Central and Both Paracentral Cervical Annular Tears

Dr. Lisa S. Apfel MD - Spine and Neurosurgery Dr. Lisa S. Apfel MD - Spine and Neurosurgery
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Degenerative Bones, Joints, and Spine Care (A - Z)

A cervical annular tear (also called an annular fissure) is a crack or split in the annulus fibrosus, the tough outer ring of a cervical intervertebral disc. When this tear is central, it occurs in the very middle of the disc’s back wall; when paracentral, it lies just to the right or left of the center, but still toward the back of the disc. These tears weaken the disc’s structure and can allow painful inflammatory chemicals to irritate nearby nerves RadiopaediaNCBI.

Anatomy of the Cervical Annulus Fibrosus

  1. Structure
    The annulus fibrosus is made of 15–25 concentric rings (lamellae) of type I and II collagen, with fibers in each layer oriented about 60° to vertical, alternating directions in adjacent layers. This design gives great strength to resist compression, torsion, and bending WikipediaPhysiopedia.

  2. Location
    Cervical discs lie between vertebrae from C2–3 down to C7–T1. The annulus forms the outer rim of each disc, surrounding the gel-like nucleus pulposus Wikipedia.

  3. Attachments (“Origin/Insertion”)
    The outermost collagen fibers (Sharpey’s fibers) anchor into the bony vertebral endplates above and below, securing the disc to each vertebral body ChiroGeek.

  4. Blood Supply
    In adults, the annulus is almost entirely avascular. Only the outer one-third of the outer lamellae receive tiny branches from the adjacent vertebral endplate vessels; nutrients otherwise diffuse by osmosis through the cartilage endplates PhysiopediaNCBI.

  5. Nerve Supply
    Innervation comes via the sinuvertebral (recurrent meningeal) nerves to the outer lamellae only. Inner layers lack sensation. This is why only some annular tears cause pain Physiopedia.

  6. Functions

    • Shock absorption: Distributes compressive loads evenly.

    • Flexibility: Permits slight movements (flexion, extension, rotation).

    • Stability: Holds vertebrae together as a fibrous joint.

    • Containment: Keeps nucleus pulposus centered.

    • Pressure regulation: Maintains disc height and hydration.

    • Load sharing: Balances forces between anterior and posterior spinal elements Wikipedia.

Types of Cervical Annular Tears

Annular tears are classified by orientation and location:

  • By orientation (how the fibers split) RadiopaediaNCBI:

    • Radial tears: Start at the nucleus and extend outward.

    • Concentric tears: Split between lamellae in a ring around the nucleus.

    • Transverse (peripheral) tears: Occur in the outermost fibers near their bony attachment.

  • By location (where around the disc) Radiopaedia:

    • Central (midline).

    • Paracentral (just off midline).

    • Posterolateral, foraminal, extraforaminal (side regions affecting nerve roots).

 Common Causes

  1. Natural aging / disc degeneration BioMed Central

  2. Repetitive bending/twisting (occupational or sports) AAFP

  3. Heavy lifting (improper technique) Wikipedia

  4. Vibration exposures (e.g., heavy machinery) Wikipedia

  5. Torsional forces (sudden rotation) Wikipedia

  6. Axial compression (impact, jumping) Wikipedia

  7. Acute trauma (falls, car accidents) Florida Surgery Consultants

  8. Poor posture (forward head) Florida Surgery Consultants

  9. Obesity (increased spinal load) Florida Surgery Consultants

  10. Smoking (impaired disc nutrition) Florida Surgery Consultants

  11. Genetic predisposition (collagen gene variants) ScienceDirect

  12. Occupational hazards (manual labor) NJ Spine & Orthopedic

  13. Sports injuries (golf swings, weightlifting) Advanced Spine Center

  14. Microtrauma (small repeated stresses) MDPI

  15. Disc dehydration (loss of proteoglycans) Wikipedia

  16. Enzymatic breakdown (MMPs, cathepsins) BioMed Central

  17. Bone spurs (osteophyte impingement) Deuk Spine

  18. Prior spine surgery (altered biomechanics) Spine-health

  19. Facet joint arthritis (adjacent stress) BioMed Central

  20. Inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) ScienceDirect

Possible Symptoms

  1. Neck pain localized to the tear NCBI

  2. Radiating arm pain (radiculopathy) NCBI

  3. Numbness or tingling in fingers NCBI

  4. Muscle weakness in arm/hand NCBI

  5. Stiffness and reduced range of motion Spine-health

  6. Muscle spasms in neck/shoulder Spine-health

  7. Pain with coughing/sneezing Spine-health

  8. Pain aggravated by bending/extension Spine-health

  9. Headache at base of skull Spine-health

  10. Allodynia (light touch causes pain) Advanced Spine Center

  11. Hyperalgesia (increased pain sensitivity) Advanced Spine Center

  12. Cold intolerance in arm Spine-health

  13. Balance disturbances (if myelopathy) AAFP

  14. Gait changes (spinal cord signs) AAFP

  15. Loss of fine motor control in hand AAFP

  16. Lhermitte’s sign (electric shock on neck flexion) AAFP

  17. Spurling’s test positive (compression pain) AAFP

  18. Valsalva-induced pain Spine-health

  19. Night pain disturbing sleep Spine-health

  20. Weight loss/fever (red flag for systemic disease) Spine-health

Diagnostic Tests

  1. Plain X-rays (alignment, degeneration) Spine-health

  2. Flexion/extension X-rays (instability) Spine-health

  3. MRI (high-intensity zone shows tear) Radiopaedia

  4. CT scan (bony details) Spine-health

  5. CT myelogram (if MRI contraindicated) Spine-health

  6. Discography (provocative injection) NCBI

  7. EMG/Nerve conduction (radiculopathy) AAFP

  8. Somatosensory evoked potentials (cord function) AAFP

  9. Spurling’s test (neck extension/rotation) AAFP

  10. Jackson’s compression test (lateral bending) AAFP

  11. Valsalva maneuver (increased intradiscal pressure) Spine-health

  12. Cervical traction test (symptom relief) NCBI

  13. Ultrasound elastography (experimental) Physiopedia

  14. Bone scan (rule out infection) Spine-health

  15. Lab tests (CRP, ESR) Spine-health

  16. Selective nerve root block (diagnostic injection) Spine-health

  17. Facet joint injection (rule out facet pain) Spine-health

  18. Myelography (with CT) Spine-health

  19. Autonomic testing (rare) Physiopedia

  20. Psychosocial assessment (chronic pain factors) ResearchGate

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Clinical practice guidelines consistently recommend multimodal conservative care for cervical annular tears under most circumstances JOSPTDr. Hugulet:

  1. Activity modification

  2. Short-term rest

  3. Posture training

  4. Ergonomic workstation adjustments

  5. Supervised exercise therapy (strengthening & stretching)

  6. Manual therapy (mobilization)

  7. Cervical traction

  8. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

  9. Heat application

  10. Cold packs

  11. Ultrasound therapy

  12. Laser therapy

  13. Massage therapy

  14. Acupuncture

  15. Dry needling

  16. Yoga

  17. Pilates

  18. Tai Chi

  19. Core stabilization exercises

  20. Cervical collar (short-term)

  21. Kinesio taping

  22. Neuro-muscular re-education

  23. Balance training

  24. Aquatic therapy

  25. Inversion table traction

  26. Ergonomic lifting training

  27. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

  28. Mindfulness & relaxation techniques

  29. Patient education & self-management

  30. Weight loss & smoking cessation programs

Pharmacological Treatments

  1. Ibuprofen (NSAID)

  2. Naproxen (NSAID)

  3. Diclofenac (NSAID)

  4. Celecoxib (COX-2 inhibitor)

  5. Acetaminophen

  6. Ketorolac (short-term)

  7. Indomethacin

  8. Meloxicam

  9. Cyclobenzaprine (muscle relaxant)

  10. Tizanidine (muscle relaxant)

  11. Baclofen

  12. Gabapentin (neuropathic pain)

  13. Pregabalin (neuropathic pain)

  14. Duloxetine (SNRI)

  15. Amitriptyline (TCA)

  16. Prednisone (oral steroid taper)

  17. Methylprednisolone (injectable)

  18. Triamcinolone (epidural steroid injection)

  19. Tramadol (opioid)

  20. Oxycodone (opioid) StatPearlsSpine-health.

Surgical Options

Indicated when severe, refractory radiculopathy or myelopathy occurs Verywell HealthSpine-health:

  1. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)

  2. Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion

  3. Cervical disc arthroplasty (artificial disc replacement)

  4. Posterior cervical laminoplasty

  5. Posterior cervical laminectomy

  6. Posterior cervical foraminotomy

  7. Microdiscectomy

  8. Endoscopic discectomy

  9. Facet joint decompression

  10. Spinal fusion with instrumentation

Prevention Strategies

  1. Regular exercise to strengthen neck and core spinegroupbeverlyhills.com

  2. Maintain healthy weight Florida Surgery Consultants

  3. Quit smoking Florida Surgery Consultants

  4. Ergonomic workstation Spine-health

  5. Proper lifting techniques spinegroupbeverlyhills.com

  6. Posture awareness Florida Surgery Consultants

  7. Frequent movement breaks

  8. Use supportive pillow/mattress

  9. Hydration & nutrition

  10. Spine-safe sports techniques

When to See a Doctor

  • Pain lasting > 6 weeks despite conservative care Spine-health

  • Progressive arm weakness or numbness AAFP

  • Signs of spinal cord compression (balance/gait issues) AAFP

  • Bowel or bladder dysfunction (medical emergency) Spine-health

  • Severe unrelenting night pain Spine-health

  • Fever, chills, or unexplained weight loss (infection/cancer) Spine-health

  • History of cancer or immunosuppression Spine-health

Frequently Asked Questions

  1. What is a cervical annular tear?
    A split in the annulus fibrosus of a neck disc that can irritate nerves NCBI.

  2. How does a central tear differ from a paracentral tear?
    Central tears lie midline; paracentral are just off center on either side Radiopaedia.

  3. Are annular tears always painful?
    No—only tears reaching the nerve-rich outer third usually cause pain NCBI.

  4. Can annular tears heal on their own?
    Yes, small tears may heal over months with conservative care StatPearls.

  5. How long is recovery?
    Most improve in 6–12 weeks; chronic tears may take up to 18 months Dr. Tony Mork.

  6. Is an annular tear the same as a herniated disc?
    A tear is a crack; a herniation is when nucleus pulposus leaks out .

  7. What shows an annular tear on MRI?
    A “high-intensity zone” on T2-weighted images Radiopaedia.

  8. Do tears cause radiculopathy?
    Yes, if they irritate or compress nerve roots NCBI.

  9. Which exercises help?
    Gentle neck stretches, chin tucks, and core stabilization Spine-health.

  10. When is surgery needed?
    Severe, progressive neurological deficits or intractable pain despite 6 weeks of care Verywell Health.

  11. Can I prevent annular tears?
    Yes—by maintaining good posture, healthy weight, and safe lifting Florida Surgery Consultants.

  12. Are injections effective?
    Epidural and selective nerve root steroid injections often reduce inflammation and pain StatPearls.

  13. Will fusion limit my neck motion?
    Fusion reduces motion at that level but may preserve overall stability Spine-health.

  14. What’s artificial disc replacement?
    A motion-preserving surgery replacing the damaged disc with an implant AANS.

  15. Is chiropractic care safe?
    Spinal manipulation can help in mild cases but must be done by a qualified practitioner Spine-health.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team Rxharun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: May 03, 2025.

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References

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