Wahoo in botany is a name of American Indian origin, most commonly applied to a large shrub, or small tree, 6–25 ft. tall native to North America. (The name Wahoo is also given to an Elm (Ulmus alata) and another variety, Euonymus americanus.)
Eastern Wahoo has obtusely four-angled twigs; leaves, 2–5 in. long, oval in shape, with finely toothed margins and covered below with fine hairs. The purple flowers, appearing in May or June, are about ½ in. across are borne in groups of seven to fifteen on a short stalk. The fruit is a deeply four-lobed purple capsule bearing brown seeds covered with a scarlet aril. The plant grows in many sections of the United States, in woods and thickets and river bottoms. The bark of the root has a bitter and unpleasant taste.
Plant description
Eastern Wahoo is a deciduous shrub or small tree which is grown for its attractive red berries and fall color. It occurs in the wild in open woods and thickets, near streams, and on wooded slopes throughout the States. It typically appears as an upright, spreading, deciduous shrub with an irregular crown growing from 10 to 15 feet high. Leaves are dark green, elliptic to ovate which turns dull red to greenish-red in fall. Flowers are small, purple which appears in leaf axils in late spring but are not showy. Flowers give way to scarlet red fruits about ½ inches which are found in autumn. Fruits are attractive to wildlife and are considered to be the best ornamental feature of the shrub. Fruits, leaves, and bark of Eastern wahoo are used for various medicinal purposes.
Flower
Flowers form in branching clusters of 7 to 15 flowers that arise from leaf axils of lateral branchlets along one-year-old stems. Flowers are ¼ to 1/3 inch across, maroon to dark reddish-purple with four petals which are triangular and softly pointed at the tip. The center of the flower has a four-lobed maroon to the purple ovary with single short and yellow stamen on each lobe and stubby green style in the center. The flowers have four short sepals. Sepals and stalks are hairless.
Facts About Eastern Wahoo
| Name | Eastern wahoo |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Euonymus atropurpureus |
| Native | Native to eastern North America |
| Common/English Name | American wahoo, Burning bush, Eastern wahoo, Hearts bursting with love, Bitter ash, Indian arrow, Euonymus, Indian arrowwood, Pegwood, Strawberry tree, Spindle tree, Whahow, Wahoo |
| Name in Other Languages | German: Purpur-Spindelstrauch, Bitter-ash, Burningbush, Eastern burningbush, Eastern wahoo, Wahoo, Eastern burning-bush, Burning-bush euonymus; French: Fusain pourpre, Fusain de l’Est |
| Plant Growth Habit | Deciduous shrub |
| Soil | Well-drained |
| Plant Size | 8 m tall |
| Bark | Gray, smooth and lightly fissured |
| Stem | Round, smooth, 10 cm diameter |
| Leaves | Elliptical, 8.5–11.3 cm long, 3.2–5.5 cm broad |
| Flowering Season | June |
| Flower | Bisexual, 10–12 mm diameter |
| Fruit shape & size | Capsule, up to 17 mm diameter |
| Fruit color | Reddish to pink |
| Seed | Orange, ellipsoid, 7.0 to 11.0 by 4.0 to 5.5 mm |
| Medicinal part | Root bark |
Eastern wahoo Scientific Classification
Scientific Name: Euonymus atropurpureus
| Rank | Scientific Name & (Common Name) |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae (Plants) |
| Subkingdom | Viridiplantae (Green plants) |
| Infrakingdom | Streptophyta (Land plants) |
| Superdivision | Embryophyta |
| Division | Tracheophyta (Vascular plants, tracheophytes) |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Subclass | Rosidae |
| Order | Celastrales |
| Family | Celastraceae (Bittersweet) |
| Genus | Euonymus L. (Burningbush, spindletree) |
| Species | Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. (Eastern burningbush, burningbush, wahoo, eastern wahoo) |
| Synonyms |
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Leaves and stems
Leaves are opposite and simple about 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2½ inches wide which are generally elliptic, widest at or near the middle tapering or wedge-shaped at the base. The tip is pointed or tapering to a sharp point sometimes abruptly so finely toothed around the edges and hairless on the upper surface and finely hairy on the lower. Stalks are ¼ to 2/3 inch long and hairless. Leaves turn yellow in the fall. Branchlets are weakly four-sided, hairless, green, and develop lines of pale and corky tissue along with the angles which provides a striped appearance but eventually fade away. Branches are brown with age. Buds are cone-shaped with a sharply pointed tip. Bud’s scars are very light and nearly white. Older bark is thin, smooth to slightly rough, and gray to gray-brown. Trunks reach 1½ inches in diameter at breast height. Usually, stems are single and branches are few and erect to ascend, the shrub taking on an irregularly shaped crown.
Fruit
Fruit is a capsule about ½ inches across. Initially, it is green turning pinkish and maturing to red. Typically four-lobed but not all lobes may develop equally. When ripe, the capsule splits open revealing 1 to 4 fleshy and bright red fruits called arils which contain two seeds.
Distribution and habitat
It is primarily found in the Midwestern United States. The range extends from southern Ontario south to northern Florida and Texas. It is found in low meadows, open slopes, open woodland, stream banks, and prairies, in moist soils especially thickets, valleys, and forest edges.
Uses
Valued in liver disorders especially those following or accompanied by fever. For constipation, due to inactivity of liver, it may be given with every confidence, especially as its action is mild and non-irritant. The influence is not restricted to the liver alone, the pancreas and spleen are also assisted by its properties. An effective agent for dropsy and dyspepsia, having a cathartic effect. Euonymus is often used in combinations of other tonics, laxatives, etc., in pill form.
Doses
1 small teaspoonful to 2 cupfuls of boiling water, simmered 30 min., 2–3 cupfuls a day 1 hr. before meals.
Medicinal uses
- It has expectorant and diuretic effects but is used as a purgative in case of constipation.
- It is used for liver disorders and fever.
- Prepare a decoction by adding an ounce to a pint of water and boiling it slowly. Take a dose of a small wine glassful two to three times a day for cold.
- Stem and root bark is used as a cardiac, alterative, cholagogue, cathartic, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, hepatic, tonic and stimulant.
- Use it in form of tea for treating malaria, constipation and liver congestion.
- Apply the powdered bark to the scalp for eliminating dandruff.
Side effects
- Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take it.
- Bark of Eastern wahoo has caffeine so when taken in large amounts, it worsens diarrhea and IBs.
- When taken in large doses, it causes intestinal and stomach disorders.
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