension: High blood pressure is a notable risk factor.
3. Obesity: Excess weight can elevate cancer risk.
4. Genetic Factors: Conditions like von Hippel-Lindau disease.
5. Age and Gender: More common in older adults and males.
6. Exposure to Chemicals: Such as asbestos and certain herbicides.
7. Chronic Kidney Disease: Increases susceptibility.
8. Family History: Higher risk if relatives have kidney cancer.
9. Dialysis: Long-term dialysis patients may have increased risk.
10. Diet: High-fat diets might contribute.
11. Radiation Therapy: Previous treatments can elevate risk.
12. Anabolic Steroids: Use can be a risk factor.
13. Gender Hormones: May influence cancer development.
14. Infections: Certain viral infections might play a role.
15. Inherited Syndromes: Such as Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.
16. Acidic Urine: May contribute to stone formation and cancer risk.
17. Low Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyle increases risk.
18. Diabetes: Associated with higher kidney cancer risk.
19. Previous Cancer: History of other cancers can be a risk factor.
20. Dietary Supplements: Some may increase cancer risk.

Common Symptoms

Kidney cancers may not present symptoms early on. When they do, common signs include:

1. Blood in Urine (Hematuria): Often painless.
2. Persistent Pain: In the side or back.
3. Lump or Mass: Detectable in the abdomen.
4. Unexplained Weight Loss: Without dieting.
5. Fatigue: Chronic tiredness.
6. Fever: That doesn’t respond to infection treatments.
7. Anemia: Low red blood cell count.
8. Hypertension: Sudden increase in blood pressure.
9. Night Sweats: Excessive sweating at night.
10. Swelling: In legs or ankles.
11. Bone Pain: If cancer spreads to bones.
12. Breathing Difficulties: If cancer spreads to lungs.
13. Nausea: Persistent and unexplained.
14. Loss of Appetite: Reduced desire to eat.
15. Hormonal Imbalances: Affecting bodily functions.
16. Change in Urine Output: More frequent or less frequent urination.
17. Weakness: Generalized lack of strength.
18. Back Pain: Persistent and unexplained.
19. Skin Lesions: New moles or changes in skin.
20. Breast Pain or Enlargement: Rare symptoms.

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnosing kidney cancer involves a combination of tests:

1. Imaging Tests:
   • Ultrasound: Uses sound waves to visualize the kidneys.
   • CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Detailed cross-sectional images.
   • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): High-resolution images.
   • X-rays: Basic imaging to detect abnormalities.
   • PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): Detects active cancer cells.
2. Laboratory Tests:
   • Urinalysis: Checks for blood or other abnormalities in urine.
   • Blood Tests: Assess kidney function and overall health.
3. Biopsy:
   • Needle Biopsy: Extracts tissue for examination.
   • Surgical Biopsy: Removes a larger tissue sample.
4. Bone Scan: Detects cancer spread to bones.
5. Chest X-ray: Checks for metastasis in the lungs.
6. Bone Marrow Biopsy: If bone involvement is suspected.
7. Urine Cytology: Examines urine for cancer cells.
8. Genetic Testing: Identifies hereditary cancer syndromes.
9. Renal Arteriography: Imaging of kidney blood vessels.
10. Endoscopic Ultrasound: Detailed images from inside the body.
11. Biochemical Markers: Specific substances indicating cancer.
12. Serum Calcium Levels: Elevated levels can indicate metastasis.
13. Liver Function Tests: To check for liver involvement.
14. Electrolyte Panel: Assesses mineral balance.
15. Kidney Function Tests: Measures how well kidneys work.
16. Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Detects cancer spread.
17. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA): Detailed blood vessel imaging.
18. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA): Detailed vascular images.
19. SPECT Scan (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography): Functional imaging.
20. Biomarker Tests: Detect specific cancer markers in blood or urine.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Treatment for kidney cancer often involves a combination of methods. Non-pharmacological approaches include:

1. Surgery:
   • Partial Nephrectomy: Removing part of the kidney.
   • Radical Nephrectomy: Removing the entire kidney.
   • Laparoscopic Surgery: Minimally invasive approach.
   • Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Enhanced precision with robotics.
   • Open Surgery: Traditional surgical method.
2. Radiation Therapy:
   • External Beam Radiation: Targeted radiation from outside.
   • Radiofrequency Ablation: Uses heat to destroy cancer cells.
   • Cryotherapy: Freezes and destroys tumors.
3. Thermal Ablation:
   • Microwave Ablation: Uses microwaves to heat and destroy tumors.
   • High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU): Focused sound waves destroy cancer cells.
4. Cryoablation:
   • Freezing Techniques: Destroys tumors by extreme cold.
5. Embolization:
   • Selective Embolization: Blocks blood flow to tumors.
6. Dietary Changes:
   • Balanced Diet: Supports overall health during treatment.
   • Low-Sodium Diet: Helps manage blood pressure.
7. Exercise:
   • Physical Activity: Maintains strength and overall well-being.
8. Hydration Therapy:
   • Adequate Fluids: Supports kidney function.
9. Acupuncture:
   • Pain Management: Helps alleviate treatment-related pain.
10. Psychotherapy:
    • Counseling: Supports mental health during treatment.
11. Mindfulness and Meditation:
    • Stress Reduction: Promotes emotional well-being.
12. Support Groups:
    • Peer Support: Connects patients with others facing similar challenges.
13. Nutritional Counseling:
    • Diet Planning: Ensures adequate nutrient intake.
14. Heat Therapy:
    • Thermotherapy: Relieves pain and stiffness.
15. Massage Therapy:
    • Relaxation: Helps reduce muscle tension.
16. Yoga and Tai Chi:
    • Flexibility and Balance: Enhances physical health.
17. Biofeedback:
    • Body Awareness: Helps manage pain and stress.
18. Complementary Therapies:
    • Herbal Supplements: Used with caution and professional guidance.
19. Lifestyle Modifications:
    • Smoking Cessation: Reduces risk and improves treatment outcomes.
20. Avoiding Alcohol: Limits potential negative interactions with treatments.
21. Sleep Hygiene:
    • Quality Sleep: Supports recovery and health.
22. Occupational Therapy:
    • Daily Living Support: Enhances independence during treatment.
23. Hydrotherapy:
    • Water-Based Therapy: Relieves pain and improves mobility.
24. Aromatherapy:
    • Essential Oils: Promotes relaxation and stress relief.
25. Art and Music Therapy:
    • Creative Expression: Supports emotional health.
26. Chiropractic Care:
    • Spinal Health: Alleviates pain related to treatment.
27. Physical Therapy:
    • Rehabilitation: Restores mobility and strength.
28. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
    • Mental Health Support: Helps manage anxiety and depression.
29. Hypnotherapy:
    • Relaxation Techniques: Assists in pain management.
30. Environmental Modifications:
    • Home Adjustments: Enhances comfort and safety during recovery.

Medications Used in Treatment

While non-pharmacological treatments are vital, medications also play a significant role in managing kidney cancer:

1. Targeted Therapy Drugs:
   • Sunitinib (Sutent): Inhibits cancer cell growth.
   • Pazopanib (Votrient): Blocks blood vessel growth to tumors.
   • Sorafenib (Nexavar): Targets multiple pathways in cancer cells.
   • Axitinib (Inlyta): Used for advanced kidney cancer.
   • Cabozantinib (Cabometyx): Inhibits tumor growth and spread.
   • Lenvatinib (Lenvima): Combined with other drugs for effectiveness.
   • Bevacizumab (Avastin): Monoclonal antibody that inhibits angiogenesis.
   • Erdafitinib (Balversa): Targets specific genetic mutations.
   • Tivozanib (Fotivda): Another angiogenesis inhibitor.
   • Regorafenib (Stivarga): Targets multiple kinases in cancer cells.
2. Immunotherapy Drugs:
   • Nivolumab (Opdivo): Enhances immune system to fight cancer.
   • Pembrolizumab (Keytruda): Blocks PD-1 to boost immune response.
   • Atezolizumab (Tecentriq): Combined with other treatments for effectiveness.
   • Ipilimumab (Yervoy): Enhances immune checkpoint inhibition.
   • Interleukin-2 (Proleukin): Stimulates immune cell growth.
   • Interferon-alpha: Modulates immune response against cancer cells.
   • Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (Yescarta): CAR T-cell therapy for specific cases.
   • Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah): Another CAR T-cell therapy option.
   • Durvalumab (Imfinzi): Used in combination with other drugs.
   • Avelumab (Bavencio): Targets PD-L1 to enhance immune response.
3. Hormonal Therapy Drugs:
   • Not typically used for kidney cancer, but may be considered in certain scenarios.
4. Chemotherapy Drugs:
   • Limited use in kidney cancer, but agents like temsirolimus (Torisel) may be used.
5. Bone-Directed Therapy Drugs:
   • Bisphosphonates: For bone metastases.
   • Denosumab (Xgeva): Prevents bone complications.
6. Pain Management Medications:
   • Opioids: For severe pain management.
   • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): For mild to moderate pain.
   • Adjuvant Pain Medications: Such as antidepressants for nerve pain.
7. Anti-Nausea Medications:
   • Ondansetron (Zofran): Prevents nausea from treatments.
   • Metoclopramide (Reglan): Manages nausea and vomiting.
8. Anemia Treatments:
   • Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs): Stimulate red blood cell production.
   • Iron Supplements: Address iron deficiency-related anemia.
9. Blood Pressure Medications:
   • ACE Inhibitors: Manage hypertension.
   • Beta-Blockers: Control blood pressure and heart rate.
10. Anticoagulants:
    • Heparin and Warfarin: Prevent blood clots, especially if immobile.
11. Vitamin Supplements:
    • Vitamin D and Calcium: Support bone health during treatment.
12. Appetite Stimulants:
    • Megestrol Acetate (Megace): Enhances appetite in cancer patients.
13. Antidepressants:
    • SSRIs and SNRIs: Manage depression related to cancer diagnosis.
14. Anticonvulsants:
    • For Seizure Management: If cancer affects the brain.
15. Steroids:
    • Dexamethasone: Reduces inflammation and manages side effects.
16. Bisphosphonates:
    • Prevent Bone Loss: In cases of bone metastasis.
17. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs:
    • To Reduce Inflammation: Associated with cancer and treatments.
18. Immunomodulators:
    • Enhance Immune Response: Supporting overall treatment.
19. Growth Factors:
    • Support Blood Cell Production: During chemotherapy.
20. Antiviral Medications:
    • Prevent Infections: During immunosuppressive treatments.

Surgical Options

Surgery is a primary treatment for kidney cancer, especially when detected early:

1. Partial Nephrectomy:
   • Removal of Tumor Only: Preserves healthy kidney tissue.
2. Radical Nephrectomy:
   • Entire Kidney Removal: Often used for larger tumors.
3. Laparoscopic Nephrectomy:
   • Minimally Invasive Surgery: Faster recovery time.
4. Robotic-Assisted Surgery:
   • Enhanced Precision: Uses robotic systems for accuracy.
5. Open Nephrectomy:
   • Traditional Surgery: Involves larger incisions.
6. Nephron-Sparing Surgery:
   • Preserves Kidney Function: Important for overall health.
7. Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery (LESS):
   • Single Incision Surgery: Minimizes scarring.
8. Transplant Surgery:
   • In Rare Cases: When kidney function is severely compromised.
9. Lymph Node Dissection:
   • Removal of Nearby Lymph Nodes: Checks for cancer spread.
10. Cryosurgery:
    • Freezing Tumors: As a treatment option in select cases.

Prevention Strategies

While not all kidney cancers can be prevented, certain strategies can reduce risk:

1. Quit Smoking:
   • Eliminates Major Risk Factor: Significantly lowers cancer risk.
2. Maintain Healthy Weight:
   • Balanced Diet and Exercise: Prevents obesity-related risks.
3. Manage Blood Pressure:
   • Regular Monitoring and Treatment: Controls hypertension.
4. Healthy Diet:
   • Low-Fat and High-Fruit Vegetables: Supports overall health.
5. Limit Alcohol Intake:
   • Moderate Consumption: Reduces cancer risk.
6. Stay Hydrated:
   • Adequate Fluid Intake: Supports kidney function.
7. Avoid Exposure to Toxins:
   • Protect Against Chemicals: Such as asbestos and herbicides.
8. Regular Check-Ups:
   • Early Detection: Increases chances of successful treatment.
9. Control Diabetes:
   • Manage Blood Sugar Levels: Reduces associated risks.
10. Exercise Regularly:
    • Physical Activity: Maintains healthy body weight.
11. Limit Use of Painkillers:
    • Use Responsibly: Avoid long-term use of certain NSAIDs.
12. Genetic Counseling:
    • For High-Risk Individuals: Early monitoring and prevention.
13. Healthy Lifestyle Choices:
    • Avoiding Tobacco and Excessive Alcohol: Reduces multiple cancer risks.
14. Protect Against Infections:
    • Vaccinations and Hygiene: Prevents virus-related cancers.
15. Monitor Kidney Health:
    • Regular Tests: Especially if at risk for kidney disease.
16. Reduce Exposure to Radiation:
    • Limit Unnecessary Radiation Exposure: From medical or occupational sources.
17. Healthy Workplace Practices:
    • Safety Measures: To prevent chemical exposures.
18. Balanced Nutrition:
    • Adequate Vitamins and Minerals: Supports immune health.
19. Stress Management:
    • Mental Health Practices: Reduces overall health risks.
20. Avoid High-Temperature Beverages:
    • Moderate Consumption: Some studies suggest links with certain cancers.

When to See a Doctor

Early detection of kidney cancer significantly improves treatment outcomes. Seek medical attention if you experience:

1. Blood in Urine:
   • Painless Hematuria: A common early sign.
2. Persistent Back or Side Pain:
   • Unexplained and Ongoing: Especially if not related to injury.
3. Lump in the Abdomen:
   • Detectable Mass: Noticeable through self-exam.
4. Unexplained Weight Loss:
   • Without Dieting: Significant and sudden loss.
5. Chronic Fatigue:
   • Persistent Tiredness: Not relieved by rest.
6. Fever:
   • Without Infection: Recurring or persistent.
7. Anemia Symptoms:
   • Fatigue, Weakness: Due to low red blood cell count.
8. Hypertension:
   • Sudden High Blood Pressure: Especially if new.
9. Night Sweats:
   • Excessive Sweating at Night: Unrelated to environment.
10. Swelling in Legs or Ankles:
    • Edema: Without obvious cause.
11. Bone Pain:
    • Persistent Pain: Could indicate metastasis.
12. Breathing Difficulties:
    • Shortness of Breath: May signal cancer spread.
13. Nausea and Vomiting:
    • Unexplained: Persistent and severe.
14. Loss of Appetite:
    • Reduced Desire to Eat: Leading to weight loss.
15. Hormonal Imbalances:
    • Unusual Symptoms: Such as increased thirst or urination.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is “Mesangial Cancer” a recognized medical condition?

As of now, “Mesangial Cancer” is not a standard medical term. Mesangial cells are part of the kidney’s filtering units, and while their dysfunction can lead to kidney diseases, specific cancers originating from these cells are extremely rare and not well-documented.

2. What role do mesangial cells play in kidney function?

Mesangial cells provide structural support to the glomerular capillaries, regulate blood flow, and help maintain the filtration process within the kidneys.

3. Can kidney cancer affect kidney function?

Yes, kidney cancer can impair kidney function by damaging nephrons, causing obstruction, or affecting blood flow within the kidneys.

4. What are the main types of kidney cancer?

The primary types include Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), Transitional Cell Carcinoma, Wilms Tumor, Renal Sarcoma, and Collecting Duct Carcinoma.

5. How is kidney cancer diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, blood and urine tests, and sometimes a biopsy to examine tissue samples.

6. What are the treatment options for kidney cancer?

Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and, in some cases, chemotherapy. The choice depends on the cancer stage and patient health.

7. Can kidney cancer be prevented?

While not all cases can be prevented, reducing risk factors such as quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing blood pressure can lower the risk of developing kidney cancer.

8. What is the prognosis for kidney cancer?

Prognosis varies based on the cancer stage at diagnosis, overall health, and response to treatment. Early detection generally leads to better outcomes.

9. Are there genetic factors involved in kidney cancer?

Yes, certain genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau disease can increase the risk of developing kidney cancer.

10. Is kidney cancer common in children?

Wilms Tumor is a type of kidney cancer more commonly diagnosed in children, whereas renal cell carcinoma is more prevalent in adults.

11. What lifestyle changes can help reduce kidney cancer risk?

Maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, managing blood pressure, eating a balanced diet, and staying physically active can help lower risk.

12. Can kidney cancer spread to other parts of the body?

Yes, kidney cancer can metastasize to organs such as the lungs, bones, liver, and brain if not treated early.

13. What are the side effects of kidney cancer treatments?

Side effects vary but may include fatigue, pain, nausea, anemia, infection risk, and effects related to specific treatments like surgery or chemotherapy.

14. How often should high-risk individuals be screened for kidney cancer?

High-risk individuals should discuss screening frequency with their healthcare provider, but regular monitoring is essential for early detection.

15. Can kidney stones lead to kidney cancer?

While kidney stones themselves do not cause cancer, chronic irritation and damage from stones may slightly increase the risk of certain kidney cancers.

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Conclusion

While “Mesangial Cancer” isn’t a widely recognized term, understanding the role of mesangial cells and overall kidney health is crucial. Kidney cancers, though serious, have various treatment options and preventive measures. Early detection through recognizing symptoms and undergoing appropriate diagnostic tests can significantly improve outcomes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing risk factors, and regular medical check-ups are essential steps in reducing the risk of kidney cancer.

 

Authors Information

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

 

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