Insertional Achilles enthesitis is a painful inflammation occurring where the Achilles tendon attaches to the back of the heel (the posterosuperior aspect of the calcaneus). In this condition, repetitive stress, micro-tears, or systemic inflammatory processes lead to swelling, capillary proliferation, and degeneration of collagen fibers right at the tendon’s bony attachment NCBIMerck Manuals. Microscopically, one sees loss of the normally parallel Type I collagen, increased Type III collagen, fatty infiltration, and new blood vessel growth—hallmarks of chronic tendinopathy and entheseal inflammation NCBIScienceDirect. Patients often report morning stiffness, pain during activities, and sometimes visible thickening or nodularity at the heel.
Insertional Achilles enthesitis is an inflammation of the enthesis—the site where the Achilles tendon inserts into the calcaneus (heel bone). In this condition, repetitive micro-trauma or systemic inflammation leads to pain, swelling, and sometimes calcific deposits at the tendon insertion point. Over time, chronic enthesitis can cause degenerative changes in both tendon and bone, reducing ankle function and quality of life Merck ManualsMerck Manuals.
Pathophysiologically, insertional enthesitis involves micro-tears in the tendon fibers at the bone interface, local inflammatory cell infiltration, and aberrant bone remodeling (calcification or spur formation). Mechanical overload—such as abrupt increases in running or jumping intensity—exacerbates this process by imposing excessive traction forces on the enthesis. Systemic factors (e.g., spondyloarthropathies) can also predispose to enthesitis through dysregulated immune responses WikipediaRheumatology Advisor.
Insertional enthesitis differs from mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy by location (<2 cm from the heel bone) and by its tendency to involve bony changes such as enthesophyte (bone spur) formation and calcifications within the tendon substance PhysiopediaOrthoInfo. While mid-portion disease affects the tendon body itself, insertional disease uniquely involves both the tendon and its bony enthesis, often requiring tailored diagnostic and management approaches.
Types of Insertional Achilles Enthesitis
Clinically, insertional Achilles enthesitis can present in several patterns, each reflecting a different underlying mechanism or associated condition:
Mechanical Enthesitis
Caused by repeated overload—common in runners, jumpers, or those with tight calf muscles. Micro-trauma leads to collagen breakdown and localized inflammation at the insertion OrthoInfo.Degenerative Enthesitis
Age-related wear and tear reduces Type I collagen content, and the body replaces it with weaker Type III collagen and proteoglycans, leading to tendon thickening and pain NCBI.Systemic Inflammatory Enthesitis
Seen in spondyloarthropathies (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis). Autoimmune processes target entheses, causing bilateral heel pain, morning stiffness, and elevated inflammatory markers Merck Manuals.Metabolic Enthesitis
Associated with conditions like diabetes mellitus or hypercholesterolemia. Metabolic changes impair tendon healing and vascular supply, predisposing to enthesopathy BioMed Central.Post-Fluoroquinolone Enthesitis
Certain antibiotics (e.g., fluoroquinolones) can induce tendon inflammation or rupture, particularly in older adults. Enthesitis may appear weeks after exposure Merck Manuals.
Causes of Insertional Achilles Enthesitis
Overuse and Repetitive Stress
High-impact sports like running or basketball cause repeated micro-trauma at the tendon insertion, leading to chronic inflammation.Calf Muscle Tightness
Limited ankle dorsiflexion increases strain on the Achilles enthesis during walking or exercise, precipitating micro-injury.Obesity and Load
Extra body weight places greater mechanical load on the heel, accelerating collagen breakdown at the enthesis.Age-Related Degeneration
With aging, tendon collagen organization deteriorates and vascularity diminishes, making entheses more prone to injury.Spondyloarthropathies
Autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis can target entheses throughout the body, including the Achilles insertion.Metabolic Disorders
Conditions like diabetes and hypercholesterolemia alter tendon healing and promote low-grade inflammation at the enthesis.Haglund’s Deformity
A bony prominence on the posterosuperior calcaneus rubs against the tendon insertion, causing irritation and enthesitis.Improper Footwear
Shoes with rigid counters or inadequate heel cushioning increase shear forces at the tendon insertion.Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics
These drugs can weaken collagen structures, triggering tendon inflammation or rupture, often at the enthesis.Steroid Injections
Local corticosteroid injections near the tendon may weaken collagen, precipitating enthesitis or even rupture.Neuropathy
Peripheral nerve disorders (e.g., diabetic neuropathy) can alter gait mechanics, increasing stress at the enthesis.Biomechanical Abnormalities
Flat feet (pes planus) or high arches (pes cavus) change load distribution, heightening enthesis stress.Trauma
Direct blows to the back of the heel during falls or collisions may initiate acute enthesis inflammation.Vitamin D Deficiency
Poor bone mineralization can lead to micro-fractures at the enthesis, compounding inflammation.Smoking
Tobacco use impairs microcirculation and collagen synthesis, reducing tendon repair capacity.
Symptoms of Insertional Achilles Enthesitis
Localized Heel Pain
Sharp or aching pain at the back of the heel, worsened by weight-bearing activities.Morning Stiffness
Stiffness that eases after walking for a few minutes is characteristic of enthesopathy.Tenderness on Palpation
Direct pressure over the tendon insertion elicits tenderness or sharp discomfort.Swelling or Thickening
A palpable lump or generalized swelling may be present at the insertion.Bone Spur Formation
Over time, calcification can create hard bony protrusions felt beneath the skin.Pain with Passive Dorsiflexion
Stretching the ankle upward increases tension at the enthesis, provoking pain.Pain with Active Plantarflexion
Pressing down through the toes engages the Achilles tendon, worsening insertional pain.Tender Bursitis
Inflammation of the retrocalcaneal bursa often coexists, causing additional posterior heel pain.Altered Gait
Patients may limp or avoid heel-strike to reduce discomfort.Reduced Athletic Performance
Pain often limits running, jumping, or stair-climbing activities.
Diagnostic Tests for Insertional Achilles Enthesitis
A. Physical Exam
Inspection
The clinician examines heel alignment, looks for redness, swelling, or bony protrusions along the Achilles insertion.Palpation
Gentle pressure over the posterosuperior calcaneus and tendon insertion elicits tenderness in enthesitis.Range of Motion (ROM) Assessment
Active and passive dorsiflexion and plantarflexion measure ankle flexibility; reduced dorsiflexion often correlates with enthesis stress.Gait Analysis
Observation of walking reveals compensatory patterns—such as early heel-lift or limping—to minimize insertional discomfort.
B. Manual Tests
Passive Dorsiflexion Provocation
With the knee straight, the examiner dorsiflexes the ankle; pain at the enthesis confirms insertional involvement.Resisted Plantarflexion Test
The patient presses the forefoot downward against resistance; localized pain implicates the insertional tendon.Calf Squeeze Test (Modified Thompson)
While used for rupture, a gentle squeeze of the calf can increase tension at the insertion and reproduce enthesitis pain if intact.Manual Compression of Enthesis
Direct compressive force at the tendon-bone junction intensifies pain in active enthesitis.
C. Laboratory and Pathological Tests
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
An elevated ESR indicates systemic inflammation, common in spondyloarthropathies affecting entheses.C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
High CRP levels reflect acute-phase inflammation; useful to monitor disease activity in inflammatory enthesitis.Rheumatoid Factor (RF)
Though non-specific, RF helps distinguish rheumatoid arthritis (RF-positive) from spondyloarthropathies (RF-negative).Enthesis Biopsy and Histology
Rarely performed, a small tissue sample from the enthesis can confirm collagen degeneration, microvascular proliferation, and absence of acute infection.
D. Electrodiagnostic Tests
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
Assess tibial nerve function; normal results help exclude neuropathy as a source of heel pain.Needle Electromyography (EMG)
Examines electrical activity of calf muscles; helps rule out radiculopathy or neuromuscular disease.H-Reflex Testing
Measures the reflex arc of the tibial nerve; abnormalities may indicate nerve root compression rather than enthesitis.Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs)
Evaluates sensory pathways; used when central or peripheral neuropathy is suspected in differential diagnosis.
E. Imaging Tests
Plain Radiography (X-Ray)
A lateral heel view may show enthesophytes (bone spurs), calcifications at the tendon insertion, and Haglund’s deformity Merck Manuals.Ultrasound
High-frequency probes detect tendon thickening, loss of fibrillar pattern, hypoechoic areas, calcifications, and increased Doppler signal indicating active inflammation NCBI.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Provides detailed views of soft tissues: shows edema at the enthesis, tendon degeneration, bursal fluid, and bone marrow changes ScienceDirect.Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
Offers precise bony detail: useful to assess the extent of calcaneal spurs or osseous anomalies related to insertional enthesopathy.
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Below are physiotherapy and electrotherapy interventions, 5 exercise therapies, 3 mind-body approaches, and 2 educational self-management strategies—all described with their purpose and mechanism.
1. Low-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT)
ESWT delivers focused acoustic waves to the enthesis to stimulate neovascularization, disrupt chronic calcifications, and modulate pain by altering nociceptor activity. It’s non-invasive and can be administered weekly for 3–5 sessions, reducing heel pain over 3–6 months Physiopedia.
2. Iontophoresis with Dexamethasone
A mild electrical current drives anti-inflammatory dexamethasone ions transdermally into the Achilles insertion. Purpose: reduce local inflammation without systemic steroid side effects. Mechanism: corticosteroid uptake in peri-enthesis tissues inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines Physiopedia.
3. Therapeutic Ultrasound & Phonophoresis
Pulsed ultrasound increases local blood flow and tissue temperature, enhancing collagen extensibility. Phonophoresis uses ultrasound to deliver topical agents deeper (e.g., NSAIDs). Mechanism: acoustic pressure waves stimulate cellular repair pathways and drug penetration Physiopedia.
4. Transverse Friction Massage
Deep, transverse rubbing across tendon fibers breaks down adhesions and scar tissue at the enthesis. Purpose: remodel collagen alignment, reduce pain. Mechanism: mechanical shear stress promotes localized remodeling and circulation Physiopedia.
5. Joint Mobilizations (Ankle Mobilization)
Gentle oscillatory movements of the talocrural joint reduce capsular stiffness and offload tendon insertion by improving joint mechanics. Mechanism: stimulates mechanoreceptors, reduces pain, and restores normal arthrokinematics Physiopedia.
6. Rigid Anti-Pronation Taping
Rigid tape supports the medial longitudinal arch, reducing excessive pronation and tensile forces on the Achilles enthesis. Purpose: offload the insertion during activity. Mechanism: mechanical support alters foot biomechanics Physiopedia.
7. Night Splints and Braces
Night splints keep the ankle in slight dorsiflexion to stretch the Achilles and plantar fascia overnight. Purpose: maintain optimal tendon length and prevent morning stiffness. Mechanism: prolonged low-load stretch reduces tendon shortening Physiopedia.
8. Heel Lifts
Adding a 5–10 mm lift inside the shoe reduces tendon tension at the insertion. Purpose: offload painful enthesis during gait. Mechanism: decreases the required dorsiflexion moment and traction forces Merck Manuals.
9. Activity Modification & Offloading
Temporarily reduce high-impact activities (running, jumping) and cross-train (cycling, swimming). Purpose: allow inflammation to subside. Mechanism: lowers repetitive micro-trauma to the enthesis PMC.
10. Custom Orthoses (Insoles)
Medial arch support and rearfoot posting correct biomechanical faults. Purpose: redistribute plantar loads, offload enthesis. Mechanism: alters foot alignment, reducing traction on insertion Physiopedia.
11. Eccentric Calf-Muscle Loading (Alfredson Protocol)
Slow, controlled downhill heel drops stress the tendon eccentrically. Purpose: stimulate tendon remodeling and collagen synthesis. Mechanism: mechanotransduction triggers tendon adaptation Physiopedia.
12. Heavy Slow Resistance Training (HSR)
Slow concentric/eccentric calf raises with heavy loads. Purpose: improve tendon stiffness and load tolerance. Mechanism: high-load, low-velocity stimuli enhance collagen turnover Physiopedia.
13. Isometric Loading Exercises
Static calf contractions held for 45 s. Purpose: rapid analgesic effect and maintenance of strength. Mechanism: high-tension isometrics modulate central pain pathways Physiopedia.
14. Isotonic Calf Raises
Traditional calf raises (seated and standing) for both gastrocnemius and soleus. Purpose: build overall calf strength. Mechanism: cyclic loading promotes muscle and tendon hypertrophy Physiopedia.
15. Energy Storage Loading
Plyometric hops and skips once pain-free. Purpose: restore tendon’s energy-storage capacity for athletic activities. Mechanism: high‐strain‐rate loading enhances elastic recoil properties Physiopedia.
16. Tendon Neuroplastic Training (TNT)
Integrates heavy loading with cognitive distraction tasks to retrain pain perception. Purpose: reduce central sensitization. Mechanism: combines mechanical loading with neurological modulation Physiopedia.
17. Yoga-Based Stretching & Strengthening
Gentle poses (e.g., modified Warrior II) promote balanced tendon loading and diaphragmatic breathing. Purpose: improve flexibility and relaxation. Mechanism: mind-body integration reduces muscle guarding and stress Beyogi.
18. Diaphragmatic Breathing & Relaxation Techniques
Deep breathing exercises calm the nervous system, lowering pain sensitivity. Purpose: manage chronic pain. Mechanism: parasympathetic activation inhibits nociceptive pathways Breathing Deeply.
19. Clinical Somatics & Pandiculation
Slow, neuromuscular re-education exercises release chronically tight muscles. Purpose: reduce baseline muscle tension. Mechanism: pandiculation resets muscle spindle length-tension relationships Somatic Movement Center.
20. Patient Education & Self-Monitoring
Teach activity pacing, proper footwear, and use of the VISA-A questionnaire or pain diary for self-monitoring. Purpose: empower patients and guide progression. Mechanism: structured feedback enhances adherence and prevents flare-ups Physiopedia.
Pharmacological Treatments
Below are 10 evidence-based drugs used in insertional Achilles enthesitis, each with dosage, class, timing, and key side effects.
Ibuprofen (NSAID)
200–400 mg PO every 4–6 h as needed. Inhibits COX-1/2 to reduce prostaglandin-mediated inflammation. Side effects: GI upset, renal impairment, hypertension Mayo Clinic.Naproxen (NSAID)
220–500 mg PO BID with food. COX-1/2 inhibitor for pain and inflammation. Side effects: dyspepsia, risk of GI bleeding Mayo Clinic.Ketoprofen (NSAID)
25–75 mg PO TID. Potent non-selective COX inhibitor. Side effects: GI irritation, photosensitivity Medscape.Adalimumab (TNF Inhibitor)
40 mg SC every other week. Blocks TNF-α to reduce enthesial inflammation. Side effects: injection site reactions, infections, reactivation of latent TB Rheumatology Advisor.Etanercept (TNF Inhibitor)
50 mg SC weekly. TNF-α decoy receptor. Side effects: injection site pain, risk of infections Rheumatology Advisor.Infliximab (TNF Inhibitor)
5 mg/kg IV at weeks 0,2,6 then every 8 weeks. Chimeric anti-TNF monoclonal antibody. Side effects: infusion reactions, infections Rheumatology Advisor.Secukinumab (IL-17A Inhibitor)
150 mg SC weekly ×4, then monthly. Neutralizes IL-17A to relieve enthesial inflammation. Side effects: nasopharyngitis, diarrhea ACR Meeting Abstracts.Ustekinumab (IL-12/23 Inhibitor)
45 mg SC at weeks 0,4 then every 12 weeks. Reduces IL-12/23 mediated inflammation. Side effects: upper respiratory infections, headache Rheumatology Advisor.Apremilast (PDE4 Inhibitor)
30 mg PO BID. Increases cAMP to modulate pro-inflammatory mediators. Side effects: diarrhea, nausea, weight loss Rheumatology Advisor.Upadacitinib (JAK Inhibitor)
15 mg PO daily. Inhibits JAK1 to reduce cytokine signaling. Side effects: infections, elevated liver enzymes jrheum.org.
Dietary Molecular Supplements
Most clinical studies use combination formulas. Common individual supplements include:
Glucosamine & Chondroitin Sulfate (1,500 mg GlcN + 1,200 mg CS daily)
Function: support collagen synthesis and tendon matrix integrity. Mechanism: substrates for proteoglycan production, anti-inflammatory HealthlinePMC.Vitamin C (500–1,000 mg daily)
Function: cofactor for proline/lysine hydroxylases in collagen formation. Mechanism: stimulates collagen cross-linking, antioxidant effect PMCFrontiers.Hydrolyzed Collagen Peptides (e.g., TENDOFORTE®) (5 g daily)
Function: enhances tendon repair and vascularity. Mechanism: provides amino acids for collagen synthesis MDPI.L-Arginine-α-Ketoglutarate (3 g daily)
Function: boosts nitric oxide and collagen synthesis. Mechanism: NO-mediated angiogenesis, tenocyte stimulation PMC.Curcumin (500 mg BID)
Function: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant. Mechanism: inhibits NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines PMC.Boswellic Acid (300 mg TID)
Function: reduces leukotriene synthesis. Mechanism: 5-LO inhibition, anti-TNFα effect PMC.Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) (1–3 g daily)
Function: antioxidant, analgesic. Mechanism: reduces oxidative stress markers (MDA), modulates cytokines PMC.Bromelain (125–250 mg daily)
Function: anti-edema, immunomodulatory. Mechanism: decreases leukocyte rolling, proteolytic breakdown of inflammatory mediators PMC.Vinitrox™ (Polyphenolic Compound) (125 mg daily)
Function: antioxidant and collagen support. Mechanism: scavenges free radicals, supports tendon healing japmaonline.org.Mucopolysaccharides (e.g., in TENDOACTIVE™)
Function: support extracellular matrix. Mechanism: substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis SpringerLink.
Advanced (Bisphosphonate, Regenerative & Cell-Based) Therapies
Bisphosphonate-Based Cathepsin K-Triggered Compound
A novel targeted agent that accumulates at the enthesis, inhibiting cathepsin K-mediated collagen degradation without impairing new bone formation PMC.Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection
One injection of 3–4 mL of 4–8× concentrated PRP under ultrasound guidance. Purpose: deliver growth factors (PDGF, TGF-β) to stimulate tenocyte proliferation. Mechanism: paracrine release of healing mediators ScienceDirect.High-Volume Injection
50 mL saline + local anesthetic injected around the enthesis to disrupt neovessels and nerve ingrowth. Mechanism: mechanical disruption of pathological vessels, reducing pain MDPI.Hyaluronic Acid (Viscosupplementation)
Single-dose 40 mg/2 mL ultrasound-guided injection at the enthesis. Purpose: lubricate and reduce adhesions. Mechanism: restores extracellular matrix hydration and promotes healing drmarciopedro.com.br.Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived MSC Injection
Injection of 5–19 × 10^6 MSCs into the affected tendon. Purpose: provide stromal cells and trophic factors to modulate inflammation. Mechanism: paracrine secretion of growth factors, immunomodulation Nature.MSC-Derived Exosomes
Emerging cell-free therapy using extracellular vesicles rich in cytokines and miRNAs to promote tendon repair. Mechanism: intercellular communication to downregulate inflammation and stimulate regeneration BioMed Central.
Surgical Procedures
Open Debridement & Tendon Reattachment (Achilles SpeedBridge)
Through a midline heel incision, diseased tendon and spurs are removed, retrocalcaneal bursa excised, Haglund deformity resected, and tendon reattached with suture-anchor (“SpeedBridge”) technique. Benefits: thorough removal of pathology, strong fixation, pain relief London Sports Orthopaedics.Endoscopic (Minimally Invasive) Calcaneoplasty & Debridement
Two small incisions allow endoscopic removal of bone spurs and partial tendon debridement. Benefits: less soft-tissue trauma, faster recovery, reduced wound complications London Sports Orthopaedics.Isolated Gastrocnemius Recession
Either open or endoscopic lengthening of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis to reduce calf tightness and offload the Achilles insertion. Benefits: high patient satisfaction, relief of equinus, faster return to activity PubMedCleveland Clinic.Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) Tendon Transfer
When >50% of the Achilles tendon is debrided, the FHL tendon is harvested from the plantar foot and reattached to the calcaneus. Benefits: restores push-off strength and tendon continuity OrthoInfo.Dorsal Closing Wedge (“Zadek”) Calcaneal Osteotomy
A wedge of calcaneus is removed dorsally to tilt the heel, reducing tension on the Achilles insertion. Benefits: biomechanical offloading of enthesis, improved pain Dev Mahadevan.
Preventions
Gradual training progression with 10% rule
Regular calf-stretching routines
Eccentric strengthening exercises
Proper warm-up and cool-down
Appropriate, shock-absorbing footwear
Use of orthotic inserts for overpronation
Maintain healthy body weight
Cross-training to vary tendon load
Avoid high-heel shoes for prolonged periods
Ensure flexibility of hamstrings and plantar fascia Wikipedia.
When to See a Doctor
Persistent heel pain >4–6 weeks despite rest
Marked swelling, redness, warmth over insertion
Night pain interrupting sleep
Functional limitation (difficulty pushing off)
Suspected tendon rupture (sudden “pop” and weakness) Cleveland ClinicWikipedia.
“What to Do” & “What to Avoid”
What to Do:
Ice 10–15 min post-activity
Rest or substitute with low-impact exercise
Use heel lifts in shoes
Perform eccentric calf exercises
Wear supportive footwear
Apply non-rigid taping offloading
Monitor symptoms with a pain diary
Seek physiotherapy guidance
Consider a structured loading program
Maintain calf flexibility Healthline.
What to Avoid:
Hills and speed work early in recovery
Barefoot running on hard surfaces
Abrupt mileage increases
Overuse of oral corticosteroids
Ignoring early symptoms
High‐heel or unsupportive shoes
Poor warm‐up routines
Running on uneven ground
Excessive anti-inflammatories without load control
Skipping rehab exercises Wikipedia.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is insertional Achilles enthesitis?
A localized inflammation at the Achilles tendon’s insertion on the heel bone, causing pain and stiffness Wikipedia.How does it differ from mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy?
Insertional involves the bone insertion (± calcification), while mid-portion affects 2–6 cm proximal to the insertion without bone involvement Wikipedia.What are the main causes?
Overuse, biomechanical faults (e.g., tight calf muscles), sudden training increases, systemic inflammatory diseases Wikipedia.Who is at risk?
Runners, dancers, patients with spondyloarthritis, those with tight calves or high-arched feet Wikipedia.What tests confirm the diagnosis?
Clinical exam, ultrasound for enthesis thickening, MRI for bone marrow edema and calcific spurs Frontiers.Can it heal without surgery?
Yes—most cases respond to conservative care (loading modifications, physiotherapy) within 3–6 months PMC.Is extracorporeal shock wave therapy effective?
ESWT reduces pain and improves function in many patients, especially when combined with exercise PMC.Do PRP injections help?
PRP can offer benefit in refractory cases, though evidence is mixed; often used alongside structured rehab MDPI.Are supplements useful?
Collagen peptides, vitamin C, and glucosamine–chondroitin may support tendon healing, but evidence is limited and often in combination formulas PMC.Will it come back?
Recurrence risk is low if preventive measures and gradual loading principles are followed Wikipedia.Can I return to running?
Yes, once pain-free with controlled loading and full range of motion—gradual return at <20% weekly increase Healthline.What about weight management?
Maintaining a healthy weight reduces plantar loads and tendon stress Wikipedia.Is orthotic therapy helpful?
Custom or over-the-counter orthoses can correct biomechanical faults and offload the enthesis Physiopedia.When is surgery considered?
After ≥6 months of failed conservative care with persistent pain and functional limitation London Sports Orthopaedics.What is the long-term outlook?
With adherence to rehabilitation, >80% achieve significant symptom relief and return to activity within 6–12 months PubMed.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: July 11, 2025.
