Rectal Biopsy – Indications, Procedure, Results

A rectal biopsy is a procedure to remove a small piece of tissue from the rectum for examination.

How the Test is Performed

A rectal biopsy is usually part of anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. These are procedures to view inside the rectum.

A digital rectal exam is done first. Then, a lubricated instrument (anoscope or proctoscope) is placed into the rectum. You will feel some discomfort when this is done.

A biopsy can be taken through any of these instruments.

How to Prepare for the Test

You may get a laxative, enema, or other preparation before the biopsy so that you can completely empty your bowel. This will allow the doctor a clear view of the rectum.

How the Test will Feel

There will be some discomfort during the procedure. You may feel like you need to have a bowel movement. You may feel cramping or mild discomfort as the instrument is placed into the rectal area. You may feel a pinch when a biopsy is taken.

Why the Test is Performed

A rectal biopsy is used to determine the cause of abnormal growths found during anoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, or other tests. It can also be used to confirm the diagnosis of amyloidosis .

Normal Results

The anus and rectum appear normal in size, color, and shape. There should be no evidence of:

  • Bleeding
  • Polyps
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Other abnormalities

No problems are seen when the biopsy tissue is examined under a microscope.

What Abnormal Results Mean

This test is a common way to determine the specific causes of abnormal conditions of the rectum, such as:

  • Abscesses
  • Colorectal polyps
  • Infection
  • Inflammation
  • Tumors
  • Amyloidosis
  • Crohn disease
  • Hirschsprung disease in infants
  • Ulcerative colitis

Risks

Risks of a rectal biopsy include bleeding and tearing.

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