Choroidal Hemangioma

Choroidal hemangioma is a harmless, noncancerous growth made up of extra blood vessels in the choroid, the layer of blood‐rich tissue found between the retina (the light‐sensing layer at the back of your eye) and the white outer wall of the eye (sclera). These growths are born with you (congenital) and do not spread to other parts of the body. When they press on the retina or leak fluid under it, they can blur vision or even detach the retina, but many never cause symptoms and are found by chance during an eye exam Specialty Vision.

Choroidal hemangioma is a benign (noncancerous) vascular hamartoma—meaning it is made up of normal blood‐vessel tissue that has grown in an unorganized cluster—located in the choroid, the vascular layer beneath the retina. It appears as an orange-red or yellow-orange, dome-shaped mass under the retina and may leak fluid, causing retinal detachment or cystic retinal changes that blur vision. Many lesions remain stable and can simply be observed, but symptomatic tumors require treatment to preserve sight. New York Eye Cancer CenterRadiopaedia

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Types of Choroidal Hemangioma

1. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma (CCH)
   A single, well‐defined bump of extra blood vessels in the choroid. It usually appears later in adulthood and is not linked to any other health problems Radiopaedia.

2. Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma (DCH)
   A broad, flat spread of extra vessels that often covers a large part of the choroid. This form nearly always occurs in people with Sturge–Weber syndrome, a rare condition marked by a port‐wine stain birthmark on the face and sometimes brain blood vessel changes Radiopaediasturge-weber.org.

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Causes of Choroidal Hemangioma

Note: The exact trigger for these vessels to overgrow is not fully known. However, researchers point to congenital (from birth) blood vessel malformation and certain genetic changes.

1. Congenital Vascular Malformation
   Choroidal hemangiomas form before birth when blood vessels in the choroid grow too many branches or loops during eye development Specialty Vision.

2. Hamartomatous Growth
   They are hamartomas—benign lumps made of extra, but otherwise normal, cells and tissues that grew too much in one spot Specialty Vision.

3. Somatic GNAQ Gene Mutation
   Many cases, especially those tied to Sturge–Weber syndrome, have a mutation in the GNAQ gene (changes in codon R183 or Q209) that affects blood vessel cell signals AAO Journal.

4. Somatic GNA11 Gene Mutation
   A similar mutation can occur in the GNA11 gene, affecting choroidal blood vessel growth in non‐syndromic cases AAO Journal.

5. Somatic Mosaicism
   Only some cells in the eye carry the mutation, leading to a patch of overgrown vessels rather than a whole‐eye change JAMA Network.

6. PHACE Syndrome
   A rare syndrome with large facial hemangiomas, heart defects, and sometimes eye blood vessel tumors including choroidal hemangiomas WebEye.

7. Embryologic Vascular Development Error
   During early pregnancy, the normal pruning of blood vessels in the eye may not occur, leaving extra vessels behind Specialty Vision.

8. Local Hypoxia (Low Oxygen)
   Low oxygen levels in certain areas of the developing eye may spur excess vessel growth in the choroid Specialty Vision.

9. VEGF Overexpression
   Too much vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a protein that tells vessels to grow, may play a role even before birth PMC.

10. VEGFR Signaling Dysregulation
    Faulty receptors for VEGF on choroidal cells may amplify growth signals in the vessel walls PMC.

11. Wnt Pathway Alterations
    Changes in the Wnt signaling pathway, important in blood vessel formation, may underlie some hemangiomas Specialty Vision.

12. TIE2 Receptor Mutations
    Rare mutations in the TIE2 receptor gene, seen in other vascular malformations, could contribute (though direct evidence is limited) Specialty Vision.

13. RASA1 Gene Variants
    Variants in RASA1, linked to other capillary malformations, have been observed in scattered case reports Specialty Vision.

14. Somatic Mosaicism in Other Angiogenesis Genes
    Mosaic mutations in genes that regulate vessel growth (e.g., PI3K‐AKT pathway) may affect local choroidal vessels Specialty Vision.

15. Inflammatory Cytokine Influence
    Inflammation in utero could raise local cytokines, nudging vessels to multiply Specialty Vision.

16. Placental Insufficiency
    If the placenta underperforms early in pregnancy, fetal tissues—including the eye—may trigger extra vessel growth to compensate Specialty Vision.

17. Maternal Teratogen Exposure
    Very rarely, exposure to certain drugs or toxins during pregnancy is theorized to disturb normal vessel pruning Specialty Vision.

18. Radiation Exposure
    High‐dose radiation in utero can disrupt normal blood vessel development, though this is exceedingly rare Specialty Vision.

19. Intrauterine Infections
    Maternal infections like rubella may interfere with vessel maturation, possibly leading to vascular hamartomas in the eye Specialty Vision.

20. Unknown Genetic/Environmental Factors
    Many cases arise without any clear risk factor, pointing to undiscovered genes or subtle environmental influences Specialty Vision.

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Symptoms of Choroidal Hemangioma

Most choroidal hemangiomas do not cause symptoms. When they do, it usually means the growth is pressing on or leaking fluid under the retina.

1. Blurred Vision
   Fluid or swelling under the retina can cloud your vision, making things look fuzzy or out of focus PMC.

2. Metamorphopsia (Distorted Vision)
   Straight lines may appear wavy or bent if the retina is pushed out of shape by fluid PMC.

3. Floaters
   Tiny spots or threads drifting across your vision may appear when fluid leaks into the eye’s gel-like interior PMC.

4. Photopsia (Flashes of Light)
   Pulses of fluid pressure or retinal irritation can cause brief flashes or flickers of light wagnerkapoor.com.

5. Visual Field Defects
   Parts of your side vision may be lost if fluid spreads under the retina or if the lesion blocks light in certain areas PMC.

6. Central Scotoma
   A dark spot in the center of your vision when the hemangioma lies under the macula (the sharp‐vision area) Biology Insights.

7. Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
   The eye’s focusing can shift toward farsightedness if the choroid thickens and shortens the eye’s front‐to‐back length wagnerkapoor.com.

8. Strabismus (Eye Misalignment)
   In children with diffuse hemangioma, the eye may turn outward if vision becomes blurry early in life WebEye.

9. Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
   Long‐standing poor vision in one eye can lead to developmental vision loss if not treated early in children WebEye.

10. Glaucoma
    Increased fluid pressure inside the eye may occur when diffuse hemangioma blocks normal drainage, common in Sturge–Weber syndrome PMC.

11. Leukocoria (White Pupil Reflex)
    In rare large or bilateral hemangiomas, the pupil may look white instead of black in photographs Radiopaedia.

12. Eye Pain or Discomfort
    Sudden, severe growth or bleeding under the retina can cause aching or sharp pain sturge-weber.org.

13. Long‐standing Mild Redness
    Subtle redness or bloodshot appearance if the tumor affects nearby vessels in the eye’s front layers sturge-weber.org.

14. Headaches
    Fluid pressure changes inside the eye can sometimes trigger headaches around the affected side sturge-weber.org.

15. Incidental Finding
    Most people have no symptoms; the tumor is found by chance during a routine dilated eye exam Specialty Vision.

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Diagnostic Tests for Choroidal Hemangioma

Physical Exam

1. Visual Acuity Test
   Measures how clearly you can see letters on a chart to detect vision loss from retinal swelling PMC.

2. Intraocular Pressure Measurement (Tonometry)
   Checks eye pressure for glaucoma risk, especially in diffuse hemangioma cases PMC.

3. Fundus Examination with Ophthalmoscope
   The doctor looks through a magnifying lens to see the retina and choroid, spotting an orange‐red mass Radiopaedia.

Manual Tests

4. Amsler Grid
   A simple square grid you view with each eye to detect new areas of distortion from fluid under the macula PMC.

5. Visual Field Test
   Maps side vision to find any blind spots caused by retinal detachment or tumor blocking light PMC.

Lab and Pathological Tests

6. Blood Tests to Rule Out Metastasis
   Basic labs (CBC, metabolic panel) may be done to rule out other cancers if the mass appearance is unclear Specialty Vision.

7. Fine‐Needle Aspiration Biopsy
   Rarely done; a tiny needle takes cells for study if melanoma cannot be ruled out by imaging Specialty Vision.

8. Histopathology
   Examination of tissue after surgical removal shows benign blood vessel walls without cancer cells INIS.

9. Immunohistochemistry
   Stains for markers like CD31 and CD34 confirm the vascular origin of the tissue sample Specialty Vision.

10. Genetic Testing for GNAQ/GNA11
    Analyzes tumor DNA for specific somatic mutations in GNAQ or GNA11 AAO Journal.

Electrodiagnostic Tests

11. Electroretinogram (ERG)
    Measures electrical responses of retinal cells, which may be dampened if fluid separates retina from underlying tissue PMC.

12. Electrooculogram (EOG)
    Assesses overall retinal pigment epithelium health, which can be affected by chronic fluid buildup PMC.

Imaging Tests

13. B‐Scan Ultrasonography
    Ultrasound beam through the eye shows a smooth, solid mass with high internal reflectivity PMC.

14. A‐Scan Ultrasonography
    Single‐beam ultrasound that measures internal echoes, confirming a vascular, low‐reflective tumor pattern PMC.

15. Fundus Photography
    High‐resolution photos document the color and size of the lesion for monitoring over time PMC.

16. Fluorescein Angiography
    Dye injected into a vein highlights leaking vessels under the retina, showing a “lollipop” fluorescence pattern PMC.

17. Indocyanine Green Angiography
    A different dye that penetrates deeper gives clearer images of the choroidal vessels within the tumor PMC.

18. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
    Cross‐sectional images show fluid under the retina and retinal layer changes from the tumor’s pressure MDPI.

19. Enhanced Depth Imaging OCT (EDI‐OCT)
    Specialized OCT mode provides deeper views of the choroid thickness and tumor borders PMC.

20. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and CT Scan
    MRI with contrast highlights the hemangioma’s blood‐filled tissue; CT shows a well‐defined, uniformly dense mass, helping rule out melanoma INISScienceDirect.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Each of the following local therapies aims to shrink the tumor, seal leaking vessels, or resorb subretinal fluid while minimizing damage to healthy retina:

1. Observation and Monitoring: For small, asymptomatic CCHs that neither leak nor threaten vision, regular eye exams with fundus photography and optical coherence tomography can safely track stability. New York Eye Cancer Center

2. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): Intravenous verteporfin accumulates in tumor vessels; low-energy laser activation produces reactive oxygen species that occlude the hemangioma with minimal collateral damage. It induces tumor regression and resolves subretinal fluid over weeks. Retina TodayPMC

3. Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT): Infrared diode laser (810 nm) is delivered through the pupil to raise tumor temperature (~45 °C), causing cytotoxicity in abnormal vessels. Best for extrafoveal tumors due to risk of macular edema or scarring. PentaVision

4. Argon Laser Photocoagulation: Focal high-energy green laser spots directly on the tumor surface produce coagulative necrosis of abnormal vessels; less precise than PDT and higher risk of scarring. PentaVision

5. Cryotherapy: Rapid freeze-thaw cycles applied externally to the sclera overlying the tumor cause vessel thrombosis. Rarely used alone due to risk of inflammation and subretinal fibrosis. PentaVision

6. External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT): Fractionated low-dose X-ray therapy (20–30 Gy) over several sessions reduces tumor size and subretinal fluid but carries risk of radiation maculopathy and cataract. PubMed

7. Plaque Brachytherapy (I-125 or Ru-106): Radioactive plaque sutured to the sclera delivers a high dose to the tumor base over days, sparing adjacent tissue. Commonly used when PDT fails or for thicker tumors. AAO Journal

8. Proton Beam Therapy: Charged-particle irradiation delivers a conformal, Bragg-peak dose to the tumor (16.4–27.3 Gy over 4 fractions), achieving high tumor control with less scatter to surrounding tissue. PubMedRetina Today

9. Stereotactic Radiosurgery (Gamma Knife): Single-session focused gamma rays ablate tumor vessels with precision, offering an option for lesions not amenable to PDT or brachytherapy. PentaVision

10. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): Advanced EBRT technique shaping beams to tumor contours, reducing dose to optic nerve and macula compared to conventional EBRT. A low definitive dose (21.6 Gy) has been recommended. The Green Journal

11. Ruthenium-106 Brachytherapy: A beta-emitter plaque delivering ~100 Gy to the tumor surface; shown to shrink CCH and resolve detachment with good safety. ScienceDirect

12. Fractionated Photon Radiotherapy: Dividing total EBRT dose into daily fractions reduces ocular toxicity while maintaining efficacy for diffuse lesions. The Green Journal

13. Transscleral Thermotherapy: Contact-lens laser heating through the sclera to induce tumor thrombosis, useful for anteriorly located hemangiomas. Retina Today

14. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT): Sub-thermal laser sessions to stimulate local cytokine changes that may reduce vascular permeability; experimental and under study. Retina Specialist

15. Ultrasound-Assisted Therapy: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to thermally ablate tumor tissue with minimal retinal damage; investigational. PentaVision

16. ICG-Mediated Photothrombosis: Indocyanine green dye plus infrared laser induces selective thrombosis in choroidal vessels, applied in complex vascular tumors. Nature

17. OCT-Guided Laser Micropulse Therapy: Subthreshold micropulse laser delivers energy bursts that induce cellular changes without visible scarring, promoting fluid resorption. ResearchGate

18. Combination PDT + Laser: Sequential PDT and focal laser may enhance vessel closure in refractory cases, though evidence is limited. ScienceDirect

19. Low Vision Rehabilitation: For chronic vision loss, occupational and vision therapy (e.g., amblyopia patching in children, visual aids) improves functional outcomes. PubMed

20. Protective Eyewear & UV Shielding: Wearing UV-blocking sunglasses and wide-brim hats minimizes additional light-induced retinal stress and may reduce subretinal fluid leakage. sturge-weber.org

Drug Treatments

Local and systemic medications can augment or replace physical therapies:

1. Intravitreal Bevacizumab (Avastin)

   • Class: Monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody

   • Dosage: 1.25 mg/0.05 mL once; may repeat monthly as needed

   • Purpose: Reduce VEGF-driven vascular permeability and subretinal fluid

   • Mechanism: Binds VEGF-A, inhibiting angiogenesis

   • Side Effects: Endophthalmitis, increased intraocular pressure, hemorrhage Wikipedia

2. Intravitreal Ranibizumab (Lucentis)

   • Class: Anti-VEGF Fab fragment

   • Dosage: 0.5 mg/0.05 mL monthly

   • Purpose: Similar to bevacizumab, with FDA approval for ocular use

   • Mechanism: High-affinity VEGF-A binding

   • Side Effects: Conjunctival hemorrhage, floaters, rare thromboembolic events NCBIEyeWiki

3. Intravitreal Aflibercept (Eylea)

   • Class: VEGF trap fusion protein

   • Dosage: 2 mg/0.05 mL monthly or per protocol

   • Purpose: Block VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and PIGF to reduce leakage

   • Mechanism: Acts as decoy receptor for VEGF family

   • Side Effects: Ocular pain, cataract, hypertension (systemic) Wikipedia

4. Intravitreal Pegaptanib (Macugen)

   • Class: Anti-VEGF aptamer

   • Dosage: 0.3 mg every 6 weeks

   • Purpose: Selective VEGF-165 inhibition to reduce fluid

   • Mechanism: Binds VEGF-165 isoform, limiting angiogenesis

   • Side Effects: Conjunctival hemorrhage, floaters Wikipedia

5. Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide (IVTA)

   • Class: Corticosteroid

   • Dosage: 4 mg/0.1 mL once; repeat quarterly if needed

   • Purpose: Reduce inflammation and vascular permeability

   • Mechanism: Inhibits inflammatory cytokines and stabilizes endothelial tight juncti­ons

   • Side Effects: Elevated intraocular pressure, cataract Wikipedia

6. Oral Propranolol

   • Class: Nonselective β-blocker

   • Dosage: 1–2 mg/kg/day in divided doses for several weeks

   • Purpose: Off-label use to induce hemangioma involution

   • Mechanism: Vasoconstriction, decreased VEGF production, endothelial apoptosis

   • Side Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm PMC

7. Systemic Corticosteroids (Prednisone)

   • Class: Glucocorticoid

   • Dosage: 1 mg/kg/day tapered over weeks

   • Purpose: Reduce tumor size and leakage in diffuse cases or infantile forms

   • Mechanism: Inhibits angiogenic factors and inflammation

   • Side Effects: Weight gain, hypertension, osteoporosis AAO Journal

8. Interferon-α2a

   • Class: Immunomodulator, anti-angiogenic cytokine

   • Dosage: 3 million IU/m² subcutaneously three times/week

   • Purpose: First-line agent in complex hemangiomas, including ocular forms in infants

   • Mechanism: Inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and VEGF expression

   • Side Effects: Flu-like symptoms, neutropenia, neurotoxicity PMC

9. Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection

   • Class: Steroid

   • Dosage: 0.1 mL Kenalog (10 mg/mL) directly into tumor base

   • Purpose: Local tumor shrinkage when systemic therapy is contraindicated

   • Mechanism: Local anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects

   • Side Effects: Local atrophy, elevated IOP AAO Journal

10. Intravitreal Brolucizumab (Beovu)

    • Class: Anti-VEGF single-chain antibody fragment

    • Dosage: 6 mg/0.05 mL monthly × 3, then every 8–12 weeks

    • Purpose: Longer-acting VEGF inhibition to reduce injection frequency

    • Mechanism: Blocks VEGF-A isoforms with high tissue penetration

    • Side Effects: Intraocular inflammation, retinal vasculitis Aetna

Dietary Molecular & Herbal Supplements

Although direct evidence in choroidal hemangioma is limited, these nutrients support overall choroidal and retinal vascular health:

1. Lutein (10–20 mg/day): A xanthophyll carotenoid concentrated in the macula that filters blue light and reduces oxidative stress. Drugs.com

2. Zeaxanthin (2–4 mg/day): Often paired with lutein, enhances macular pigment density and protects photoreceptors. Wikipedia

3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA 1 g/day): Anti-inflammatory effects that stabilize choroidal vessels and reduce edema. Wikipedia

4. Vitamin C (500 mg/day): Antioxidant that scavenges free radicals in choroidal circulation. Wikipedia

5. Vitamin E (400 IU/day): Lipid-soluble antioxidant protecting endothelial membranes. Wikipedia

6. Zinc (80 mg/day): Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes; supports choroidal vessel integrity. Wikipedia

7. Beta-Carotene (15 mg/day): Precursor of vitamin A; removed from AREDS2 in smokers due to lung cancer risk but may benefit non-smokers. Wikipedia

8. Resveratrol (150 mg/day): Polyphenol from grapes with anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. PMC

9. Curcumin (500 mg twice daily): Turmeric extract that inhibits VEGF and reduces vascular leakage. PMC

10. Quercetin (500 mg/day): Flavonoid that stabilizes endothelial junctions and reduces cytokine release. PMC

11. Ginkgo Biloba (120 mg/day): Improves microcirculation and antioxidant defense in ocular tissues. PMC

12. Bilberry Extract (80 mg/day): Anthocyanins that strengthen capillaries and reduce oxidative damage. PMC

13. Coenzyme Q10 (100 mg/day): Mitochondrial antioxidant that preserves endothelial function. PMC

14. Astaxanthin (4 mg/day): Potent carotenoid antioxidant that protects choroidal vessels from oxidative stress. PMC

15. Saffron (20 mg/day): Crocin-rich spice with anti-VEGF effects and neuroprotective properties. PMC

Experimental Regenerative & Stem-Cell-Related Drugs

These investigational therapies aim to harness immunomodulation or regenerative potential:

1. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Early-phase trials deliver exosomes intravitreally to modulate local inflammation and promote vascular repair.

2. Retinal Progenitor Cell Transplantation: Subretinal injection of human retinal progenitor cells to replace damaged RPE and choroidal endothelium.

3. iPSC-Derived RPE Sheets (OpRegen): Clinical-grade RPE cell sheets implant under retina to support photoreceptors in degenerative conditions; potential for hemangioma-associated retinal detachment. Wikipedia

4. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Eye Drops: Autologous PRP applied topically to deliver growth factors that may stabilize choroidal vasculature.

5. Erythropoietin (EPO) Analogues: Systemic EPO analogues showing vascular-protective effects in retinal injury models; theoretical for hemangioma-induced detachment.

6. Gene Therapy with Anti-VEGF Vectors (RGX-314): AAV-delivered gene therapy providing sustained intraocular anti-VEGF expression to reduce injections. MDPI

Surgical Procedures

Reserved for refractory or vision-threatening cases:

1. Vitrectomy with Subretinal Fluid Drainage: Pars plana vitrectomy allows direct removal of subretinal fluid and epiretinal membranes. Retina Specialist

2. Endoresection of Tumor: Internal resection of tumor via vitrectomy instruments, typically combined with adjunctive radiotherapy. Retina Specialist

3. Scleral Buckling: Indirect reduction of subretinal fluid in select DCH cases with localized detachment. Retina Specialist

4. Enucleation: Removal of the eye reserved for painful blind eyes or uncontrollable neovascular glaucoma in diffuse cases. PubMed

5. Transscleral Tethering (Strabismus Surgery): Rarely used to correct amblyopia-related strabismus in children with DCH. sturge-weber.org

Prevention Strategies

While primary prevention is limited for congenital hemangiomas, these measures may reduce complications:

1. Early Screening in Sturge-Weber Syndrome: Dilated exams for children with facial port-wine stains to detect DCH before amblyopia develops. sturge-weber.org

2. Prompt Amblyopia Therapy: Glasses or patching when vision reduction occurs in pediatric DCH to prevent permanent vision loss. sturge-weber.org

3. Routine OCT & Ultrasonography: Regular imaging to catch subclinical fluid accumulation. sturge-weber.org

4. UV Protection: Sunglasses and wide-brim hats to minimize light-induced retinal stress. sturge-weber.org

5. Control of Systemic Hypertension: Keeps choroidal capillary pressure stable. New York Eye Cancer Center

6. Avoidance of Tobacco Smoke: Reduces vascular oxidative damage.

7. Healthy Diet Rich in Antioxidants: Supports overall ocular vascular health.

8. Regular Eye Exams After PDT or Radiation: Early identification of complications like maculopathy or cataract. Retina Today

9. Patient Education on Symptoms: Flashes, floaters, or blurred vision should prompt immediate evaluation. sturge-weber.org

10. Interdisciplinary Care for Syndromic Cases: Coordination with neurology and dermatology in Sturge-Weber syndrome. sturge-weber.org

When to See a Doctor

Anyone with known choroidal hemangioma should seek prompt ophthalmic care if they experience new-onset flashes of light, sudden floaters, blurring of vision, field defects, or eye pain. Children with facial port-wine stains should have dilated exams by age 1 to detect diffuse hemangiomas and start amblyopia therapy if needed. sturge-weber.org

Dietary Do’s and Don’ts

Do eat:

1. Dark leafy greens (spinach, kale) rich in lutein and zeaxanthin Healthline

2. Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel) high in omega-3 Wikipedia

3. Colorful fruits (berries, oranges) for antioxidants

4. Nuts and seeds (almonds, walnuts) for vitamin E

5. Legumes and whole grains for zinc and B vitamins
   Avoid:

6. Excessive alcohol—may increase oxidative stress

7. High-salt foods—can worsen fluid retention

8. Trans fats—promote inflammation

9. Sugary snacks—linked to vascular dysfunction

10. Smoking and second-hand smoke exposure

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can choroidal hemangioma turn into cancer?
   No. It is a benign hamartoma and never metastasizes. New York Eye Cancer Center

2. Is treatment always necessary?
   No—small, nonleaking lesions can be safely observed with regular monitoring. New York Eye Cancer Center

3. What is the first-line therapy for symptomatic CCH?
   Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin is generally preferred due to precision and safety. Retina Today

4. How many PDT sessions are typically needed?
   Often one session suffices; others may require 1–3 treatments depending on fluid resolution. Retina Today

5. Can radiation therapies damage healthy ocular tissue?
   Yes; techniques like IMRT and proton beam minimize collateral damage compared to conventional EBRT. The Green Journal

6. Are anti-VEGF injections effective alone?
   They often reduce fluid but are most effective when combined with PDT in refractory cases. ScienceDirect

7. Is surgery common?
   Surgical endoresection or vitrectomy is reserved for cases unresponsive to less invasive therapies. Retina Specialist

8. What are the risks of intravitreal steroids?
   Main risks include cataract progression and elevated intraocular pressure. Wikipedia

9. Can children with DCH develop amblyopia?
   Yes; early patching and refractive correction are crucial to prevent permanent vision loss. sturge-weber.org

10. Do supplements replace medical treatment?
    No—nutritional supplements support ocular health but do not substitute for targeted therapies.

11. When is enucleation considered?
    Only for painful blind eyes or uncontrolled glaucoma in diffuse cases. PubMed

12. Can choroidal hemangioma recur after treatment?
    Recurrence is rare after effective PDT or brachytherapy but requires monitoring. Retina Today

13. Is genetic counseling needed?
    Not typically, as most CCHs are sporadic; DCH in Sturge-Weber is non-hereditary. sturge-weber.org

14. What imaging confirms diagnosis?
    Ultrasonography, OCT, fluorescein and ICG angiography delineate tumor extent and leakage. sturge-weber.org

15. Are there lifestyle modifications?
    Protect eyes from UV light, maintain cardiovascular health, avoid smoking, and follow a diet rich in antioxidants.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

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Last Updated: August 07, 2025.

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