Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome (BRRS) is a rare genetic disorder that can affect various aspects of a person’s health. In this article, we will break down BRRS into simpler terms to help you understand it better. We will discuss the types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatments, and medications associated with this condition.

Types of Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

BRRS comes in two main types:

  1. BRRS Type 1: People with Type 1 BRRS may have a higher risk of developing certain types of cancer, including thyroid cancer and colorectal cancer.
  2. BRRS Type 2: In Type 2 BRRS, individuals may experience non-cancerous growths called hamartomas in various parts of their body.

Causes of Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

BRRS is caused by mutations in the PTEN gene, which plays a role in regulating cell growth and division. These mutations can lead to an overgrowth of cells in various tissues and organs, causing the characteristic features of the syndrome.

Symptoms of Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

Now, let’s look at some common symptoms of BRRS:

  1. Growth Abnormalities: Children with BRRS may experience overgrowth in height and weight.
  2. Skin Changes: They may have unusual skin pigmentation or birthmarks.
  3. Developmental Delays: Some individuals may have delays in reaching developmental milestones.
  4. Intellectual Disabilities: BRRS can also be associated with cognitive impairments.
  5. Thyroid Problems: Thyroid issues, such as enlarged thyroid glands (goiter), can occur.
  6. Gastrointestinal Problems: BRRS can lead to issues like polyps in the intestines.
  7. Macrocephaly: This means having an abnormally large head.
  8. Muscle Weakness: Weakness in the muscles can be a symptom as well.
  9. Joint Problems: Some people may experience joint pain or instability.
  10. Seizures: In rare cases, seizures can be associated with BRRS.
  11. Vision Problems: Changes in the eye, such as cataracts, may occur.
  12. Behavioral Issues: Behavioral problems, including autism spectrum disorder, can be seen.
  13. Bowel Changes: Individuals may have bowel irregularities.
  14. Bumps on the Skin: Non-cancerous growths called lipomas can develop.
  15. Breast Abnormalities: In some cases, breast overgrowth or abnormalities may occur.
  16. Kidney Tumors: Benign tumors in the kidneys can be a part of BRRS.
  17. Vascular Anomalies: These are abnormal blood vessel formations.
  18. Oral Lesions: Abnormalities in the mouth, like papillomas, can be present.
  19. Bone Abnormalities: Changes in bone structure may occur.
  20. Cardiac Issues: Heart abnormalities can also be associated with BRRS.

Diagnostic Tests for Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

Diagnosing BRRS typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation and genetic testing. Here are some common diagnostic tests:

  1. Physical Examination: A doctor will examine the patient for physical signs of BRRS, such as growth abnormalities and skin changes.
  2. Genetic Testing: A blood sample is taken to check for mutations in the PTEN gene.
  3. Imaging Studies: X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI scans may be done to look for internal abnormalities like hamartomas.
  4. Endoscopy: This procedure involves using a flexible tube with a camera to examine the digestive tract for polyps.
  5. Thyroid Function Tests: Blood tests can assess thyroid function.
  6. Neuropsychological Assessment: To evaluate cognitive function and developmental delays.

Treatments for Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

While there is no cure for BRRS, treatments are focused on managing specific symptoms and reducing the risk of complications. Here are some common treatment approaches:

  1. Surgery: Surgical removal of hamartomas or other growths may be necessary.
  2. Medications: Some medications can help manage symptoms like seizures or thyroid dysfunction.
  3. Physical Therapy: To improve muscle strength and mobility.
  4. Speech and Occupational Therapy: For individuals with speech or developmental issues.
  5. Counseling and Behavioral Therapy: To address behavioral and emotional challenges.
  6. Regular Screening: Frequent medical check-ups to monitor for cancer and other complications.
  7. Dietary Modifications: In some cases, dietary changes may be recommended to manage gastrointestinal issues.
  8. Thyroid Hormone Replacement: For those with thyroid problems.
  9. Orthopedic Interventions: In cases of joint problems or bone abnormalities.
  10. Vision Correction: If vision problems are present, eyeglasses or other treatments may be necessary.

Medications for Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome

Here are some medications that may be used to manage specific symptoms of BRRS:

  1. Antiepileptic Drugs: Such as phenytoin or levetiracetam, to control seizures.
  2. Thyroid Medications: Like levothyroxine, to regulate thyroid function.
  3. Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter or prescription pain relievers for joint or muscle pain.
  4. Behavioral Medications: Depending on the individual’s needs, medications for behavioral issues may be prescribed.
  5. Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation.
  6. Oral Contraceptives: In some cases, hormonal birth control may be used to manage symptoms in females.
  7. Growth Hormone Therapy: In selected cases, growth hormone therapy may be considered.
  8. Antibiotics: For treating infections that may occur as a result of skin lesions or surgeries.
  9. Anti-seizure Medications: These are prescribed for individuals with epilepsy.
  10. Vision Medications: Eye drops or ointments for vision problems.

In summary, Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that can affect various aspects of a person’s health. While there is no cure, medical professionals can help manage the condition’s symptoms and reduce the risk of complications through a combination of treatments, medications, and regular monitoring. If you or someone you know is affected by BRRS, it’s essential to work closely with healthcare providers to develop a personalized care plan tailored to individual needs.

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

  1. https://medlineplus.gov/skinconditions.html
  2. https://www.aad.org/about/burden-of-skin-disease
  3. https://www.usa.gov/federal-agencies/national-institute-of-arthritis-musculoskeletal-and-skin-diseases
  4. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/default.html
  5. https://www.skincancer.org/
  6. https://illnesshacker.com/
  7. https://endinglines.com/
  8. https://www.jaad.org/
  9. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
  10. https://books.google.com/books?
  11. https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/skin-diseases
  12. https://cms.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/topic/292-skin-infections-disorders
  13. https://www.fda.gov/files/drugs/published/Acute-Bacterial-Skin-and-Skin-Structure-Infections—Developing-Drugs-for-Treatment.pdf
  14. https://dermnetnz.org/topics
  15. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-treatments/allergies/skin-allergy
  16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/occupational-skin-disease
  17. https://aafa.org/allergies/allergy-symptoms/skin-allergies/
  18. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  19. https://rxharun.com/rxharun/rxharun/article-types/skin-care-beauty/skin-diseases-types-symptoms-treatment/
  20. https://www.nei.nih.gov/
  21. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions
  22. https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_skin_diseases&redirect=no
  23. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition
  24. https://oxfordtreatment.com/
  25. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
  26. https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/w
  27. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health
  28. https://catalog.ninds.nih.gov/
  29. https://www.aarda.org/diseaselist/
  30. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets
  31. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/
  32. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics
  33. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  34. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  35. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/
  36. https://www.niehs.nih.gov
  37. https://www.nimhd.nih.gov/
  38. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics
  39. https://obssr.od.nih.gov/
  40. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics
  41. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  42. https://beta.rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases
  43. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/

References