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Belinostat – Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions

Mechanism of Action

Belinostat inhibits the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) thus preventing the removal of acetyl groups from the lysine residues of histones and some non-histone proteins. In vitro, belinostat caused the accumulation of acetylated histones and other proteins and increased the expression of tumor-suppressor genes. It ultimately induces cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis, and/or apoptosis of some transformed cells.

Beleodaq is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that exhibits pan-HDAC inhibition and potent growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic activities in a variety of tumor cells, including PTCL cells, at nanomolar concentrations. None of the trials show any clinically relevant changes caused by Beleodaq on heart rate, PR duration, or QRS duration as measures of autonomic state, atrioventricular conduction or depolarization; there were no cases of Torsades de Pointes.

Indications

  • Belinostat is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) with a manageable safety profile. It is a potential alternative therapy for patients who did not experience adequate response to first-line drugs for PTCL. It can be used in patients with baseline thrombocytopenia.
  • Belinostat is an intravenously administered histone deacetylase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent that is approved for use in refractory or relapsed peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Belinostat is associated with a moderate rate of minor serum enzyme elevations during therapy and has been reported to cause clinically apparent fatal, acute liver injury.
  • Relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma

Use in Cancer

Belinostat is approved to treat:

  • Peripheral T-cell lymphoma in patients whose disease has recurred (come back) or is refractory (does not respond to treatment).

This use is approved under FDA’s Accelerated Approval Program. As a condition of approval, a confirmatory trial(s) must show that belinostat provides a clinical benefit in these patients.

Belinostat is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer.

Contraindications

  • Anemia, bone marrow suppression, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia – Hematologic toxicity, including thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (neutropenia and lymphopenia), and anemia have been reported with belinostat therapy. Monitor complete blood cell counts prior to starting therapy and then weekly. Dose modifications may be necessary in patients with bone marrow suppression and should be determined by the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and platelet count nadirs of the previous cycle of therapy. Platelet counts should be >= 50,000/mm3 and ANC > 1000/mm3 before starting each cycle.
  • Chemotherapy, infection, sepsis – Serious infections, including pneumonia and sepsis, have occurred during treatment with belinostat; some occurrences have been fatal. Do not administer belinostat to patients with an active infection. Use caution in patients with a history of extensive or intensive chemotherapy, as they may be at higher risk of life-threatening infections.
  • Hepatic disease – Abnormal liver function tests and fatal hepatic toxicity have been observed in patients receiving belinostat. Monitor liver function tests prior to the start of each cycle of therapy. Patients with signs of hepatic impairment or hepatic disease may require dose modification or discontinuation.
    Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) – Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has occurred in patients treated with belinostat. Patients with high tumor burden or advanced-stage disease are at greater risk for developing TLS; consider tumor lysis prophylaxis with anti-hyperuricemic agents and hydration beginning 12—24 hours prior to treatment with belinostat in these patients. For TLS treatment, administer aggressive intravenous hydration and antihyperuricemic agents, correct electrolyte abnormalities, and monitor renal function.

Dosage

Strengths: 500 mg

Lymphoma

  • 1,000 mg/m2 IV over 30 minutes once daily on days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle
  • Duration of therapy: Repeat the cycle every 21 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  • Dose reduction, discontinuation, or interruption of therapy may be needed to manage adverse reactions.

Dose Adjustments

Hematologic toxicities:

  • Nadir absolute neutrophil count less than 0.5 x 10(9)/L or platelet count less than 25 x 10(9)/L: Decrease dose by 25% (750 mg/m2)

Non-hematologic toxicities:

  • Any Grade 3 or 4 adverse reaction: Decrease dose by 25% (750 mg/m2)
  • Recurrence of Grade 3 or 4 adverse reaction after 2 dose reductions: Discontinue treatment

Patients with Reduced UGT1A1 Activity:

  • Reduce the starting dose to 750 mg/m2 in patients known to be homozygous for the UGT1A1*28 allele.

Side Effects

The Most Common

  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • constipation
  • headache
  • tiredness
  • decreased appetite
  • pain at the injection site
  • swelling of the hands, feet, or ankles
  • rash
  • fever, cough, chills, muscle aches, worsening skin problems, flu-like symptoms, or other signs of infection
  • painful, frequent, burning or difficult urination
  • unusual bleeding or bruising
  • dizziness, weakness, excessive tiredness, pale skin, or shortness of breath
  • yellowing of the skin or eyes, pain in the right upper stomach area, dark urine, or itching

More Common

  • severe ongoing nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea;
  • a fever, chills, muscle aches, flu-like symptoms,
  • cough with mucus, chest pain, fast heartbeats, rapid breathing or shortness of breath;
  • easy bruising, unusual bleeding, purple or red spots under your skin;
  • pain or burning when you urinate;
  • confusion, severe drowsiness, feeling very ill;
  • liver problems–loss of appetite, stomach pain (upper right side), tiredness, itching, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes);
  • low red blood cells (anemia)–pale skin, unusual tiredness, feeling light-headed or short of breath, cold hands and feet; or
  • signs of tumor cell breakdown–tiredness, weakness, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fast or slow heart rate, tingling in your hands and feet or around your mouth.

Rare

  • chest pain
  • confusion
  • cough
  • decreased urine
  • dizziness, faintness, or lightheadedness when getting up suddenly from a lying or sitting position
  • dry mouth
  • fainting
  • fast heartbeat
  • fever or chills
  • increased thirst
  • irregular heartbeat
  • loss of appetite
  • mood changes
  • muscle pain or cramps
  • nausea or vomiting
  • numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or lips
  • pale skin
  • pinpoint red spots on the skin
  • rapid, shallow breathing
  • sore throat
  • sweating
  • tenderness
  • tightness in the chest
  • troubled breathing with exertion
  • unusual bleeding or bruising
  • unusual tiredness or weakness
  • unusual weight gain or loss

Drug Interaction

Pregnancy and Lactation

Pregnancy

Belinostat can cause fetal harm including teratogenicity and/or embryo-fetal death if administered during pregnancy, based on its mechanism of action. Reproductive animal studies have not been conducted with belinostat and there is no data in pregnant humans; however, it is a genotoxic drug that actively targets dividing cells. Women of childbearing potential should avoid becoming pregnant during treatment with belinostat. Advise pregnant women of the potential hazard to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

No information is available regarding the presence of belinostat in human milk, the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production. Due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in the nursing child, breastfeeding is not recommended during therapy or for 2 weeks after the last belinostat dose.

How should this medicine be used?

Belinostat comes as a powder to be mixed with liquid to be injected intravenously (into a vein) by a doctor or nurse in a hospital or clinic. It is usually given over a period of 30 minutes once daily on days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle. The length of your treatment depends on how well your body responds to the medication and the side effects that you experience.

Your doctor may need to adjust your dose or stop your treatment if you experience certain side effects. Be sure to tell your doctor how you are feeling during your treatment with the belinostat injection.

What special precautions should I follow?

Before receiving a belinostat injection,

  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to belinostat injection, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in belinostat injection. Ask your pharmacist for a list of the ingredients.
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist what other prescription and nonprescription medications, vitamins, nutritional supplements, and herbal products you are taking or plan to take or use while receiving belinostat injections. Your doctor may need to change the doses of your medications or monitor you carefully for side effects.
  • tell your doctor if you have previously received treatment with other chemotherapy medications, if you have or think you may have any type of infection now, or if you have nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Also, tell your doctor if you have or have ever had kidney or liver disease.
  • tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or if you plan on fathering a child. You should not become pregnant while you are receiving belinostat injection. If you are female, you will need to take a pregnancy test before you start treatment and use birth control to prevent pregnancy during your treatment and for 6 months after your final dose. If you are a male, you and your partner should use birth control during your treatment with belinostat and for 3 months after your final dose. Talk to your doctor about birth control methods that you can use during your treatment. If you or your partner become pregnant while receiving a belinostat injection, call your doctor immediately. Belinostat injection may harm the fetus.
  • tell your doctor if you are breastfeeding. You should not breastfeed while you are receiving a belinostat injection and for 2 weeks after the final dose.
  • you should know that this medication may decrease fertility in men. Talk to your doctor about the risks of receiving a belinostat injection.
  • if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are receiving a belinostat injection.

When to Contact Your Doctor or Health Care Provider:

  • Nausea (interferes with the ability to eat and is unrelieved with prescribed medication)
  • Vomiting (vomiting more than 4-5 times in a 24-hour period)
  • Constipation is unrelieved by laxative use.
  • Diarrhea (4-6 episodes in a 24-hour period)
  • Swelling of the feet or ankles. Sudden weight gain.
  • Unable to urinate for more than 8 hours
  • Unusual bleeding or bruising
  • Black or tarry stools, or blood in your stools
  • Blood in the urine
  • Pain or burning with urination
  • Extreme fatigue (unable to carry on self-care activities)
  • Unable to eat or drink for 24 hours or have signs of dehydration: tiredness, thirst, dry mouth, dark and decreased amount of urine, or dizziness.

Always inform your healthcare provider if you experience any unusual symptoms.

  • Before starting belinostat treatment, make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking (including prescription, over-the-counter, vitamins, herbal remedies, etc.). Do not take aspirin, or products containing aspirin unless your doctor specifically permits this.
  • Please inform your doctor and dentist before local anesthetic or vasoconstrictor medications are used (for example, epinephrine, mepivacaine, and levonordefrin).
  • Do not receive any kind of immunization or vaccination without your doctor’s approval while taking a belinostat.
  • Inform your doctor if you are aware of having a homozygous UGT1A1*28 allele (a gene variance/mutation) as it may require a dose adjustment of the belinostat.
  • Inform your healthcare professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment. Pregnancy category D (Belinostat may be hazardous to the fetus. Women who are pregnant or become pregnant must be advised of the potential hazard to the fetus.)
  • For both men and women: Use contraceptives, and do not conceive a child (get pregnant) while taking belinostat. Barrier methods of contraception, such as condoms, are recommended.
  • Do not breastfeed while taking a belinostat.

Self-Care Tips

  • Drink at least two to three quarts of fluid every 24 hours, unless you are instructed otherwise.
  • You may be at risk of infection so try to avoid crowds or people with colds, and report fever or any other signs of infection immediately to your healthcare provider.
  • Wash your hands often.
  • Use an electric razor and a soft toothbrush to minimize bleeding.
  • Avoid contact sports or activities that could cause injury.
  • To reduce nausea, take anti-nausea medications as prescribed by your doctor, and eat small, frequent meals.
  • Avoid sun exposure. Wear SPF 15 (or higher) sunblock and protective clothing.
  • In general, drinking alcoholic beverages should be kept to a minimum or avoided completely. You should discuss this with your doctor.
  • Get plenty of rest.
  • Maintain good nutrition.
  • Remain active as you are able. Gentle exercise is encouraged such as a daily walk.
  • If you experience symptoms or side effects, be sure to discuss them with your health care team. They can prescribe medications and/or offer other suggestions that are effective in managing such problems.

References

  1. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Belinostat
  2. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Belinostat-acid
  3. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Belinostat-glucuronide
  4. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB05015
  5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinostat
  6. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614035.html
  7. https://www.drugs.com/mtm/belinostat.html
  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinostat
  9. https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614035.html
  10. https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB05015
  11. Guide to Pharmacology Target Classification
  12. ChemIDplus Chemical Information Classification
  13. CompTox Chemicals Dashboard Chemical Lists
  14. NCI Thesaurus Tree
  15. PubChem
  16. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
  17. Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification
    Target-based classification of drugs
  18. LICENSE
    Data: CC-BY 4.0; Code (hosted by ECI, LCSB): Artistic-2.0
    NORMAN Suspect List Exchange Classification
  19. NCBI

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