RAM is short for random access memory and while it might sound mysterious, RAM is one of the most fundamental elements of computing. RAM is the super-fast and temporary data storage space that a computer needs to access right now or in the next few moments.

The computer memory RAM ( Random Access Memory ) stores any type of data for a short time. Random-access memory (RAM) is a computer’s short-term memory, which it uses to handle all active tasks and apps. None of your programs, files, games, or streams would work without RAM. The main purpose of RAM in a computer is to read and write any data.  RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores the files you are working on. ROM is a non-volatile memory that permanently stores instructions for your computer.

A computer is an electronic device, but it is very similar to a Human Brain. The human brain has memory, and it is the most essential part played by the brain, memory helps in remembering things, people remember their past due to the memory present in the brain, similarly, computers have memory too.

Memory

In order to save data and instructions, memory is required. Memory is divided into cells, and they are stored in the storage space present in the computer. Every cell has its unique location/address. Memory is very essential for a computer as this is the way it becomes somewhat more similar to a human brain.

In human brains, there are different ways of keeping a memory, like short-term memory, long-term memory, implicit memory, etc. Likewise, in computers, there are different types of memories or different ways of saving memories. They are Cache memory, Primary memory/ Main memory, and Secondary memory.

Types of Memory

There are three types of memories. Cache memory is helpful in speeding up the CPU as it is a high-speed memory, It consumes less time but is very expensive. The next type is the Main memory or Primary memory which is used to store or hold the current data, it consists of RAM and ROM, RAM is a volatile memory while ROM is non-volatile in nature. The third type is Secondary memory, which is non-volatile in nature, it is used to store the data permanently in a computer.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

It is one of the parts of the Main memory, also famously known as reading Write Memory. Random Access memory is present on the motherboard and the computer’s data is temporarily stored in RAM. As the name says, RAM can help in both reading and writing. RAM is a volatile memory, which means, it is present as long as the Computer is in the ON state, as soon as the computer turns OFF, the memory is erased.

In order to better understand RAM, imagine the blackboard of the classroom, the students can both read and write and also erase the data written after the class is over, and some new data can be entered now.

Features of RAM

• RAM is volatile in nature, which means, the data is lost when the device is switched off.
• RAM is known as the Primary memory of the computer.
• RAM is known to be expensive since the memory can be accessed directly.
• RAM is the fastest memory, therefore, it is an internal memory for the computer.
• The speed of a computer depends on RAM, say if the computer has less RAM, it will take more time to load and the computer slows down.

Types of RAM

RAM is further divided into two types, SRAM – Static Random Access Memory and DRAM- Dynamic Random Access Memory. Let’s learn about both of these types in more detail.

SRAM (Static Random Access memory)

SRAM is used for Cache memory, it can hold the data as long as the power availability is there. It is refreshed simultaneously to store the present information. It is made with CMOS technology. It contains 4 to 6 transistors and it also uses clocks. It does not require a periodic refresh cycle due to the presence of transistors. Although SRAM is faster, it requires more power and is more expensive in nature. Since SRAM requires more power, more heat is lost here as well, another drawback of SRAM is that it can not store more bits per chip, for instance, for the same amount of memory stored in DRAM, SRAM would require one more chip.

The function of SRAM: The function of SRAM is that it provides a direct interface with the Central Processing Unit at higher speeds.

Characteristics of SRAM

• SRAM is used as the Cache memory inside the computer.
• SRAM is known to be the fastest among all the memories.
• SRAM is costlier
• SRAM has a lower density (number of memory cells per unit area)
• The power consumption of SRAM is less but when it is operated at higher frequencies, the power consumption of SRAM is compatible with DRAM.

DRAM (Dynamic Random Access memory)

DRAM is used for the Main memory, it has a different construction than SRAM, it used one transistor and one capacitor (also known as a conductor), and it is needed to get recharged in milliseconds due to the presence of a capacitor. Dynamic RAM was the first sold memory integrated circuit. DRAM is the second most compact technology in production (the First is Flash Memory). DRAM has one transistor and one capacitor in 1 memory bit.
Although DRAM is slower, it can store more bits per chip, for instance, for the same amount of memory stored in SRAM, DRAM requires one less chip. DRAM requires less power and hence, less heat is produced.

The function of DRAM

The function of DRAM is that it is used to program code by a computer processor in order to function. It is used in our PCs (Personal Computers).

Characteristics of DRAM:

1. DRAM is used as the Main Memory inside the computer.
2. DRAM is known to be a fast memory but not as fast as SRAM.
3. DRAM is cheaper compared to SRAM
4. DRAM has a higher density (number of memory cells per unit area)
5. The power consumption by DRAM is more.

What does RAM do, exactly?

RAM is temporary storage that goes away when the power turns off. So what is RAM used for, then? It’s very fast, which makes it ideal for things the computer is actively working on, such as applications that are currently running (for example, the web browser in which you’re reading this article) and the data those applications work on or with (such as this article).

It can help to think about RAM with the analogy of a physical desktop. Your working space — where you scribble on something immediately — is the top of the desk, where you want everything within arm’s reach and you want no delay in finding anything. That’s RAM. In contrast, if you want to keep anything to work on later, you put it into a desk drawer — or store it on a hard disk, either locally or in the cloud.

Ultimately, RAM allows you to access multiple programs at once with speed and efficiency.

RAM is significantly faster than a hard disk — twenty to a hundred times faster, depending on the specific hardware type and task. Because of its speed, RAM is used to process information immediately. When you want to accomplish a specific task, computer operating systems load data from the hard disk into RAM to process it, such as to sort a spreadsheet or to display it on screen. When it’s done actively “doing something,” the computer (sometimes at your instruction) saves it into long-term storage.

So, for example, let’s say you want to work with a spreadsheet. When you start Excel, your computer loads the application into RAM. If you load an existing spreadsheet (which is stored on your hard disk), the operating system copies that information into RAM, too. Then you can work with Excel, crunching numbers in your usual fashion. In most circumstances, the computer responds super-fast, because RAM is fast. When you’re done with the spreadsheet, you tell Excel to save it — which means that the data gets copied to the hard disk or other long-term storage. (If you forget to save and the power fails, all that work is gone, because RAM is temporary storage.) And when you close the application, the computer operating system takes it out of RAM and clears the deck so that the space is free for you to work on the next thing.

One extended use of RAM is to help previously-accessed information be available much more quickly. When you first turn on your computer and launch any application, such as PowerPoint or Spotify, it takes a while to load. However, if you close a program and then relaunch it, the software opens almost instantly (unless your PC isn’t optimized for performance). That’s because the app is loaded out of the significantly faster RAM, rather than the hard disk.

In short, RAM is used for any task that requires fast access to computing resources.

One notable example is the operating system’s own process. For example, if you use Windows, its key functions — such as the ability to display images on your screen — are copied into RAM, because the OS needs super-fast access to the devices you use all the time. Not every device driver is loaded into RAM immediately, but many of them are.

Another example is a Windows feature called SuperFetch, which records your usage patterns. Based on your existing behavior, it automatically pre-loads applications and files into RAM when you turn on your PC. This makes working with your computer significantly faster.

When an application needs a lot of RAM, it often gives you a progress bar or other status report. That’s common when you load a game or powerful application. When you launch a game, you may see a “loading” screen while the computer copies the information into RAM, such as maps, character models, and objects. That “loading” message is displayed to ensure you know something is happening when the developers cannot make the process instantaneous!

How much memory do I need?

The more RAM a computing device has, the faster it runs. If your device is old, you might need to upgrade the hardware. Every open application (including tabs in a web browser) consumes RAM. You can run out — and when that happens, the computer has to move things around on the hard disk, which slows down the computer.

Note that RAM is different from storage: if you turn off your PC, the information is gone whereas on storage (SSDs, HDDs…) that data will be saved.

How much RAM do you need? 

It depends on the kind of work you do, how many things you do at once, and how impatient you are. As with so many other parts of computing, we always want our devices to respond instantly!

In most circumstances, however, you need far less RAM than you do hard disk space. Again, think of that physical office desk. The more space you have on the desktop, the more pieces of paper you can spread around. But that doesn’t keep you from wanting a very big file cabinet for long-term storage of all the files you’ve collected over time.

Once upon a time — say, 25 years ago — when common hardware was based on Pentium CPUs, you rarely needed more than 8MB of RAM — perhaps 32 MB if you were a serious tech geek. That was plenty to run Windows 95, the first Windows versions of Word, and Doom.

Today, a web browser with 10-20 open tabs can easily consume over 2200 MB — or 2.2 GB — of RAMWhen you buy a computer, generally, you have several options: 2GB, 4GB, 16GB, or even more memory. Most lower-end devices come with 4GB memory today, while higher-end (and thus more expensive) machines have 8GB or 16GB of RAM standard. (You can usually add more at an increased price.)

But how much do you really need and for what? Here are our recommendations, which apply to any operating system or personal computer hardware:

• 4 GB of RAM: If you’re only browsing the web, working with basic Office applications, and maybe dabbling a bit in personal photo editing, you’ll be fine with 4 GB of memory.
• 8 GB of RAM: Heavy multitaskers or light gamers should choose a computer with 8 GB of RAM.
• 16+ GB of RAM: Some tasks are inherently computing-intensive, such as serious gaming, video editing, and programming. “Enthusiast” users who never want to experience slowdowns will need 16+ GB of RAM to be happy.

When the computing tasks exceed the current amount of memory on the computer, the operating system moves a less-actively-used application onto the hard disk temporarily. When you switch back to that application, it needs to retrieve that information before you can work with it. This is called paging or swapping, and it’s time-consuming. The process causes delays and losses in performance.

You can make your computer run faster and better by regularly clearing wasteful clutter out of your RAM. You can do this manually, but it’s easier to do with a little help, such as the Sleep Mode function which disables wasteful background services and processes, giving you back the RAM lost to unnecessary programs.

Are there different types of RAM?

Yes, there are multiple types of RAM! As with other forms of computer hardware, scientists are always trying to decrease energy consumption while they increase speed and capacity. RAM has been around since the first days of computing, and in early microcomputing eras, it required enthusiasts to plug-in chips one at a time.

By the late 1990s and early 2000s, users had their choice of static RAM (SRAM), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), or Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM).

Nowadays, the most common type is DDR-RAM, and there are various iterations, including DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5. DDR stands for double-data-rate and allows multiple file transfers at the same time. Current speeds are about 25 gigabytes per second for the latest DDR4-RAM.

There are also multiple types of speeds of DDR4 memory. By default, these memory sticks run at around 2500 MHz. If you want to squeeze the absolute maximum performance out of your memory, you can get higher-clocked RAM. Nowadays you’ll find memory ranging from 2333 MHz up to 5000 MHz (which is interesting for gamers and GPU overclockers). The more MHz your RAM has, the faster it is!

Eventually, DDR5 will replace DDR4, as it has even further increased performance — about 50 GB/s.

There’s also VRAM (Video Random Access Memory) which sits on your graphics card and is used for loading graphical data (such as games). Video RAM is even faster than normal memory and comes in the form of GDDR5X or HBM memory with higher bandwidths.

OK, I got what RAM is! What about ROM?

While sounding similar, RAM is very different from ROM. Read-only Memory is exactly what it says: a form of memory that a computer can read but not write to. That sounds limited, but you’re actually familiar with it in the form of music CDs or DVD-ROMs.

How do I get more RAM without upgrading?

If you’re struggling with low PC performance or your computer is equipped with 4 GB of RAM or less, and you don’t want to spend money on upgrades, then the best way to improve computing speed is to free up your available RAM. There are two ways to do that:

• Close programs! If you don’t need an open tab in Google Chrome, close it. You probably don’t need to run a dozen applications at the same time, either. If you aren’t actively using it, close it. Only launch what you actually use.
• Use Sleep Mode: Our own Avast Cleanup Premium includes a feature that frees up memory by unloading applications you don’t use.

What should I look out for when buying RAM? (for the geeks)

As mentioned above, today’s DDR4 RAM clocks in at around 2133 and 3000 MHz. Gamers or other hardcore computer users (such as programmers and multimedia editors) should look at higher clocked memory with specifications of up to 4800 MHz. Such memory comes from manufacturers like G.Skill or Corsair.

However, while clock speeds are one thing, the other factor that a certain audience (gamers, for example) should consider is latency, the time delay between when a command in memory is entered and when it’s executed. The lower this number, the higher the performance, as you get fewer delays between instructions. To get the best possible performance, find memory north of 4000 MHz with a latency of around CAS (Column Address Strobe) 15-18. (For regular users, this is unlikely to make a meaningful impact, but gamers should go ahead!)

Keep in mind the 32-Bit Windows versions

Last but not least, you need to keep in mind that you can’t just install infinite amounts of RAM on your PC and expect it to work. In order to use more than 4 GB of memory, you need to run a 64-Bit version of Windows — 32-bit versions are limited to address 3.5 GB of memory only. Many Windows 7 users are still on 32-bit editions, so if you want to use 4 GB of RAM or more, you will definitely need to jump on the 64-bit bandwagon. But, beware of installing a 64-bit version on a very old machine with less memory since that might have a counteracting effect. Addresses in Windows are now 64 bits long, instead of just 32 bits. What this boils down to is the larger memory footprint of each application. Depending on which applications you use, Windows 64-bit might use 20–50% more of your memory. As you can see, 64-bit only makes sense with larger system memory.

Last but not least, you need to keep in mind that you can’t just install infinite amounts of RAM on your PC and expect it to work. In order to use more than 4 GB of memory, you need to run a 64-Bit version of Windows — 32-bit versions are limited to address 3.5 GB of memory only. Many Windows 7 users are still on 32-bit editions, so if you want to use 4 GB of RAM or more, you will definitely need to jump on the 64-bit bandwagon. But, beware of installing a 64-bit version on a very old machine with less memory since that might have a counteracting effect. Addresses in Windows are now 64 bits long, instead of just 32 bits. What this boils down to is the larger memory footprint of each application. Depending on which applications you use, Windows 64-bit might use 20–50% more of your memory. As you can see, 64-bit only makes sense with larger system memory.

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