Iodine Allergy

Iodine” is a natural trace mineral that your thyroid and every cell in your body needs to live. Because iodine is tiny and essential, the immune system does not target “iodine” the way it targets pollens, foods, or medicines.

“Iodine allergy” is a confusing label. You cannot be allergic to the chemical element iodine itself. What people usually have is either:

1. A skin reaction to povidone-iodine antiseptic (Betadine®). Many of these are irritant reactions (the solution is harsh to skin). A smaller number are true allergic reactions—most often to the povidone (a plastic-like polymer that carries iodine), not the iodine. Rarely, severe reactions (hives, wheeze, anaphylaxis) have been reported to povidone. PMC+1ajops.com

2. A reaction to iodinated contrast dye used during CT scans and some X-ray procedures. These reactions can look like allergy (hives, swelling, wheeze), but they are usually non-IgE (“allergic-like”) and come from the drug’s properties (e.g., osmolality) and patient risk factors—not from iodine. Having shellfish allergy does not predict a contrast reaction. If you once reacted to contrast, that specific history matters; shellfish or Betadine® history does not. Department of Radiologyeducation.aaaai.orggeiselmed.dartmouth.edu

3. They once reacted during a scan that used an iodinated contrast dye (the liquid dye doctors inject to highlight organs on X‑ray/CT). Those reactions can be immediate (within minutes) or delayed (hours to days later). Some are true allergies; many are “allergic‑like” reactions where immune cells are triggered without classic allergic antibodies.
4. They had a skin rash or stinging after povidone‑iodine (Betadine®) was used to clean skin before a procedure. This can be simple skin irritation (very common) or a real allergic contact dermatitis to povidone (the carrier polymer), not the iodine itself (rare).

The important point: you are not allergic to iodine as an element. You may be sensitive or allergic to a specific product that contains iodine. Labeling it correctly keeps you safe and prevents unnecessary fear of foods (like fish) or needed medical tests.

Types

Below are the most common “types,” explained in very plain English. These are not all the same disease, but people often mix them up.

1) Immediate reaction to iodinated contrast dye (minutes to 1–6 hours)

• What it is: Hives, flushing, itching, wheeze, swelling of lips/eyelids, cough, chest tightness, or rarely anaphylaxis, soon after contrast is injected.
• Why it happens: Contrast can directly activate mast cells/basophils or, less often, trigger IgE‑mediated allergy to that specific contrast brand. The risk is highest if you reacted to contrast before.
• Usual course: Most reactions are mild and settle with medicines; severe reactions are uncommon but need urgent care.

2) Delayed reaction to iodinated contrast dye (after 6 hours, often 1–3 days)

• What it is: Itchy red “measles‑like” rash, sometimes fever. Very rarely, severe skin reactions (e.g., DRESS, AGEP, SJS/TEN) can occur.
• Why it happens: T‑cell (delayed) drug hypersensitivity to that contrast agent.
• Usual course: Mild rashes settle; future scans may use a different contrast and/or pre‑medication and close monitoring.

3) Allergic contact dermatitis to povidone‑iodine (Betadine®)

• What it is: Itchy, eczematous rash under or around the area where Betadine® touched skin, peaking hours to 1–2 days later.
• Why it happens: True allergy to povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone), the carrier in the solution, not to iodine itself.
• Usual course: Avoid that product; patch testing can confirm. Many people tolerate other antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine), and there is no cross‑allergy with radiology contrast dye.

4) Irritant dermatitis from povidone‑iodine

• What it is: Burning/stinging, redness, or “chemical‑like” irritation right after the liquid is applied, especially under occlusive dressings or on broken skin/mucosa.
• Why it happens: Free iodine is caustic at high concentration or with long contact; this is not an allergy.
• Usual course: Rinse off, use gentler prep or diluted solution next time.

5) Contact urticaria from povidone‑iodine

• What it is: Quick‑appearing hives where the liquid touched, fading in hours.
• Why it happens: Non‑IgE mast‑cell activation or, rarely, IgE to povidone.

6) Drug hypersensitivity to amiodarone (a heart medicine that contains iodine)

• What it is: Rash, photosensitivity, thyroid issues, or rare severe reactions (e.g., DRESS). This is a reaction to the drug, not the iodine atom.

7) Intolerance or hypersensitivity to iodine‑containing supplements (e.g., povidone‑iodine gargles, Lugol’s solution, potassium iodide)

• What it is: Local irritation, hives, or rarely systemic symptoms.
• Note: Again, this targets the formulation or dose, not “iodine” itself.

8) The shellfish myth

• What it is: Many believe shellfish allergy means you will react to contrast dye because both “have iodine.”
• Reality: Shellfish allergy is to tropomyosin (a muscle protein), not to iodine. There is no special link between shellfish allergy and contrast reactions.

9) Mix‑ups with other antiseptics

• What it is: Some people react to chlorhexidine (another antiseptic) or to alcohol preps and assume it was the “iodine.”
• Reality: These are separate products with different risks.

Causes

Each item includes a plain‑English explanation.

1. Previous reaction to iodinated contrast dye – The single strongest predictor of reacting again to the same dye. Changing to a different brand and careful planning lowers risk.
2. High total dose or rapid injection of contrast – A bigger, faster load can provoke mast cells more easily.
3. Type of contrast agent – Older high‑osmolar agents caused more reactions; modern low‑osmolar/non‑ionic agents are safer but not risk‑free.
4. True IgE allergy to a specific contrast brand – Uncommon, but possible; skin testing may help identify a safer alternative.
5. Non‑IgE mast‑cell activation (“allergic‑like”) – Contrast can directly trigger mast cells without classic allergy; symptoms look the same.
6. Atopy (history of eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis) – Slightly higher background risk of many drug rashes; still, most atopic patients tolerate contrast.
7. Uncontrolled asthma – Increases the chance of wheeze/bronchospasm during any allergic reaction.
8. Beta‑blocker therapy – Does not cause the reaction but can make treatment harder and reactions seem worse because adrenaline works less effectively.
9. Mast cell disorders (e.g., systemic mastocytosis) – More reactive mast cells raise the risk of severe reactions to many triggers, including contrast.
10. Povidone‑iodine on broken or delicate skin – Higher absorption and more irritation; longer contact under drapes increases the chance of a rash.
11. Allergic contact sensitization to povidone (polyvinylpyrrolidone) – A learned skin allergy from prior exposures (antiseptics, some eye drops, medical products that also contain povidone).
12. Photoreaction (sunlight + certain antiseptics) – Rarely, light after application can aggravate a rash (photocontact dermatitis).
13. Certain viral infections at the time of exposure – Can prime the immune system and increase the chance of a delayed drug rash.
14. Genetic predisposition to drug hypersensitivity – Not predictable for a given person, but explains why one patient reacts and another does not.
15. High concentration of povidone‑iodine (undiluted 10%) – More likely to sting or irritate than dilute solutions on sensitive areas.
16. Prolonged, repeated skin painting – Longer exposure means more chance for irritation or allergy to develop over time.
17. Use on mucous membranes (mouth, nose, genitals) – These tissues are more easily irritated than intact skin.
18. Concurrent medicines that cause hives (e.g., NSAIDs) – They don’t cause “iodine allergy,” but they can add to overall hive‑proneness around the same time.
19. Confusion with other antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine) or adhesives – The true trigger might not be iodine at all; mislabeling delays the right fix.
20. Poor documentation (“iodine allergy” entered without details) – Not a biological cause, but a major reason people are mislabeled and then avoid safe care they actually need.

Symptoms and signs

1. Itching (pruritus) – The most common early symptom in allergic and allergic‑like reactions.
2. Hives (urticaria) – Raised, itchy, pale‑centered welts that move around.
3. Skin flushing or warmth – Sudden redness from mast‑cell chemicals widening blood vessels.
4. Angioedema (swelling) – Puffy lips, eyelids, face, or tongue; can be alarming but often settles.
5. Wheezing or noisy breathing – Tight airways from bronchospasm; needs quick treatment.
6. Shortness of breath – Can accompany wheeze or come from throat swelling.
7. Cough or chest tightness – A common chest symptom during contrast reactions.
8. Runny or stuffy nose, sneezing – Less dramatic but part of the same reaction pattern.
9. Nausea, vomiting, or abdominal cramps – The gut has mast cells too; they can react.
10. Dizziness or faintness – From a drop in blood pressure in more serious reactions.
11. Low blood pressure (hypotension) – A red‑flag sign of anaphylaxis; requires urgent care.
12. Headache or sense of “doom” – Often reported in moderate reactions.
13. Delayed red, blotchy rash (maculopapular exanthem) – Peaks 1–3 days after contrast; usually itchy.
14. Fever with rash – Suggests a more intense delayed reaction (e.g., DRESS) and needs medical review.
15. Skin burning/stinging under antiseptic – Points toward irritant rather than allergic contact dermatitis.

Diagnostic tests

Important: Testing for “iodine allergy” means identifying the specific product and mechanism (contrast dye vs. povidone‑iodine; immediate vs. delayed; allergic vs. non‑allergic). Testing is done by trained clinicians with emergency equipment available.

A) Physical examination

1. Vital signs – Check blood pressure, pulse, breathing rate, temperature, and oxygen level; this grades severity.
2. Airway and voice check – Look for hoarseness, stridor (noisy in‑breath), tongue or throat swelling.
3. Skin examination – Map hives vs. eczema‑type rash; take photos to compare over time.
4. Lung exam with a stethoscope – Listen for wheeze or reduced air movement.
5. Heart exam – Rate, rhythm, and perfusion (capillary refill) to spot low‑circulation states.

B) Manual (bedside) allergy test

6. Skin prick test (SPT) to the suspect contrast/povidone component – A drop of diluted agent is pricked into the surface skin; a hive‑like bump suggests IgE‑mediated sensitivity. (SPT for contrast is specialized and not fully standardized; done by experts.)
7. Intradermal test (IDT) with immediate and delayed readings – A tiny volume is injected into the upper skin; read at 15–20 minutes (immediate) and again at 24–48 hours (delayed T‑cell reaction).
8. Patch testing for povidone‑iodine or povidone (PVP) – Small chambers with the product are taped to the back for 48 hours; eczema at the site means allergic contact dermatitis.
9. Photopatch testing – Same as patch testing but one set is exposed to controlled light; helps if rashes worsen with sunlight after prep.
10. Graded drug provocation (challenge) with an alternative or the suspected contrast – Very carefully supervised step‑by‑step dosing in a hospital setting to confirm tolerance when needed.

C) Laboratory & pathological tests

11. Serum tryptase during/soon after the reaction – A spike supports mast‑cell activation (allergic or allergic‑like); a normal result does not rule it out.
12. Complete blood count (CBC) – Checks for eosinophilia in delayed reactions and overall status.
13. Liver and kidney function tests – Important in severe drug rashes (e.g., DRESS) and to plan safe imaging.
14. Eosinophil count specifically – Often elevated in delayed drug rashes; helps track recovery.
15. Basophil activation test (BAT) – A specialized blood test in some centers that can support a contrast allergy diagnosis.
16. Skin biopsy – If the rash is severe or unusual (e.g., to distinguish simple exanthem from severe reactions like SJS/TEN).

D) Electro‑diagnostic/physiologic monitoring

17. ECG (heart monitoring) – Detects rhythm problems during significant reactions or when adrenaline is used.
18. Pulse oximetry/capnography when available – Continuous oxygen level (and CO₂ in some settings) to guide emergency care.

E) Imaging tests

19. Chest X‑ray – Only if breathing issues persist; checks for lung complications.
20. Airway ultrasound (or bedside laryngoscopy by a specialist) – To assess throat/tongue swelling when the exam is unclear.

Non-pharmacological treatments

1. Name the culprit correctly in the record (“povidone allergy” or “contrast reaction,” not “iodine”). Purpose: stops future errors. Mechanism: makes teams select safe alternatives by guideline. Department of Radiology

2. Avoid re-exposure to the same product (e.g., switch from povidone-iodine to chlorhexidine/alcohol if skin intact). Purpose: prevent repeat reaction. Mechanism: removes trigger. PMC

3. Let antiseptics fully dry and don’t pool under drapes. Purpose: reduce irritancy. Mechanism: less maceration/penetration. PMC

4. Use protective barrier creams around prep edges if dermatitis history. Purpose: shield sensitive skin. Mechanism: reduces contact of irritant with epidermis. PMC

5. Gentle cleansing and emollients after exposure. Purpose: restore barrier. Mechanism: repair stratum corneum, dilute residual irritant. PMC

6. Cool compresses for acute skin burning/itch. Purpose: comfort. Mechanism: vasoconstriction dampens neurogenic itch. (Standard dermatology care.) PubMed

7. Patch testing by an allergist for delayed rashes. Purpose: confirmation. Mechanism: shows T-cell sensitivity to povidone/excipient. PubMed

8. Pre-procedure risk chat for patients with prior contrast reaction. Purpose: shared decision and plan. Mechanism: choose alternative imaging or protocols per ACR. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

9. Consider non-contrast imaging or different modality (US/MRI without gadolinium) if clinically acceptable. Purpose: avoid trigger entirely. Mechanism: different technology. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

10. Choose a different iodinated contrast agent if prior reaction (e.g., switch brand/class). Purpose: lower repeat risk. Mechanism: reactions are agent-specific; changing reduces risk. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

11. Slow injection and close monitoring during contrast scans. Purpose: safety. Mechanism: lower immediate load; catch early symptoms. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

12. Warm low-osmolality contrast to body temp (radiology practice). Purpose: may reduce viscosity and reaction rates. Mechanism: smoother injection. Wikipedia

13. Document clear emergency plan (anaphylaxis kit ready). Purpose: rapid response saves lives. Mechanism: minimizes time to epinephrine/airway. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

14. Educate patients about the shellfish myth. Purpose: reduce unnecessary avoidance/delay. Mechanism: aligns care with evidence. education.aaaai.org

15. Medical alert information listing the actual agent reacted to. Purpose: prevents the vague “iodine” label. Mechanism: gives precise warning. Department of Radiology

16. Short nails/no scratching during dermatitis flares. Purpose: prevent infection and lichenification. Mechanism: reduces trauma. PubMed

17. Avoid occlusive dressings over fresh povidone areas unless instructed. Purpose: reduce irritation. Mechanism: prevents pooling. PMC

18. Photodocument reaction for your record/website accuracy. Purpose: track pattern and resolution. Mechanism: objective evidence over time. PubMed

19. Use alcohol-only skin prep when appropriate (if chlorhexidine also a concern). Purpose: minimize allergens. Mechanism: simpler formula, fewer sensitizers. (Per OR practice; choose per wound type.) PMC

20. Post-procedure follow-up call after any moderate/severe reaction. Purpose: catch delayed rashes/respiratory issues. Mechanism: early care if symptoms rise. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

Drug treatments

Note: Doses below are typical adult doses. Adjust for children, pregnancy, kidney/liver disease, and local protocols.

1. Epinephrine (adrenaline) – Adrenergic agonist
   Dose/time: 0.3–0.5 mg IM (1:1,000) in outer thigh; repeat q5–15 min as needed for anaphylaxis.
   Purpose: First-line for life-threatening reactions.
   Mechanism: Reverses airway swelling, raises BP, stabilizes mast cells.
   Side effects: Tremor, palpitations, anxiety; rare arrhythmia in high doses. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

2. Diphenhydramine or cetirizine – H1 antihistamines
   Dose/time: Diphenhydramine 25–50 mg PO/IV once; or cetirizine 10 mg PO.
   Purpose: Reduce hives/itch.
   Mechanism: H1 receptor blockade.
   Side effects: Sedation (diphenhydramine), dry mouth. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

3. Famotidine – H2 antihistamine
   Dose/time: 20 mg PO/IV.
   Purpose: Add-on for urticaria/angioedema.
   Mechanism: H2 blockade reduces histamine effects on vessels.
   Side effects: Headache; rare QT issues IV. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

4. Albuterol inhaler/nebulizer – β2-agonist
   Dose/time: 2–4 puffs or neb 2.5 mg PRN bronchospasm.
   Purpose: Relieve wheeze.
   Mechanism: Bronchodilation.
   Side effects: Tremor, tachycardia. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

5. Prednisone (oral) or methylprednisolone (IV) – Corticosteroids
   Dose/time (acute): Prednisone 40–60 mg PO once; or methylpred 40–125 mg IV.
   Purpose: Reduce prolonged or biphasic symptoms; used in some premedication protocols before contrast when there’s a clear prior reaction and imaging is necessary.
   Mechanism: Genomic anti-inflammatory effects.
   Side effects: Hyperglycemia, mood changes, insomnia. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

6. ACR premedication regimen (for contrast only, if prior reaction and scan is needed):
   Typical elective regimen: Prednisone 50 mg PO at 13, 7, and 1 hour before contrast + Diphenhydramine 50 mg PO/IV 1 hour before. Urgent IV regimen exists when time is short.
   Purpose: Reduce risk of repeat “allergic-like” reactions.
   Mechanism: Dampens mast-cell activation/histamine effects.
   Side effects: As above. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

7. Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone 2.5%, triamcinolone 0.1%)
   Use/time: Apply thin layer 1–2×/day for 5–7 days to dermatitis.
   Purpose: Calm allergic contact dermatitis.
   Mechanism: Local anti-inflammation.
   Side effects: Skin thinning if overused. PubMed

8. Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus/pimecrolimus)
   Use: Alternative for facial/skin-fold dermatitis where steroids risky.
   Mechanism: Blocks T-cell activation.
   Side effects: Transient burn/tingle. PubMed

9. IV fluids (normal saline) in severe reactions
   Purpose: Treat low blood pressure.
   Mechanism: Restores intravascular volume.
   Side effects: Fluid overload in heart/kidney failure (monitor). geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

10. Glucagon (if anaphylaxis in a patient on β-blockers)
    Dose: 1–5 mg IV over 5 min, then infusion if needed.
    Purpose: Bypass β-blockade when epinephrine alone ineffective.
    Side effects: Nausea, vomiting. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

Not recommended as routine: leukotriene blockers, omalizumab, or long steroid courses for “iodine allergy” specifically—evidence is limited and not guideline standard for contrast or povidone reactions. Follow specialist advice. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

Dietary / molecular & other supportive supplements

Straight truth: there is no proven supplement that prevents or treats povidone or contrast reactions. Good skin-barrier care and general health help recovery, but don’t market supplements as treatment for “iodine allergy.” If you include a wellness sidebar, label it “supportive, not a cure”:

• Moisturizers with ceramides (topical, not oral): restore barrier after irritant dermatitis.

• Gentle cleansers, no fragrance: reduce irritation risk.

• Adequate protein, vitamins A/D/E/C, zinc through food supports wound/skin healing in general—but not specific therapy for these reactions.

• Probiotics, quercetin, curcumin, omega-3s: popular online, but no clinical evidence for preventing povidone or contrast reactions—avoid implying efficacy.

(Include this as an editorial note to keep your article SEO-clean and medically accurate.)

Hard immunity / regenerative / stem-cell drugs”

There are none for povidone-iodine or iodinated contrast reactions. No stem-cell therapy, no regenerative drug, no “immune hardening” medicine is approved or recommended. Please do not list such items as treatments. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

Surgeries

There are no surgeries to treat povidone or contrast reactions. Surgery appears only as the setting where povidone-iodine is used; if a severe reaction happens peri-operatively, the team halts the trigger and treats medically.

Preventions (practical)

1. Use the correct label (povidone allergy vs contrast reaction). Department of Radiology

2. Choose alternative skin prep (chlorhexidine/alcohol) if povidone caused a reaction. PMC

3. Let prep dry; avoid pooling/occlusion. PMC

4. For prior contrast reactors: consider different contrast agent + ACR premedication + close monitoring. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

5. Consider non-contrast imaging when clinically OK. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

6. Have an emergency kit (epinephrine available) for any procedure. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

7. Treat eczema/skin conditions before elective procedures to protect barrier. PubMed

8. Educate against shellfish/iodine myths to prevent delays. education.aaaai.org

9. Document agent name, lot, timing, symptoms after reactions for future care. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

10. Allergy referral for patch testing or challenge planning when history is unclear. PubMed

When to see a doctor (or go to ER)

• Immediately/ER: swelling of tongue/lips/face, trouble breathing, wheeze, throat tightness, fainting—use epinephrine and call emergency services. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

• Soon (24–48 h): spreading, very itchy rash; blistering; eye involvement; or any reaction after contrast. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

• Routine: past reaction and you’re scheduled for imaging or surgery—see an allergist/radiology team before the date for a plan (alternative agents, possible premedication). geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

What to eat / what to avoid

• You do not need to avoid iodine in foods (iodized salt, dairy, eggs, seaweed) because of a povidone or contrast reaction. Food iodine is not the problem. AAAAI+1

• Shellfish allergy is separate. If you have shellfish allergy, follow your usual shellfish avoidance—but it does not mean you’re allergic to contrast or povidone. AAAAI

• Hydration after contrast can help kidney handling but does not prevent allergic-like reactions; follow your radiology prep instructions. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

FAQs

1) Is “iodine allergy” real?
No. You can’t be allergic to elemental iodine. People react to povidone (Betadine® carrier) or to contrast agents, not to iodine itself. PMCDepartment of Radiology

2) I’m allergic to shellfish. Can I get a CT with contrast?
Usually yes. Shellfish allergy does not increase risk from iodinated contrast. Tell radiology your exact past reactions so they can plan safely. AAAAI+1

3) I had hives after contrast once. What happens next time?
Your history matters. Radiology may switch to a different contrast, consider ACR premedication, and monitor you closely—or use another imaging test if appropriate. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

4) Can Betadine® cause a rash?
Yes—often irritant, sometimes allergic to povidone. Patch testing can confirm delayed allergy. PubMed

5) Can Betadine® cause anaphylaxis?
Rarely, yes—usually to povidone, not iodine. ajops.comPMC

6) What skin prep can be used if I reacted to Betadine®?
Chlorhexidine/alcohol is commonly used when skin is intact; discuss options for mucous membranes or open wounds. PMC

7) Do I need to avoid iodized salt?
No. Food iodine is unrelated to these reactions. AAAAI

8) Are there blood tests for this?
Tryptase can support anaphylaxis. Specific IgE to povidone is rarely available. Patch testing helps for delayed rashes. PMCPubMed

9) Does premedication guarantee no contrast reaction?
No, it reduces risk but doesn’t eliminate it. Teams still monitor and keep epinephrine ready. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

10) Are modern contrast agents safer?
Yes. Low-osmolality, nonionic agents have lower reaction rates than older high-osmolality ones. JEM Journal

11) If I have eczema, am I more likely to get a Betadine® rash?
Irritated or broken skin increases risk of irritant dermatitis. Protect and moisturize first. PMC

12) Can warming the contrast help?
Warming low-osmolality contrast to body temperature can reduce viscosity and may lower reaction rates. Wikipedia

13) Is there cross-reactivity between gadolinium MRI contrast and CT iodinated contrast?
No—different drug classes. A prior reaction to one does not predict a reaction to the other. Department of Radiology

14) Who should manage testing and future plans?
An allergist (for rashes/testing) and the radiology team (for imaging strategy). Bring your old reports. geiselmed.dartmouth.edu

15) What should my medical alert card say?
List the exact product and reaction: e.g., “Povidone-iodine contact dermatitis” or “Immediate reaction to iohexol (iodinated contrast).” Avoid the vague “iodine allergy.” Department of Radiology

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

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Last Updated: August 08, 2025.

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