Vaccinium corymbosum/Blueberry scientifically known as Vaccinium Corymbosum, are evergreen dwarf shrubs in the genus Vaccinium and family Ericaceae. It is native to North America but now it is also cultivated in the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand, and South American countries. The common names for blueberries are American blueberry, Blueberry, High Bush berry, Northern Highbush berry, and Swamp bush berry. It is known from different names in different languages such as (Scots) Blaeberry, (Finnish) Pensasmustikka, (Dutch) Trosveenbes, (Italian) Mirtillo Gigante Americano, etc.

Due to its shade intolerance, it should be grown on wooded or open areas with moist, acidic, well-aerated and organic-rich soils. It is restricted to grow on open swamps and bogs, lakeshores and streamside, open woods, and high-elevation balds.

History

It was cultivated by Elizabeth Coleman in the United States then it was introduced to Europe in the 1930s. After that, it got introduced to Great Britain, Europe, Russia, South Africa, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay in South America. There are numerous varieties of blueberries common three verities are Lowbush, Highbush, and Rabbiteye.

Plant

It is a slow-growing, deciduous, monoecious, and erect shrub that grows in very small size 10 centimeters and large shrub grows 4 to 5 meters tall. It is not shaded tolerant so it should be grown in open or wooded areas with moist, acidic, well-aerated and organic-rich soils. The growing climate of blueberries starts in Mid-May and usually ends in September. It has a life span of 20 years. The buds of the flowers are ovoid, red, and pointed. The flowers are white, pale pink, or sometimes tinged greenish in color. The leaves are evergreen or deciduous from ovate to elliptical in shape with the length: 1-8 cm (0.39-3.1 inch) and broad: 0.5-3.5 cm (0.20-1.4 inches).

Fruit

The fruit is 5-16 millimeters (0.2-0.6 inches) in diameter in a shape of a small bell with a flared crown at the end. It weighs above half a gram. This berry comes in the shade of pale greenish at first then reddish-purple and finally it turns to dark purple when it is ripened. The ones which have ripened have light green flesh in color. Blueberries usually ripen in the mid-season from late spring to late summer (July to August). It has a more astringent and lightly sweet flavor. It has got a sweet taste with variable maturity. Many soft and tiny noticeable seeds are possessed in the fruit.

Nutritional value of Blueberries

Minerals	Amount	% DV
Manganese, Mn	0.497 mg	21.61%
Copper, Cu	0.084 mg	9.33%
Iron, Fe	0.41 mg	5.13%
Phosphorus, P	18 mg	2.57%
Potassium, K	114 mg	2.43%
Zinc, Zn	0.24 mg	2.18%
Magnesium, Mg	9 mg	2.14%
Calcium, Ca	9 mg	0.90%
Selenium, Se	0.1 µg	0.18%
Sodium, Na	1 mg	0.07%

Vitamins	Amount	% DV
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)	28.6 µg	23.83%
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid	14.4 mg	16.00%
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)	0.077 mg	5.92%
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)	0.84 mg	5.60%
Riboflavin, Vitamin B2	0.061 mg	4.69%
Thiamin, Vitamin B1	0.055 mg	4.58%
Niacin Vitamin B3	0.619 mg	3.87%
Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5	0.184 mg	3.68%
Folate, Folic acid Vitamin B9	9 µg	2.25%
Vitamin A, RAE	4 µg	0.57%
Choline, total	8.9 mg	N/D
Carotene, beta	47 µg	N/D
Lutein + zeaxanthin	118 µg	N/D

Amino Acids	Amount	% DV
Valine	0.046 g	10.45%
Isoleucine	0.034 g	1.93%
Methionine and Cystine	0.03 g	1.79%
Leucine	0.065 g	1.76%
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine	0.051 g	1.53%
Threonine	0.03 g	1.79%
Histidine	0.016 g	0.55%
Tryptophan	0.004 g	0.19%
Lysine	0.019 g	1.54%
Arginine	0.055 g	N/D
Alanine	0.046 g	N/D
Aspartic acid	0.084 g	N/D
Glutamic acid	0.135 g	N/D
Glycine	0.046 g	N/D
Proline	0.041 g	N/D
Serine	0.033 g	N/D

Anthocyanidins	Amount	% DV
Cyanidin	12.52 mg	N/D
Petunidin	46.7 mg	N/D
Delphinidin	52.4 mg	N/D
Malvidin	100 mg	N/D
Peonidin	30 mg	N/D

Flavan-3-ols	Amount	% DV
(+)-Catechin	7.8 mg	N/D
(-)-Epigallocatechin	1 mg	N/D
(-)-Epicatechin	0.9 mg	N/D
(+)-Gallocatechin	0.2 mg	N/D

Flavones	Amount	% DV
Luteolin	0.3 mg	N/D

Flavonols	Amount	% DV
Kaempferol	2.5 mg	N/D
Myricetin	1.9 mg	N/D
Quercetin	11.4 mg	N/D

Proanthocyanidin	Amount	% DV
Proanthocyanidin dimers	9.5 mg	N/D
Proanthocyanidin trimers	7.3 mg	N/D
Proanthocyanidin 4-6mers	30.4 mg	N/D
Proanthocyanidin 7-10mers	21.2 mg	N/D
Proanthocyanidin polymers (>10mers)	201.3 mg	N/D

Health Benefits of Blueberries

1. Improves memory power and fight Alzheimer’s disease

Blueberry is the super fruit that has the ability to reduce the chances of cancer and heart disease also treats Alzheimer’s disease. It possesses antioxidants that inhibit the effect of dementia. The research suggests that blueberries could improve the memory as well as cognitive function in older adults due to the presence of flavonoids known as anthocyanin.(1)

Another research report shows that blueberries help to improve memory as it possesses a high amount of antioxidants and other phytochemicals. It is also called a memory enhancer. The regular consumption of blueberry juice enhances memory and learning.(2)

2. Reduce blood pressure and arterial stiffness

The regular intake of one cup of blueberries helps to reduce blood pressure and arterial stiffness which leads to cardiovascular disease. The research shows that the regular intake of blueberries slows down the development of prehypertension and hypertension which also lowers the chances of cardiovascular disease. The regular consumption of blueberry enhances the blood pressure and arterial stiffness with the pre-and stage 1-hypertension in postmenopausal women. The finding also shows that blueberry if added to the diet helps to alleviate the cardiovascular effects which occur due to menopause. The nitric oxide increases by 68.5 percent which helps to widen the blood vessels.(3)

3. Reduce Belly Fat, Diabetes Risk

The research has shown that the daily consumption of blueberry lowered the chances of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. The result was found even better when it was combined with a low-fat diet. The intake of blueberry also affected the genes which are related to the storage and burning of fat. It possesses the chemicals such as anthocyanin which effectively treats such health ailments.(4)

4. Inhibit the development of fat cells

The research shows that blueberries could reduce obesity. It possesses polyphenols that counteract adipogenesis which is the development of the fat cells and also encourages lipolysis which means the breaking down of the fat or lipids. Blueberry if taken in high dose decrease the lipids by 73% and the low dose reduces the lipids by 27%.(5)

5. Treatment for post-traumatic stress

Post-traumatic stress patients could experience flashbacks, emotional detachment, and jumpiness which affect their ability to perform their daily functions. The research which was conducted on rats shows that the rats who receive blueberries have an increase in 5-HT with no effect on NE levels. So it suggests that blueberries can effectively modulate neurotransmitters in post-traumatic stress.(6)

6. Counteract intestinal diseases

It is a known fact that blueberries possess a huge amount of vitamins and antioxidants. The research shows that the presence of fiber in blueberry can protect and alleviate intestinal inflammations such as ulcerative colitis. The effect is much better when it is consumed with probiotics. The report shows that the types of dietary fiber and bacteria which promote health such as bifidobacteria and lactobacillus can inhibit the chances of ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. It possesses a huge amount of polyphenols which has an antimicrobial and antioxidative effect. The blueberry if consumed with probiotics eliminates the inflammation-inducing bacteria in the intestine and increases the health-promoting bacteria called lactobacilli.(7)

7. Improve Cognition

The research shows that the diet rich in blueberry has the ability to reverse the declines related to age in cognitive function. The current report shows that the blueberry upgrades the neuronal circuitry which is related to the younger brain. The study shows that a blueberry improves memory by slowing down the cognitive ailments related to aging.  The blueberries also reduce the chances of oxidative stress in the nerve cells which enhances the healthy cognitive function by maintaining the effective function of nerve cells.(8)

8. Whole Body Antioxidant Support

The blueberries are rich in antioxidants which enhance the antioxidant defenses and prevent oxidative stress such as the cardiovascular system. The evidence which is found also shows that the daily intake of blueberries reduces oxidative stress. It also reduces the chances of neurodegenerative disease in older adults, younger healthy adults, and middle-aged obese adults. The antioxidant properties also protect the digestive tract and prevent cancer-related to the colon.

9. Cardiovascular Benefits

The research which was conducted on the repeated studies of blood composition, the intake of 1-2 cups of blueberry in a day improves the balance of blood fat with the decrease in total cholesterol, increase in HDL cholesterol, and decrease in triglycerides. It also shows that it also protects the components of blood from oxygen damage which results in blood vessel clogging. The blueberries are able to raise the antioxidant capacity of plasma.

The recent research concludes that the increased activity of endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) helps to balance the function of the cardiovascular system. The daily intake of blueberry leads to an increase in the activity of endogenous Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) which also benefits the cardiovascular system.

The study which was conducted on both men and women shows that the daily intake of blueberry assists healthy blood pressure. The intake of blueberry reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure in those people having high blood pressure. It also maintains healthy blood pressure.

10. Blood sugar benefits

The research which was conducted on the intake of blueberry and blood sugar balance shows that those who had consumed blueberries had a favorable impact on the regulation of blood sugar in persons with type 2 diabetes.

Blueberries are low-GI (Glycemic Index) fruit because it possesses a low glycemic index (GI) value. The recent studies show that the 3 servings of low glycemic index (GI) fruits per day to patients with type 2 diabetes improve the blood sugar regulation in three months. In this study, their blood levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, or HgA1C were used as the standard of measurement. It also possesses an adequate amount of fiber which is about 4 grams per cup.

11. Eye health

Blueberries are rich in phytonutrient antioxidants which help to prevent the retina from damage by oxidative stress and sunlight. But the more research on this sector is still needed for confirmation.

12. Anti-cancer benefits

The study on the research, which has been conducted till now, on the laboratory animal and human cells showed the anti-cancer benefits of blueberry. Colon cancer, breast cancer, cancer of the small intestine, and esophageal cancer are already studied with the intake of blueberry. But the more research on human studies is still needed to confirm the use of blueberry to reduce the chances of these cancers.

Precautions

Pregnant and breastfeeding women are not recommended to use blueberries. It should be taken in a limited amount. Blueberry should not be used before a scheduled surgery because it could interrupt the control of blood sugar during and after the surgery. It could also interact with the medications such as glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others. Those who are allergic to stone fruit should avoid this.

How to eat

The fruit is consumed by boiling, baked, raw or used like raisins whereas leaves are used to make herbal tea. It could also be used in the form of jam, wine, or raw.

From Where To Buy

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References

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