Donate to the Palestine's children, safe the people of Gaza.  >>>Donate Link...... Your contribution will help to save the life of Gaza people, who trapped in war conflict & urgently needed food, water, health care and more.
RxHarun

Cervical Disc Sequestration

Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Dr. Tracy L. Ansay, MD - Spine and Neurosurgery
2 Views
Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)

Cervical disc sequestration is a severe form of cervical intervertebral disc herniation in which a fragment of the disc’s inner core (nucleus pulposus) breaks completely free from the outer ring (annulus fibrosus) and migrates into the spinal canal. Unlike contained herniations, a sequestered fragment has no remaining connection to the parent disc and can travel, sometimes causing more pronounced nerve compression and inflammation Radiopaedia.

Anatomy of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc

Structure and Location

The cervical intervertebral discs are fibrocartilaginous cushions situated between the vertebral bodies from C2–C3 down to C7–T1. Each disc consists of a gel-like nucleus pulposus at its center, surrounded by a tough, layered annulus fibrosus of collagen fibers that adhere to the vertebral endplates Physiopedia.

Attachments (Origin and Insertion)

The annulus fibrosus firmly anchors to the superior and inferior vertebral endplates. There are no muscle-like “origin” or “insertion” points, but these attachments secure the disc between adjacent vertebrae, maintaining spinal alignment while allowing movement Kenhub.

Blood Supply

Blood vessels from the cervical vertebral arteries supply only the outer third of the annulus fibrosus. The nucleus pulposus and inner annulus rely on diffusion through the endplates for nutrients, making them vulnerable to degeneration if endplate health declines Physiopedia.

Nerve Supply

Sensory fibers from the sinuvertebral nerves penetrate the outer annulus fibrosus, relaying pain signals when the disc is damaged or inflamed. The nucleus pulposus itself is not directly innervated under normal conditions Physiopedia.

Functions

  1. Shock Absorption: The nucleus pulposus distributes compressive forces evenly across the endplates.

  2. Load Distribution: The annulus fibrosus contains the nucleus, preventing bulging under load.

  3. Flexibility: Allows flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation of the cervical spine.

  4. Spinal Stability: Maintains intervertebral spacing to protect nerve roots.

  5. Movement Facilitation: Works with facet joints to permit smooth motion.

  6. Nutrition and Waste Exchange: Endplate diffusion supports disc cell metabolism Kenhub.

Types of Disc Herniation

Disc herniations are classified by how far the nucleus pulposus protrudes:

  • Bulging Disc: The disc’s outer contour extends beyond normal boundaries without rupture.

  • Protrusion: The nucleus pushes against the annulus, causing a focal bulge but retaining continuity.

  • Extrusion: A tear in the annulus allows the nucleus to project outward but remain attached.

  • Sequestration: A free fragment of nucleus completely detaches and may migrate.

  • Pseudo-herniation: Imaging artifact that mimics herniation Verywell HealthSurgery Reference.

Causes of Cervical Disc Sequestration

  1. Age-related Degeneration: Wear-and-tear dehydrates the nucleus and weakens the annulus, leading to tears Home | UConn Health.

  2. Repetitive Microtrauma: Frequent bending or twisting stresses the annulus fibers Home | UConn Health.

  3. Acute Trauma: Falls or car accidents can cause annular rupture Home | UConn Health.

  4. Poor Posture: Forward head and rounded shoulders increase disc pressure Home | UConn Health.

  5. Heavy Lifting: Sudden axial loads can tear the annulus Home | UConn Health.

  6. Smoking: Reduces blood supply and disc nutrition, accelerating degeneration Home | UConn Health.

  7. Obesity: Extra weight increases compressive forces on cervical discs Home | UConn Health.

  8. Genetic Predisposition: Family history of early disc degeneration Home | UConn Health.

  9. Occupational Hazards: Jobs involving vibration or overhead work stress the neck Home | UConn Health.

  10. Sports Injuries: Contact sports or wrestling can injure the cervical spine Home | UConn Health.

  11. Interruption of Nutritional Supply: Endplate calcification impairs diffusion Home | UConn Health.

  12. Inflammatory Disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis can weaken disc structure Home | UConn Health.

  13. Congenital Disc Weakness: Abnormal collagen structure from birth Home | UConn Health.

  14. Previous Spinal Surgery: Scar tissue alters normal disc mechanics Home | UConn Health.

  15. Infection: Discitis can destroy annular integrity Home | UConn Health.

  16. Metabolic Disorders: Diabetes impairs tissue healing Home | UConn Health.

  17. Nutritional Deficiencies: Low vitamin C or D affects collagen health Home | UConn Health.

  18. Prolonged Immobilization: Weakens disc-supporting musculature Home | UConn Health.

  19. Degenerative Endplate Disease: Schmorl’s nodes increase stress on the disc Home | UConn Health.

  20. High-impact Acceleration: “Whiplash” injuries from sudden deceleration Home | UConn Health.

Symptoms of Cervical Disc Sequestration

  1. Neck Pain: Often sharp or aching at the back of the neck Spine-health.

  2. Radiating Arm Pain: Pain travels down the shoulder, arm, or hand along nerve paths Spine-health.

  3. Numbness: Loss of sensation in the arm or fingers Spine-health.

  4. Tingling: “Pins and needles” in the upper limb Spine-health.

  5. Muscle Weakness: Reduced strength in shoulder, arm, or hand muscles Spine-health.

  6. Reflex Changes: Diminished biceps or triceps reflexes Spine-health.

  7. Headaches: Pain radiating from neck into the back of the head Spine-health.

  8. Stiffness: Limited neck motion Spine-health.

  9. Muscle Spasms: Involuntary neck muscle contractions NCBI.

  10. Balance Problems: Disc fragments can compress the spinal cord, affecting gait PMC.

  11. Drop Attacks: Sudden falls due to spinal cord involvement PMC.

  12. Autonomic Symptoms: Rarely, bladder or bowel disturbance if cord is compressed NCBI.

  13. Sensory Deficits: Loss of temperature or vibration sense in limbs NCBI.

  14. Chronic Pain: Persistent discomfort lasting weeks to months Spine-health.

  15. Sleep Disturbance: Pain worsens at night Spine-health.

  16. Difficulty Turning Head: Pain with rotation Spine-health.

  17. Weak Hand Grip: Trouble holding objects Spine-health.

  18. Atrophy: Wasting of hand muscles in advanced cases NCBI.

  19. Neck Instability Sensation: Feeling the neck might “give way” NCBI.

  20. Cervical Myelopathy Signs: Hyperreflexia, clonus, or Babinski sign if cord involvement NCBI.

Diagnostic Tests

  1. Medical History & Physical Exam: First step to correlate symptoms with findings NCBI.

  2. Neurological Exam: Tests reflexes, strength, and sensation NCBI.

  3. Spurling’s Test: Neck extension and rotation with downward pressure reproduces radicular pain NCBI.

  4. MRI Scan: Gold standard for visualizing sequestered fragments Radiopaedia.

  5. CT Scan: Useful if MRI is contraindicated; shows bony details NCBI.

  6. X-ray: Excludes fracture, assesses alignment, but disc fragments are not seen NCBI.

  7. Myelography: Contrast injection highlights nerve compression in CT NCBI.

  8. Discography: Provocative test injecting dye reproduces pain NCBI.

  9. EMG (Electromyography): Assesses nerve damage by muscle electrical activity NCBI.

  10. Nerve Conduction Study: Measures speed of nerve signal transmission NCBI.

  11. Ultrasound: Limited use in cervical spine but can evaluate soft-tissue swelling NCBI.

  12. Bone Scan: Rules out infection or tumor if suspected NCBI.

  13. Laboratory Tests: ESR, CRP for inflammatory or infectious causes NCBI.

  14. WBC Count: Elevated in discitis or epidural abscess NCBI.

  15. Flexion-Extension X-rays: Checks for instability NCBI.

  16. Cervical Orthoses Trial: Relief with collar suggests mechanical origin NCBI.

  17. Provocative Maneuvers: Shoulder abduction relief test NCBI.

  18. Sensory Mapping: Pinprick or light touch testing dermatome distribution NCBI.

  19. Reflex Symmetry Check: Comparing both sides for asymmetry NCBI.

  20. Gait Analysis: Observing for myelopathic signs when cord is involved NCBI.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

  1. Physical Therapy: Targeted exercises to strengthen neck muscles Physiopedia.

  2. Cervical Traction: Gentle pulling to relieve nerve pressure Physiopedia.

  3. Postural Training: Education on maintaining neutral spine Physiopedia.

  4. Stretching Exercises: Improves flexibility of neck and shoulder girdle Physiopedia.

  5. Strengthening Exercises: Focus on deep cervical flexors and scapular stabilizers Physiopedia.

  6. Heat Therapy: Increases blood flow to relieve muscle spasm Physiopedia.

  7. Cold Packs: Reduces inflammation in acute phases Physiopedia.

  8. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): Modulates pain signals Physiopedia.

  9. Massage Therapy: Relaxes tight musculature Physiopedia.

  10. Chiropractic Adjustment: Controlled manipulation to improve alignment Physiopedia.

  11. Acupuncture: May reduce pain through neurochemical release Physiopedia.

  12. Yoga: Enhances core stability and posture Physiopedia.

  13. Pilates: Focuses on alignment and muscular endurance Physiopedia.

  14. Ergonomic Workstation: Proper monitor height and chair support Physiopedia.

  15. Sleeping Position Modification: Supportive pillows to maintain neutral neck Physiopedia.

  16. Weight Management: Reduces mechanical load on cervical spine Physiopedia.

  17. Hydrotherapy: Warm water exercises easing joint stress Physiopedia.

  18. Mindfulness and Relaxation: Lowers muscle tension and perceived pain Physiopedia.

  19. Cervical Collar: Short-term immobilization to allow healing Physiopedia.

  20. Lifestyle Modification: Avoiding aggravating activities Physiopedia.

  21. Gravitational Inversion Therapy: Traction using inversion tables Physiopedia.

  22. Laser Therapy: Promotes tissue repair Physiopedia.

  23. Ultrasound Therapy: Deep heating of soft tissues Physiopedia.

  24. Prolotherapy: Injection-based ligament strengthening Physiopedia.

  25. Nutritional Support: Adequate hydration and disc-supporting nutrients Physiopedia.

  26. Vitamin D Supplementation: Supports bone and disc health Physiopedia.

  27. Ergonomic Driving Techniques: Proper headrest positioning Physiopedia.

  28. Stress Management: Reduces muscle tension from stress Physiopedia.

  29. Biofeedback: Teaches muscular relaxation techniques Physiopedia.

  30. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Addresses pain-related thoughts Physiopedia.

Pharmacological Treatments (Drugs)

  1. Ibuprofen (NSAID): Reduces inflammation and pain NCBI.

  2. Naproxen (NSAID): Longer-acting anti-inflammatory NCBI.

  3. Diclofenac (NSAID): Potent inflammation control NCBI.

  4. Acetaminophen: Analgesic for mild pain NCBI.

  5. Cyclobenzaprine: Muscle relaxant for spasms NCBI.

  6. Tizanidine: Central α₂-agonist muscle relaxant NCBI.

  7. Gabapentin: Neuropathic pain modulator NCBI.

  8. Pregabalin: Reduces nerve-related pain NCBI.

  9. Oral Prednisone: Short-course steroid for severe inflammation NCBI.

  10. Tramadol: Weak opioid analgesic NCBI.

  11. Codeine: Moderate opioid for breakthrough pain NCBI.

  12. Amitriptyline: Low‐dose tricyclic for neuropathic pain NCBI.

  13. Lidocaine Patch: Topical anesthetic at painful site NCBI.

  14. Capsaicin Cream: Depletes substance P to reduce pain NCBI.

  15. Baclofen: GABA_B agonist for spasticity NCBI.

  16. Methocarbamol: Centrally acting muscle relaxant NCBI.

  17. Diazepam: Benzodiazepine for acute spasm relief NCBI.

  18. Epidural Steroid Injection: Targeted anti-inflammatory delivery NCBI.

  19. Local Anesthetic Injection: Temporary nerve block NCBI.

  20. Dexamethasone: Long-acting corticosteroid option NCBI.

Surgical Treatments

  1. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): Remove disc and fuse vertebrae to decompress nerves NCBI.

  2. Cervical Disc Replacement: Artificial disc restores motion after removal NCBI.

  3. Posterior Cervical Laminectomy: Removes lamina to decompress spinal cord NCBI.

  4. Posterior Cervical Laminoplasty: Creates door-like opening to enlarge canal NCBI.

  5. Cervical Foraminotomy: Widening of the nerve exit (foramen) NCBI.

  6. Microscopic Discectomy: Minimally invasive fragment removal NCBI.

  7. Endoscopic Discectomy: Small-incision approach with endoscope NCBI.

  8. Percutaneous Discectomy: Needle-based fragment removal NCBI.

  9. Anterior Corpectomy: Remove vertebral body plus disc for severe compression NCBI.

  10. Spinal Fusion with Instrumentation: Plates and screws stabilize after decompression NCBI.

Prevention Strategies

  1. Ergonomic Posture: Keep computer screens at eye level to avoid neck flexion Kenhub.

  2. Regular Exercise: Strengthens supporting musculature Kenhub.

  3. Proper Lifting Technique: Lift with legs, not the neck or back Kenhub.

  4. Maintain Healthy Weight: Reduces mechanical disc load Kenhub.

  5. Quit Smoking: Improves disc nutrition and healing Kenhub.

  6. Stay Hydrated: Supports disc hydration and resilience Kenhub.

  7. Balanced Diet: Adequate vitamins and minerals for collagen health Kenhub.

  8. Avoid Repetitive Strain: Take regular breaks during desk work Kenhub.

  9. Neck Strengthening Exercises: Target deep flexors and extensors Kenhub.

  10. Use Supportive Pillow: Maintain neutral cervical alignment during sleep Kenhub.

When to See a Doctor

Seek professional evaluation if you experience:

  • Severe arm weakness or numbness

  • Loss of bladder or bowel control

  • Signs of spinal cord compression (e.g., difficulty walking)

  • Pain unrelieved by conservative care after 4–6 weeks

  • Sudden, severe neck pain after trauma NCBI.

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What is the difference between disc extrusion and sequestration?
    Extrusion still connects to the parent disc, whereas sequestration is a completely free fragment Verywell Health.

  2. Can cervical disc sequestration heal on its own?
    Small fragments sometimes resorb with conservative care over months NCBI.

  3. How is sequestration diagnosed?
    MRI is the most accurate way to visualize free fragments Radiopaedia.

  4. Is surgery always required?
    Only if conservative management fails or in presence of neurological deficits NCBI.

  5. What is the recovery time after ACDF?
    Most patients return to normal activities within 6–12 weeks NCBI.

  6. Are there non-surgical alternatives?
    Yes—physical therapy, traction, pain management, and lifestyle changes Physiopedia.

  7. Does smoking affect disc health?
    Yes, it accelerates degeneration by reducing blood supply Home | UConn Health.

  8. Can I continue working with this condition?
    Many patients work with modifications; heavy lifting should be avoided Physiopedia.

  9. Will my symptoms return after treatment?
    Recurrence is possible, especially without preventive measures NCBI.

  10. How does age affect prognosis?
    Older age may slow healing but many still improve with proper care NCBI.

  11. Are injections safe?
    Epidural steroids are generally safe in experienced hands but carry small risks NCBI.

  12. Can I drive with neck pain?
    Only if pain does not impede safe turning of the head; discuss with your doctor NCBI.

  13. Is physical therapy painful?
    It may cause mild discomfort but should not exacerbate nerve pain Physiopedia.

  14. What exercises should I avoid?
    Avoid heavy overhead lifting and extreme neck rotation during acute flare-ups Physiopedia.

  15. How can I prevent future herniations?
    Maintain good posture, regular exercise, ergonomic setup, and healthy lifestyle Kenhub.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 01, 2025.

  1. Spine-nomenclatures-spinal-cord
  2. Neurospine and spinal cord injury[rxharun.com]
  3. Lumbar Disc Herniation and Central Lumbar Spinal Stenosis[rxharun.com]
  4. spinal_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  5. lumbar-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  6. Thoracic_Spine_Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  7. lumbarstenosis[rxharun.com]
  8. surface anatomy[rxharun.com]
  9. thorax-spine-objectives3[rxharun.com]
  10. Anatomy of spinal blood supply[rxharun.com]
  11. backgrounder-Spinal-Function-and-Anatomy-Fact-Sheet[rxharun.com]
  12. amandersson,+17453679309160118[rxharun.com]
  13. VERTEBRAL-CANAL-II[rxharun.com] ,
  14. anatomy_of_the_spinal_cord[rxharun.com]
  15. Vertebrae-General Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  16. Human Anatomy & Physiology[rxharun.com]
  17. Bone_Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  18. anatomyofvertebralcolumn-170714070023[rxharun.com]
  19. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine [rxharun.com]
  20. spine THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN[rxharun.com]
  21. Applied anatomy of the cervical spine[rxharun.com]
  22. spine-5-fh-thoracic-spine-anatomy[rxharun.com]
  23. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy [rxharun.com]
  24. Spine_Program_TMH-Insert-Spinal-Anatomy[rxharun.com]
  25. my-spine-explained[rxharun.com]
  26. Anatomy of the spine [rxharun.com]
  27. algorithm[rxharun.com]
  28. anatomy-and-physiology-of-lumbar-spine-tn6srjc8uq[rxharun.com]
  29. Boose-Degenerative-spondylolisthesis[rxharun.com]
  30. mri-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com][rxharun.com]
  31. Low_Back_Pain_Guidelines___April_2012___JOSPT[rxharun.com]
  32. l-spine-lumbar-spinal-stenosis[rxharun.com]
  33. differentiating-hip-pathology-from-lumbar-spine[rxharun.com]
  34. THEVERTEBRALCOLUMN[rxharun.com]
  35. 1403 room4 thur Holtzhausen – Examination of the lumbosacral spine[rxharun.com]
  36. low_back_pain[rxharun.com]
  37. lumbar-spine-anatomy-diagram[rxharun.com]
  38. Lumbar-Spine-Anatomy-and-Biomechanics[rxharun.com]
  39. McKenzie-Lumbar[rxharun.com]
  40. lhmc-rehab-protocol-post-op-lumbar-spinal-fusion[rxharun.com]
  41. Lumbar Spine[rxharun.com]
  42. post-op-lumbar-fusion[rxharun.com]
  43. Clinical-Biomechanics-of-spine[rxharun.com]
  44. spine2-mb-anatomy-and-biomech-of-the-tls-spine[rxharun.com]
  45. Diagnosis and Treatment of[rxharun.com]
  46. ow-back-pain-exercises[rxharun.com]
  47. Thoracic_Lumbosacral_and_Pelvic_Regions_new[rxharun.com]
  48. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  49. Lumbar Core Strength[rxharun.com]
  50. Stability of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  51. lumbar-radiofrequency-ablabtion-[rxharun.com]
  52. Clinical examination of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  53. anatomy-of-the-spine Typical vertebral anatomy-lateral view[rxharun.com]
  54. Applied anatomy of the lumbar spine[rxharun.com]
  55. Lumbar Spine Range of Movement Exercise Program[rxharun.com]
  56. Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebrae[rxharun.com]
  57. witek2019[rxharun.com] Wilcyznski_MRI-lumbar[rxharun.com]
  58. biomechanics-of-lumbar-spine-and-lumbar-disc[rxharun.com]
  59. Lumbar Spine Muscles and Movement [rxharun.com]
  60. L-Spine_spine_lumbar_anatomy[rxharun.com]
  61. Nomenclature[rxharun.com]
  62. spine-low-back-assess-clinical-pathways[rxharun.com]
  63. Cervical-and-Thoracic-Spine-Disorders-Guideline[rxharun.com]
  64. spine-1-jk-anatomy-of-the-spine[rxharun.com]
  65. Physical Exam of the Spine[rxharun.com]
  66. degenerative pathology of the spine new[rxharun.com]
  67. Spinal-pathology-Drop-foot-Thoracic-pain-Inflammatory-Back-Pain[rxharun.com]
  68. Many Facets of Spine Pathology[rxharun.com]
  69. osteoarthritis-of-the-spine-information[rxharun.com]
  70. MRI in Lumber Disc Degenerative Diseases[rxharun.com]
  71. ARTIFICIAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS LUMBAR SPINE[rxharun.com]
  72. 2022985[rxharun.com]
  73. amandersson[rxharun.com]
  74. lumbardischerniation[rxharun.com]

PDF Document For This Disease Conditions

  1. https://rxharun.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nomenclature.pdf
  2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887750/
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537139/
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537236/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537140/
  6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335291/
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725921/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725824/
  9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559006/
  10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725825/
  11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle
  12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body
  13. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/19841.htm
  14. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  15. https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/types.html
  16. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/skeletal-muscle
  18. https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/32/5/1792/2380623
  19. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10974598
  20. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Kidney_diseases
  22. https://kidney.org.au/your-kidneys/what-is-kidney-disease/types-of-kidney-disease
  23. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
  24. https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/chronic-kidney-disease-ckd
  25. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases
  26. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  27. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  28. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  29. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/brain-tumor/symptoms-causes/syc-20350084
  30. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Understanding-Sleep
  31. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/index.html
  32. https://www.skincancer.org/
  33. https://illnesshacker.com/
  34. https://endinglines.com/
  35. https://www.jaad.org/
  36. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  37. https://books.google.com/books?
  38. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  39. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  40. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  41. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  42. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  43. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  44. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  45. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  46. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  47. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  48. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  49. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  50. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  51. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  52. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  53. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  54. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  55. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  56. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  57. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  58. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  59. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  60. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  61. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  62. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  63. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  64. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  65. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  66. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  67. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  68. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  69. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References

 

Related Articles
To Get Daily Health Newsletter

We don’t spam! Read our privacy policy for more info.

Terms and Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Editorial Policy
Advertising Policy
EU User Consent Policy
Correction Policy
Citation Policy
Ethics and Logical Policies
About Us
Contact Us
Newsletter
Career
Sitemap
Advertise with us
Editorial Board Members
Review Board Member
Team RxHarun
Web Developers Team
Guest Posts and Sponsored Posts
Request for Board Member
Women Writers
Download Mobile Apps
Follow us on Social Media
© 2012 - 2025; All rights reserved by authors. Powered by Mediarx International LTD, a subsidiary company of Rx Foundation.
RxHarun
Logo