Lumbar Disc Extrusion at the L3–L4

Lumbar disc extrusion at the L3–L4 level occurs when the soft central part of the intervertebral disc (the nucleus pulposus) pushes through a tear in its outer ring (the annulus fibrosus) and extends beyond the disc space. This extruded material can press on nearby nerve roots, leading to lower back pain, leg pain (sciatica), numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness. Understanding both non-surgical and surgical options—as well as lifestyle measures, medications, supplements, and self-care strategies—is essential for comprehensive management and recovery.

Lumbar disc extrusion at the L3–L4 level is a specific form of intervertebral disc herniation in which the nucleus pulposus breaches the annulus fibrosus and extends beyond the normal confines of the disc space at the junction between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. Unlike a contained protrusion, an extrusion involves a full‐thickness annular tear through which disc material escapes, potentially compressing adjacent neural structures and causing neurological symptoms. This pathological process is most accurately visualized on MRI, where the displaced disc material appears as a focal outpouching contiguous with—but extending out of—the disc margins RadiopaediaNCBI.

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Anatomy of the L3–L4 Intervertebral Disc

Structure

The intervertebral disc at L3–L4 comprises two distinct regions: the central nucleus pulposus, a gelatinous core rich in proteoglycans and water, and the surrounding annulus fibrosus, a laminated fibrocartilaginous ring composed of concentric collagen fibers. The nucleus pulposus behaves like a hydrostatic cushion resisting compressive forces, while the annulus fibrosus provides tensile strength, confining the nucleus under load and maintaining disc integrity NCBIRadiopaedia.

Location

Situated between the inferior endplate of L3 and the superior endplate of L4, the L3–L4 disc rests posterior to the vertebral bodies and anterior to the thecal sac. It occupies the intervertebral space, contributing to the lumbar spine’s curvature and serving as a pivotal point for segmental mobility, particularly in flexion and extension movements NCBIRadiopaedia.

Origin

Embryologically, the intervertebral discs originate from the notochord and mesenchymal somites. The nucleus pulposus is derived from remnants of the embryonic notochord, whereas the annulus fibrosus arises from the sclerotome portion of the somites, which differentiates into fibrocartilage around the nucleus. This dual origin accounts for the disc’s unique composition and biomechanical properties NCBINCBI.

Insertion

The annulus fibrosus fibers insert peripherally into the cartilage endplates of the adjacent vertebral bodies. Sharpey‐like fibers anchor the lamellae into the subchondral bone of L3 and L4 endplates, ensuring adhesion and load transfer. This insertional arrangement distributes compressive loads evenly and maintains vertical alignment of the segment NCBIRadiopaedia.

Blood Supply

Intervertebral discs are largely avascular, receiving nutrients primarily via diffusion through the vertebral endplates from the capillary plexus in the adjacent vertebral bodies. Peripheral annular fibers receive minor vascular contributions from segmental arteries branching off the lumbar arteries, which penetrate the outermost lamellae. This limited blood supply underlies the poor intrinsic healing capacity of discs NCBINCBI.

Nerve Supply

Sensory innervation of the outer annulus fibrosus arises from the sinuvertebral (recurrent meningeal) nerves, which branch off the ventral rami of the spinal nerves at each level. These nerves convey nociceptive signals in response to annular tears or chemical irritation by nucleus pulposus, accounting for discogenic back pain. Deeper annular layers and the nucleus pulposus itself are typically aneural NCBINCBI.

Functions

Intervertebral discs perform six critical functions:

1. Shock Absorption: The hydrostatic nucleus pulposus disperses axial loads, reducing peak stresses on vertebral bodies during weight‐bearing activities NCBINCBI.

2. Load Transmission: Discs transmit compressive forces evenly across the vertebral endplates, preventing focal overload and vertebral endplate damage NCBINCBI.

3. Spinal Flexibility: The disc’s elasticity allows controlled flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation, enabling a wide range of trunk movements NCBIRadiopaedia.

4. Height Maintenance: Disc height maintains the intervertebral foramen dimensions, preserving space for nerve roots and preventing foraminal stenosis NCBIRadiology Assistant.

5. Energy Dissipation: Through viscoelastic properties, the disc dissipates mechanical energy, protecting the spine from repetitive microtrauma NCBIStatPearls.

6. Segmental Stability: Discs contribute to the passive stability of the spinal segment, working in concert with ligaments and facet joints to maintain alignment under dynamic loads NCBIRadiopaedia.

Types of Disc Herniation (with Emphasis on Extrusion)

Although “extrusion” is itself a type of herniation, lumbar disc herniations can be classified by morphology and location:

1. Protrusion: The annulus bulges outward but remains intact; widest base at the annulus.

2. Extrusion: The nuclear material breaches the annulus and extends into the spinal canal, but remains connected to the disc.

3. Sequestration (Free Fragment): Extruded material loses continuity with the parent disc and may migrate within the canal.

4. Contained vs. Non-contained: Contained herniations have a still-intact outer annulus; non-contained (extrusions and sequestrations) do not.

5. Central, Paracentral, Foraminal, Extraforaminal: Based on the location of herniation relative to the midline and exiting neural foramen.

6. Upward vs. Downward Migration: Extruded fragments can shift cephalad or caudad relative to the disc space.

Extrusions at L3–L4 most commonly occur in the paracentral position, impinging upon the traversing L4 nerve root.

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Causes of Lumbar Disc Extrusion

1. Age-Related Degeneration: Proteoglycan loss and dehydration weaken the nucleus and annulus over decades.

2. Repetitive Microtrauma: Chronic lifting, bending, or twisting stresses lamellae, leading to annular tears.

3. Acute Trauma: A single heavy lift or fall can cause annular rupture and nuclear extrusion.

4. Genetic Predisposition: Familial variations in collagen genes (e.g., COL9A2) affect disc resilience.

5. Obesity: Excess body weight increases axial load on discs and accelerates degeneration.

6. Smoking: Nicotine–mediated vasoconstriction reduces disc nutrition and fosters early degeneration.

7. Sedentary Lifestyle: Poor disc nutrition from lack of motion impairs matrix maintenance.

8. Poor Posture: Prolonged flexed positions increase annular strain.

9. Vibration Exposure: Whole-body vibration (e.g., heavy machinery operators) accelerates disc breakdown.

10. Occupational Hazards: Jobs with frequent lifting or prolonged sitting elevate risk.

11. High-Impact Sports: Activities like football or gymnastics cause repetitive spinal compression.

12. Pregnancy: Altered biomechanics and weight gain stress lumbar discs.

13. Connective Tissue Disorders: Conditions like Ehlers–Danlos syndrome weaken annular collagen.

14. Metabolic Diseases: Diabetes mellitus impairs microvasculature and disc nutrition.

15. Osteoporosis: Vertebral endplate fractures can compromise disc-endplate integrity.

16. Spinal Infection: Discitis can erode annular fibers.

17. Tumor-Related Compression: Neoplastic invasion of the disc space.

18. Prior Spinal Surgery: Altered biomechanics at adjacent levels can precipitate extrusion.

19. Inflammatory Arthritis: Rheumatoid or ankylosing spondylitis can involve the disc.

20. Genetic Variants in Matrix Metalloproteinases: Increased catabolism of disc matrix.

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Symptoms of L3–L4 Disc Extrusion

1. Localized Low Back Pain: Dull, aching pain centered over L3–L4 level, often aggravated by flexion.

2. Radicular Pain (L4 Distribution): Sharp, shooting pain radiating over the anterior thigh and medial shin.

3. Paresthesia: Burning or “pins and needles” sensation along the L4 dermatome.

4. Numbness: Sensory loss in the medial lower leg and dorsum of the foot.

5. Muscle Weakness: Quadriceps (knee extension) and tibialis anterior (ankle dorsiflexion) weakness.

6. Reflex Changes: Diminished patellar (knee-jerk) reflex on the affected side.

7. Gait Disturbance: Difficulty with heel-strike due to dorsiflexor weakness (“foot drop”).

8. Radicular Tension Sign: Positive straight-leg-raise test at lower angles due to neural tension.

9. Pain with Cough/Sneeze: Increased intrathecal pressure aggravates nerve pain.

10. Postural Antalgia: Leaning away from the side of pain to reduce nerve stretch.

11. Limited Lumbar Motion: Especially reduced flexion and lateral bending toward the symptomatic side.

12. Muscle Spasm: Paraspinal muscle guarding ipsilaterally at L3–L4.

13. Neurogenic Claudication (Rare): Leg pain on standing/walking if central canal compromise coexists.

14. Mechanical Instability Sensation: Subjective feeling of “giving way” in the lower back.

15. Sleep Disturbance: Pain may worsen at night, interrupting rest.

16. Functional Limitations: Difficulty lifting objects or rising from sitting.

17. Emotional Distress: Anxiety or depression secondary to chronic pain.

18. Urinary Symptoms (Very Rare): Saddle anesthesia or incontinence only if cauda equina involvement occurs.

19. Altered Sensory Thresholds: Hypoesthesia or hyperesthesia in L4 territory.

20. Antalgic Gait: Short-stepped gait to minimize lumbar motion.

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Diagnostic Tests

A. Physical Exam Tests

1. Inspection of Posture and Gait: Observing spinal alignment, pelvic tilt, and antalgic lean—helps identify compensatory postures that unload the affected nerve root.

2. Palpation: Gentle palpation over the L3–L4 interspinous space elicits deep tenderness when inflammation is present.

3. Range of Motion (ROM): Active and passive lumbar flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation; extrusion often limits flexion and lateral bending toward the painful side.

4. Straight-Leg-Raise (SLR) Test: Elevating the supine leg straight to 30–70°; reproduction of sciatic pain indicates nerve root tension, common with paracentral extrusions.

5. Crossed SLR Test: Raising the contralateral leg; a positive result (pain on the symptomatic side) is highly specific for disc herniation.

6. Kemp’s Test: Extension and rotation toward the symptomatic side; provokes local or referred pain by narrowing the neural foramen.

7. Bowstring Sign: With SLR positive, flexing the knee slightly relieves pain; pressing the popliteal fossa then reproduces it, confirming sciatic nerve tension.

8. Femoral Nerve Stretch Test: Prone knee flexion with hip extension tests the L2–L4 nerve roots; anterior thigh pain suggests higher lumbar involvement.

9. Palpable Paraspinal Muscle Spasm: Tonic contraction of paraspinals at L3–L4 indicates local inflammation and guarding.

10. Gait Analysis: Assessing heel-strike and toe-off phases—drop foot pattern suggests L4 motor involvement.

B. Manual (Hands-On) Tests

11. Manual Muscle Testing (MMT): Grading quadriceps (knee extension) and tibialis anterior (dorsiflexion) strength on a 0–5 scale reveals deficits in L4 myotome.

12. Dermatome Sensory Testing: Light brushing or pinprick over L4 dermatome (medial shin, dorsum of foot) to detect hypoesthesia or analgesia.

13. Reflex Testing: Eliciting the patellar reflex with a tendon hammer; a reduced or absent knee-jerk indicates L4 nerve root compromise.

14. Palpatory Provocation of Facet Joints: Pressure on the facet joint capsule at L3–L4 may reproduce pain if secondary facet syndrome coexists.

15. Centralization vs. Peripheralization Monitoring: Documenting whether repeated movements cause pain to centralize (good prognosis) or peripheralize (poor prognosis).

C. Laboratory & Pathological Tests

16. Complete Blood Count (CBC): Rules out systemic infection (e.g., discitis) if white blood cell count is elevated.

17. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) & C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Elevated in inflammatory or infectious processes affecting the disc.

18. HLA-B27 Antigen Test: Screens for ankylosing spondylitis, which can mimic or contribute to disc pathology.

19. Serum Glucose & HbA1c: Identifies diabetes mellitus, a risk for accelerated degeneration through microvascular compromise.

20. Biomarkers of Disc Degeneration: Emerging assays for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3) and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) may correlate with disc breakdown.

D. Electrodiagnostic Tests

21. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS): Measures conduction velocity and amplitude of the peroneal and tibial nerves; L4 involvement may slow conduction.

22. Electromyography (EMG): Needle electrodes in quadriceps or tibialis anterior detect denervation potentials indicating chronic nerve root compression.

23. F-Wave Studies: Prolonged F-wave latencies in peroneal nerve can reflect proximal L4 nerve root dysfunction.

24. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs): Electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves and recording cortical responses; delays suggest nerve pathway compromise.

25. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs): Transcranial magnetic stimulation assesses motor pathway integrity, useful when diagnosis is unclear.

E. Imaging Tests

26. Plain Radiographs (X-Ray): Standing AP and lateral films assess spinal alignment, disc space narrowing at L3–L4, and vertebral endplate changes.

27. Flexion-Extension Radiographs: Detect dynamic instability or spondylolisthesis that may accompany disc extrusion.

28. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Gold standard for visualizing disc morphology, nerve root compression, and the extent of herniation without radiation exposure.

29. Computed Tomography (CT): Useful when MRI is contraindicated; shows bony detail, calcified herniations, and foraminal narrowing.

30. CT Myelography: Involves intrathecal contrast injection; delineates nerve root impingement when MRI is inconclusive or after hardware placement.

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Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Below are 30 conservative therapies grouped into four categories. Each entry includes a brief description, the main purpose, and the mechanism of action.

Physiotherapy & Electrotherapy

1. Heat Therapy

   • Description: Application of moist heat packs to the lower back for 15–20 minutes.

   • Purpose: Relieve muscle spasm and stiffness.

   • Mechanism: Heat increases blood flow, relaxes tight muscles, and reduces pain signals.

2. Cold Therapy

   • Description: Ice packs applied for 10–15 minutes, especially after activity.

   • Purpose: Reduce inflammation and numb pain.

   • Mechanism: Cold causes vasoconstriction, slowing inflammatory processes and dulling nerve endings.

3. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

   • Description: Electrodes deliver low-voltage pulses to the skin over 20–30 minutes.

   • Purpose: Alleviate pain by interrupting pain signal transmission.

   • Mechanism: Stimulates A-beta fibers, which inhibit A-delta and C fiber pain signals (gate control theory).

4. Interferential Current Therapy

   • Description: Two medium-frequency currents intersect in the tissue, producing low-frequency stimulation.

   • Purpose: Deep pain relief and muscle relaxation.

   • Mechanism: Creates a beat frequency that penetrates deeper, promoting endogenous endorphin release.

5. Ultrasound Therapy

   • Description: High-frequency sound waves delivered via a handheld probe for 5–10 minutes.

   • Purpose: Promote tissue healing and reduce pain.

   • Mechanism: Mechanical vibration increases cell permeability and blood flow, accelerating repair.

6. Laser Therapy (Low-Level Laser)

   • Description: Low-intensity laser light applied to painful areas for 5–10 minutes.

   • Purpose: Decrease inflammation and pain.

   • Mechanism: Photobiomodulation enhances mitochondrial function and reduces pro-inflammatory mediators.

7. Manual Therapy (Mobilization)

   • Description: Therapist applies graded passive movements to the lumbar spine.

   • Purpose: Improve joint mobility and reduce pain.

   • Mechanism: Stretching of joint capsules and modulation of mechanoreceptors.

8. Spinal Manipulation (Chiropractic)

   • Description: High-velocity, low-amplitude thrusts to spinal segments.

   • Purpose: Restore alignment and relieve nerve impingement.

   • Mechanism: Joint cavitation reduces pressure, and neural input from mechanoreceptors modulates pain.

9. Traction Therapy

   • Description: Mechanical or manual traction to gently stretch the lumbar spine.

   • Purpose: Open disc spaces and reduce nerve compression.

   • Mechanism: Negative intradiscal pressure may help retract herniated material.

10. Kinesiology Taping

    • Description: Elastic tape applied to support muscles.

    • Purpose: Reduce pain and improve posture.

    • Mechanism: Microscale lifting of skin improves circulation and proprioceptive feedback.

11. Dry Needling

    • Description: Fine needles inserted into trigger points.

    • Purpose: Relieve muscle knots and pain.

    • Mechanism: Needle disrupts dysfunctional motor end plates, resets muscle tone.

12. Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (PENS)

    • Description: Needle electrodes deliver current near nerve roots.

    • Purpose: Deep pain relief unachievable by surface TENS.

    • Mechanism: Direct stimulation of nerve trunks modulates pain gate and releases endorphins.

13. Shockwave Therapy

    • Description: High-energy acoustic waves applied to affected area.

    • Purpose: Promote tissue healing and reduce chronic pain.

    • Mechanism: Microtrauma induces neovascularization and releases growth factors.

14. Biofeedback

    • Description: Real-time monitoring of muscle activity with feedback to patient.

    • Purpose: Teach relaxation of overactive back muscles.

    • Mechanism: Visual/auditory cues help patients consciously reduce muscle tension.

15. Laser Acupuncture

    • Description: Low-level laser targets traditional acupuncture points.

    • Purpose: Combine benefits of acupuncture and photobiomodulation.

    • Mechanism: Stimulates acupoints while enhancing cellular repair via light energy.

 Exercise Therapies

16. McKenzie Extension Exercises

    • Description: Repeated prone or standing back extensions.

    • Purpose: Centralize pain and reduce extrusion.

    • Mechanism: Posterior disc shift via sustained extension movements.

17. Core Stabilization (Transversus Abdominis Activation)

    • Description: “Drawing-in” maneuver while lying or standing.

    • Purpose: Strengthen deep core to support lumbar spine.

    • Mechanism: Improved intra-abdominal pressure and spinal stability.

18. Pelvic Tilts

    • Description: Flattening lower back against floor and releasing.

    • Purpose: Mobilize lumbar segments and stretch hip muscles.

    • Mechanism: Gentle gliding of vertebral facets reduces stiffness.

19. Hamstring Stretching

    • Description: Seated or supine hamstring stretch with belt or towel.

    • Purpose: Reduce posterior chain tension.

    • Mechanism: Loosens hamstrings to decrease pull on sacral attachments.

20. Hip Flexor Stretch

    • Description: Lunge position stretch of front hip muscles.

    • Purpose: Balance pelvic tilt and reduce anterior pull on lumbar spine.

    • Mechanism: Lengthens iliopsoas, improving spinal alignment.

21. Bridging Exercise

    • Description: Lifting hips off floor from supine position.

    • Purpose: Strengthen gluteal and paraspinal muscles.

    • Mechanism: Promotes hip extension power and lumbar support.

22. Bird-Dog

    • Description: On hands and knees, extend opposite arm and leg.

    • Purpose: Enhance spinal coordination and stability.

    • Mechanism: Co-contraction of core and back extensors for balanced loading.

Mind-Body Therapies

23. Yoga (Gentle Styles)

    • Description: Slow-flow poses focusing on spine alignment.

    • Purpose: Improve flexibility, strength, and relaxation.

    • Mechanism: Combines stretching with breath control to modulate pain pathways.

24. Mindfulness Meditation

    • Description: Guided focus on breath and body sensations.

    • Purpose: Change perception of pain and reduce stress.

    • Mechanism: Alters brain pain networks (insula, anterior cingulate cortex).

25. Tai Chi

    • Description: Slow, controlled weight-shifting movements.

    • Purpose: Enhance balance and reduce muscle tension.

    • Mechanism: Gentle mobilization and focused attention reduce nociceptive input.

26. Guided Imagery

    • Description: Visualization of pain relief scenarios.

    • Purpose: Distract from pain and promote relaxation.

    • Mechanism: Activates descending pain inhibitory pathways via cognitive modulation.

27. Progressive Muscle Relaxation

    • Description: Sequential tensing and releasing of muscle groups.

    • Purpose: Reduce overall muscle tension and anxiety.

    • Mechanism: Increases parasympathetic tone and lowers stress hormones.

Educational Self-Management

28. Pain Neuroscience Education

    • Description: Explaining how pain works in the nervous system.

    • Purpose: Reduce fear and improve participation in therapy.

    • Mechanism: Cognitive reframing decreases central sensitization.

29. Activity Pacing Training

    • Description: Planning activities with balanced rest breaks.

    • Purpose: Prevent flare-ups and overactivity cycles.

    • Mechanism: Modulates load on healing tissues and avoids deconditioning.

30. Ergonomic Training

    • Description: Instruction on proper workstation setup and lifting techniques.

    • Purpose: Minimize harmful postures during daily tasks.

    • Mechanism: Reduces repetitive strain and abnormal spinal loading.

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Pharmacological Treatments

Each entry lists typical dosage, drug class, recommended timing, and main side effects.

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Dietary Molecular Supplements

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Advanced Regenerative & Bone-Targeted Therapies

Note: Many regenerative and biologic treatments are investigational. Always consult a specialist before considering these options.

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Surgical Procedures

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Prevention Strategies

1. Maintain Healthy Weight – Reduces stress on lumbar discs.

2. Core Strengthening – Builds muscular support for spine.

3. Proper Lifting Technique – Bend knees, keep back straight.

4. Ergonomic Workstation – Chair with lumbar support, monitor at eye level.

5. Regular Movement Breaks – Avoid prolonged sitting; stand/stretches every 30 minutes.

6. Smoke Cessation – Smoking impairs disc nutrition and healing.

7. Balanced Nutrition – Adequate protein, vitamins, minerals for disc health.

8. Hydration – Maintains disc hydration and resilience.

9. Footwear Support – Cushioned shoes reduce spinal jarring.

10. Stress Management – Lower muscle tension and inflammatory hormones.

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When to See a Doctor

Seek prompt medical attention if you experience:

• Severe, sudden leg weakness or difficulty walking

• Loss of bladder or bowel control (possible cauda equina syndrome)

• Unrelenting night pain not eased by rest

• Fever, chills, or unexplained weight loss (infection or malignancy red flags)

• Progressive numbness or tingling in saddle area

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What to Do & What to Avoid

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Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the difference between a herniated disc and an extruded disc?
   An extruded disc is a type of herniation where the nucleus pulposus has broken through the annulus and extends outward. It often causes more severe nerve compression than a contained bulge.

2. Can lumbar disc extrusion heal without surgery?
   Many cases improve with conservative care—physical therapy, medications, and time—though large extrusions with severe nerve deficits may ultimately require surgery.

3. How long does recovery take?
   Mild to moderate cases often improve within 6–12 weeks. Surgical recovery can take 6–12 weeks or longer depending on the procedure.

4. Is bed rest recommended?
   No. Short rest (1–2 days) may ease acute pain, but prolonged inactivity delays recovery and leads to muscle weakness.

5. Will MRI always show disc extrusion?
   MRI is the gold standard for detecting extrusion, nerve compression, and inflammation. A good radiologist report is key.

6. Are steroids helpful?
   Oral or injected steroids can reduce inflammation around the nerve root for faster symptom relief.

7. Can I exercise with a disc extrusion?
   Yes—but only under guidance. Early focus is on gentle mobilization, then gradual strengthening as pain allows.

8. Do I need a brace?
   A temporary lumbar brace may help some patients feel more stable, but long-term use can weaken core muscles.

9. Is smoking a risk factor?
   Yes. Smoking reduces disc nutrition and healing capacity, increasing risk of degeneration and poor recovery.

10. What diet helps disc health?
    Anti-inflammatory foods (omega-3 rich fish, fruits, vegetables) plus adequate protein, vitamin D, and calcium support healing.

11. Can chiropractic care worsen extrusion?
    High-force manipulations may pose risk; always consult a spine specialist before chiropractic adjustments.

12. Are injections painful?
    Epidural steroid injections can cause brief discomfort but often provide significant pain relief within days.

13. Is surgery guaranteed to work?
    Surgery has high success for leg pain relief (>80%), but some back pain may persist. Risks include infection and re-herniation.

14. How do I prevent recurrence?
    Continue core exercises, ergonomic habits, and weight management to protect spinal discs long-term.

15. When is regenerative therapy an option?
    Regenerative injections (PRP, stem cells) are usually considered when conservative care fails and before major surgery, often in clinical trial settings.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 18, 2025.

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