Wild Mustard/Sinapis arvensis, the charlock mustard, field mustard, wild mustard, or charlock, is an annual or winter annual plant of the genus Sinapis in the family Cruciferae that includes broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and Brussels sprouts. As such, they have similar health benefits as other cruciferous vegetables. The plant is native to temperate regions of Europe, Asia Minor, southwest Asia, and North Africa. It was introduced into North America, South America, Australia, Japan, and South Africa and now occurs throughout all Canadian provinces, as well as in the MacKenzie District, Northwest Territories.
The genus name Sinapis derives is derived from the Greek word “sinapi” meaning ‘mustard’. The species name Avensis is a Latin adjective meaning from/of the field’. The plant has got several common names including Charlock, Charlock mustard, Wild mustard, field mustard, Wild mustard, California-rape, Corn mustard, Wild kale, yellow charlock, kedlock, kelk and kilk. Pieris rapae, the small white butterfly, and Pieris napi, the green-veined white butterfly are noteworthy consumers of charlock during their larval stages.
Wild Mustard Facts
Name
Wild mustard
Scientific Name
Sinapis arvensis
Native
Temperate regions of Europe, Asia minor, southwest Asia, and North Africa. It was introduced into North America, South America, Australia, Japan, and South Africa and now occurs throughout all Canadian provinces, as well as in the MacKenzie District, Northwest Territories
Grows in the plains and mountains, in pastures, fields, roadsides, waste places (such as railways, tips and waste ground), cultivated fields, fallow fields, gardens, clearings, orchards, shores, riverbanks, roadsides, railway lines and disturbed areas
Soil
Primarily on better, nutrient-rich and usually also lime-rich soils
Plant Size
Average 20–80 centimeters (7.9–31.5 in) of height, but under optimal conditions can exceed one meter
Root
Short taproot
Stem
Erect, branched, and striated, with coarse spreading hairs especially near the base
Leaf
Leaves are petiolate (stalked) with a length of 1–4 centimeters (0.39–1.57 in). The basal leaves are oblong, oval, lanceolate, lyrate, pinnatifid to dentate, 4–18 centimeters (1.6–7.1 in) long, 2–5 centimeters (0.79–1.97 in) wide. The cauline leaves are much reduced and are short petiolate to sessile but not auriculate-clasping
Flowering season
May to September, or May to August
Pollination
By various bees like Andrena agilissima and flies (entomophily)
Flower
The inflorescence is a raceme made up of yellow flowers having four petals
Fruit Shape & Size
Silique 3–5 cm long with a beak 1–2 cm long that is flattened-quadrangular. The valves of the silique are glabrous or rarely bristly, three to five nerved
Seed
Smooth 1-1.5 mm in diameter. They are usually black, can also be reddish-brown, brown or greenish-brown
Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C.Wheeler
Brassica kaber var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) L.C.Wheeler
Brassica kaber var. stricta (Čelak.) Shinners
Brassica sinapis Vis
Brassica sinapistrum var. orientalis Samp
Brassica sinapistrum var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) Samp.
Brassica xinjiangensis Y.C.Lan & T.Y.Cheo
Crucifera sinapistra E.H.L.Krause
Napus agriasinapis K.F.Schimp. & Spenn
Raphanus arvensis (L.) Crantz
Rhamphospermum arvense (L.) Andrz. ex Besser
Rhamphospermum orientale Andrz
Sinapis arvensis subsp. arvensis
Sinapis arvensis var. arvensis
Sinapis arvensis var. leiocarpa Gaudin
Sinapis arvensis var. nilotica O.E. Schulz
Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) Koch & Ziz
Sinapis arvensis var. pinnatifida Stokes
Sinapis arvensis var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) Hagenb
Sinapis kaber DC
Sinapis retrohirsuta Besser ex Steud
Sinapis schkuhriana Rchb
Sinapis schlosseri Heuff. ex Nyman
Sinapis torosa Gilib.
Plant Description
Wild mustard is an annual or winter annual plant that grows about 20–80 centimeters (7.9–31.5 in) of height, but under optimal conditions can exceed one meter. The plant is grown in the plains and mountains, in pastures, fields, roadsides, waste places (such as railways, tips, and waste ground), cultivated fields, fallow fields, gardens, clearings, orchards, shores, riverbanks, railway lines, and disturbed areas. The plant primarily grows better on nutrient-rich and usually also in lime-rich soils. The plant has a short taproot.
Leaves
Leaves are 1½ to 7 inches long, ½ to 2 inches wide, irregularly toothed, mostly hairless, broadly oval to egg-shaped. The basal leaves are oblong, oval, lanceolate, lyrate, pinnatifid to dentate, 4–18 centimeters (1.6–7.1 in) long, 2–5 centimeters (0.79–1.97 in) wide. The cauline leaves are much reduced and are short petiolate to sessile but not auriculate-clasping.
The stems are green or with reddish pigmentation, especially near the leaf axils, erect and amply branched, mostly smooth except for scattered, coarse hairs, denser on the mid to lower stems.
Flower
Flowers are numerous in dense, compounded clusters, as much as 12 inches long. Flower stalks are stout, 1/16 to 1/4 inch long, erect or ascending. The 4 sepals are 1/5 to 1/8 inch long, and are narrowly oblong, spreading, the edges rolled in. The 4 petals are showy, spatulate, 1/3 to 1/2 inch long, with a narrow, erect claw about half the length of the petal.
Fruits
Fruits are slender, round pods that is 1.5 to 2 inches long, about 1/16 inches broad, and hairless to somewhat short-hairy. Pods are straight or slightly up-curved, and the flattened beak 1/3 to 1/2 as long as the valves and similarly rather evidently 3-nerved. The pod angles out and up from the stem and bulges where the ripening seed is forming. There are 7-12 seeds with fine honeycomb patterns in each silique. Ripe seeds are smooth 1-1.5 mm in diameter. They are usually black, can also be reddish-brown, brown, or greenish-brown.
Traditional uses and benefits of Wild mustard
It is good for stimulating the appetite.
It is said to be good for the treatment of melancholy or depression.
The Navajos used Sinapis arvensis as a ceremonial medicine.
Culinary Uses
Leaves can be consumed raw or cooked.
Somewhat hot, the young leaves are used as a flavoring in salads, where they add a piquant flavor.
Older leaves are used as a potherb.
It is best to use just the young shoots and leaves in the spring, older leaves are bitter.
Flowering stems can be consumed after being cooked.
Pleasant, cabbage/radish flavor, they can be used as a broccoli substitute before the flowers open.
Stems should be lightly steamed for no more than 5 minutes.
Flowers can also be cooked as a vegetable or used as a garnish.
Seed can be sprouted and eaten raw.
It can be added to salads and sandwiches.
Seed can be ground into a powder and used as a food flavoring.
Edible oil is obtained from the seed.
Leaves of wild mustard are edible at the juvenile stage of the plant they are usually boiled.
Other Facts
Edible semi-drying oil is obtained from the seed.
It is also used in making soap and burns well so can be used for lighting.
A type of oil can be extracted from the seed which has been used for lubricating machinery.
Wild mustard plants have from 10-18 seeds per pod and from 2,000-3,500 seeds per plant.
Precautions
The plant is possibly poisonous once the seedpods have formed.
Seeds are toxic to most animals, except birds, and can cause gastrointestinal problems, especially if consumed in large quantities.
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