Adult Still’s disease is a rare type of inflammatory arthritis that features fevers, rash, and joint pain. Some people have just one episode of adult Still’s disease. In other people, the condition persists or recurs.

This inflammation can destroy affected joints, particularly the wrists. Treatment involves medications, such as prednisone, that help control inflammation. (source)

Types of Adult Still’s Disease:

Adult Still’s disease is typically categorized into two main types:

1. Systemic Onset: This type involves inflammation throughout the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms.
2. Chronic Articular: This type primarily affects the joints and can mimic other forms of arthritis.

Causes of Adult Still’s Disease:

The exact cause of Adult Still’s disease is not well understood. However, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some potential triggers include:

1. Viral Infections: Certain viral infections may trigger an abnormal immune response.
2. Genetic Predisposition: Individuals with a family history of autoimmune diseases may be more susceptible.
3. Environmental Factors: Exposure to toxins or pollutants could play a role in some cases.

Common Symptoms of Adult Still’s Disease:

Adult Still’s disease can manifest with various symptoms, including:

1. Fever: Persistent high fever is a hallmark of the disease.
2. Joint Pain: Painful, swollen joints, often mistaken for arthritis.
3. Rash: A salmon-pink rash, typically on the arms and legs.
4. Sore Throat: Throat discomfort and enlarged lymph nodes.
5. Fatigue: Overwhelming fatigue and weakness.
6. Muscle Pain: Aching muscles and generalized discomfort.
7. Loss of Appetite: Reduced or no interest in eating.
8. Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss may occur.

Diagnostic Tests for Adult Still’s Disease:

Diagnosing Adult Still’s disease can be challenging, but several tests can help confirm the condition, including:

1. Blood Tests: These may reveal elevated levels of inflammatory markers like CRP and ESR.
2. Ferritin Levels: High ferritin levels can be indicative of the disease.
3. Liver Function Tests: Abnormal liver enzymes may be present.
4. Imaging: X-rays or MRI scans can assess joint and organ involvement.
5. Biopsy: In some cases, a bone marrow biopsy may be necessary.

Treatment Options for Adult Still’s Disease:

Managing Adult Still’s disease involves reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms. Treatment options may include:

1. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Medications like ibuprofen can help with pain and inflammation.
2. Corticosteroids: These are powerful anti-inflammatory drugs that can provide rapid relief.
3. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Drugs like methotrexate can help control the disease over time.
4. Biologics: These medications target specific immune system components to reduce inflammation.
5. Pain Management: Techniques like physical therapy and hot/cold therapy can alleviate pain.
6. Dietary Modifications: Some individuals find relief by making dietary changes, such as avoiding certain foods.

Medications for Adult Still’s Disease:

Several medications are commonly used to manage Adult Still’s disease:

1. Ibuprofen: An over-the-counter NSAID that reduces pain and inflammation.
2. Prednisone: A corticosteroid that provides rapid relief from symptoms.
3. Methotrexate: A DMARD that helps control inflammation.
4. Tocilizumab (Actemra): A biologic drug that targets specific immune proteins.
5. Anakinra (Kineret): Another biologic medication that can reduce symptoms.

In summary, Adult Still’s disease is a complex condition with no known single cause. It can present with a variety of symptoms, including fever, joint pain, and rash. Diagnosis involves blood tests and sometimes imaging or biopsy. Treatment options include medications like NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs, and biologics, along with lifestyle modifications. If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance.