Herpes Zoster Optic Neuritis is a rare but serious inflammation of the optic nerve caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV)—the same virus that causes chickenpox and shingles. In very simple English, it means that the virus has awakened from hiding in the nerves around the face and traveled to the nerve that connects your eye to your brain. This can lead to pain, vision problems, and even permanent vision loss if not treated quickly and correctly EyeWikiPMC.
Herpes zoster optic neuritis (HZON) is a rare complication of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. It typically presents within 10 weeks of HZO onset, causing inflammation of the optic nerve that can lead to sudden vision loss, pain with eye movements, and color desaturation EyeWikiLippincott Journals. The proposed mechanisms include direct viral invasion via the cavernous sinus, inflammatory demyelination, or a reactive immune response leading to optic nerve edema EyeWiki.
Types of Herpes Zoster Optic Neuritis
There are three main ways VZV can harm the optic nerve:
Direct Viral Infection
The virus travels along nerve fibers and directly invades the optic nerve, causing the nerve’s cells to swell and die EyeWiki.Inflammatory Demyelination
The body’s immune response to the virus mistakenly attacks the protective coating (myelin) around the optic nerve, similar to what happens in multiple sclerosis, leading to slowed or blocked signals from the eye to the brain PMC.Ischemic Injury (Vasculopathy)
VZV can infect the small blood vessels supplying the optic nerve, causing inflammation in the vessel walls (vasculitis). This results in poor blood flow (ischemia) and damage to the nerve PMC.
Causes (Risk Factors)
Prior Chickenpox Infection
Everyone who had chickenpox carries VZV in a dormant state in their nerve cells EyeWiki.Age over 50
Older adults have weaker immune responses, making it easier for VZV to reactivate Verywell Health.Immunosuppressive Medications
Drugs like corticosteroids, chemotherapy agents, or biologics lower immune defenses and can trigger VZV reactivation PMC.HIV Infection
HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of severe shingles and complications like optic neuritis PMC.Organ Transplant
Transplant patients take lifelong immunosuppressants, raising their risk for VZV complications PMC.Cancer
Blood cancers (leukemia, lymphoma) and solid tumors can impair immunity, allowing VZV to reactivate PMC.Autoimmune Diseases
Conditions like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, and their treatments, can increase susceptibility to VZV reactivation PMC.Diabetes Mellitus
Poorly controlled diabetes impairs white blood cell function, raising shingles risk Verywell Health.Chronic Kidney Disease
Kidney failure alters immune regulation and can promote viral reactivation PMC.Chronic Liver Disease
Liver cirrhosis and hepatitis can reduce antiviral immunity PMC.Radiation Therapy
Radiation to the head or neck area can damage local immune cells, facilitating viral spread to the optic nerve SpringerOpen.Stress
Physical or emotional stress can lower immunity, potentially triggering shingles Verywell Health.Malnutrition
Lack of key nutrients (e.g., vitamins A, C, D, zinc) weakens immune defenses against viruses PMC.Chronic Skin Disease
Conditions like eczema can disrupt the skin barrier and immune surveillance, leading to more severe shingles Verywell Health.Smoking
Tobacco smoke impairs immune cell function, increasing viral risks PMC.Alcohol Abuse
Heavy drinking suppresses immune responses, facilitating VZV reactivation PMC.Neurological Surgery
Surgery near the trigeminal nerve may trigger viral spread to the optic nerve SpringerOpen.Head or Facial Trauma
Injury to areas near the trigeminal nerve can allow the virus easier access to optic pathways SpringerOpen.Varicella Vaccine Failure
In rare cases, the live attenuated vaccine strain reactivates and causes shingles, including optic neuritis PMC.Chronic Lung Disease
COPD and other lung conditions can compromise systemic immunity, raising shingles complications PMC.
Symptoms
Eye Pain
Often severe and worsens with eye movement EyeWiki.Blurred Vision
Vision may become foggy or out of focus PMC.Vision Loss
Partial or complete loss of sight in the affected eye PMC.Photophobia
Bright lights hurt the eyes and cause discomfort PMC.Eye Redness
Blood vessels on the white of the eye become swollen and red PMC.Swollen Optic Disc
On exam, the optic nerve head appears puffy due to inflammation PMC.Headache
Pain around the eye may spread to the forehead or temple EyeWiki.Rash near the Eye
Small blisters or shingles rash may appear on the eyelid or forehead Verywell Health.Vesicular Eyelid Lesions
Fluid-filled bumps on the eyelid margins Verywell Health.Eye Movement Pain
Moving the eye causes sharp shooting pains EyeWiki.Color Vision Changes
Colors may look faded or different PMC.Visual Field Defects
Missing patches of vision, often central scotoma EyeWiki.Pupillary Defect
The pupil reacts poorly to light (Marcus Gunn pupil) PMC.Tearing or Watery Eye
Inflammation irritates tear glands Verywell Health.General Malaise
Fever, tiredness, and achiness may accompany the eye symptoms Verywell Health.
Diagnostic Tests
Physical Exam
Visual Acuity Test
Reading letters on a chart to measure sharpness of vision Mayo Clinic.Pupillary Light Reflex
Shining a light to check how the pupil responds PMC.Color Vision Testing
Using Ishihara plates to detect color changes PMC.Confrontation Visual Field
Checking side vision by having the patient cover one eye Mayo Clinic.
Manual Tests
Swinging Flashlight Test
To detect a relative afferent pupillary defect PMC.Fundoscopic (Ophthalmoscopic) Exam
Directly viewing the optic disc for swelling PMC.Eye Movement Examination
Assessing pain or limitation when looking in different directions EyeWiki.Orbital Palpation
Checking for tenderness or swelling around the eye socket EyeWiki.
Lab and Pathological Tests
Serum VZV IgM and IgG Titers
Measuring antibodies against VZV to confirm reactivation PMC.Aqueous or Vitreous PCR for VZV DNA
Detects viral genetic material in eye fluid PMC.Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
Checking for VZV DNA, white cells, and protein in the spinal fluid PMC.Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Looking for signs of infection or immune suppression PMC.Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Elevated in inflammation and viral vasculopathy PMC.
Electrodiagnostic Tests
Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP)
Measures electrical signals from the eye to the brain; delayed responses indicate demyelination PMC.Electroretinogram (ERG)
Assesses general retinal function, useful if concurrent retinal necrosis is suspected PMC.
Imaging Tests
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with Contrast
Shows optic nerve swelling and enhancement patterns Lippincott Journals.Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
High-resolution images of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer PMC.Fluorescein Angiography
Visualizes blood flow in retinal and optic nerve vessels PMC.Fundus Photography
Color images of the optic disc and retina for documentation PMC.B-Scan Ocular Ultrasound
Detects swelling behind the eye when media opacities prevent direct view PMC.
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Below are 20 supportive therapies aimed at reducing inflammation, promoting nerve recovery, and improving visual function. Each entry includes an elaborate description, purpose, and mechanism—all explained in plain English.
Low Vision Therapy
Description: Personalized training in using lighting, contrast, and magnification aids.
Purpose: Maximizes remaining vision for daily tasks.
Mechanism: Enhances visual efficiency by optimizing environmental visual cues and teaching compensatory scanning techniques Therapy AchievementsWikipedia.
Gaze Stability Exercises
Description: Head and eye movement exercises following Cawthorne-Cooksey protocols.
Purpose: Reduces dizziness and improves focus when moving the head.
Mechanism: Strengthens the vestibulo-ocular reflex to maintain stable vision during motion PMC.
Eye-Hand Coordination Drills
Description: Tracking moving targets on a table or screen.
Purpose: Improves precision in tasks like writing or pouring.
Mechanism: Enhances visual-motor integration by training neural pathways linking vision and hand movements PMC.
Habituation Exercises
Description: Gradual exposure to provoking visual stimuli (e.g., moving patterns).
Purpose: Decreases sensitivity to disorienting visual motion.
Mechanism: Promotes central adaptation, reducing abnormal vestibular responses PMC.
Extraocular Muscle Resistance Training
Description: Gentle resistance applied to the closed eyelids in various directions.
Purpose: Strengthens the muscles that move the eye.
Mechanism: Increases muscle endurance to improve eye alignment and reduce double vision PMC.
Occupational Therapy for Daily Living Skills
Description: Training in adaptive techniques for dressing, cooking, and reading.
Purpose: Maintains independence in self-care and homemaking.
Mechanism: Teaches compensatory strategies to overcome visual field deficits Wikipedia.
Mobility and Orientation Training
Description: Cane training and spatial orientation exercises.
Purpose: Ensures safe travel within and outside the home.
Mechanism: Develops spatial awareness using remaining visual fields and tactile cues Wikipedia.
Assistive Technology Instruction
Description: Use of screen-reading software, audio books, and smartphone apps.
Purpose: Facilitates access to information and communication.
Mechanism: Bypasses visual impairment by shifting tasks to auditory or tactile modalities Wikipedia.
Environmental Modifications
Description: Improving home/work lighting, reducing glare, and high-contrast markings.
Purpose: Reduces visual strain and the risk of falls.
Mechanism: Optimizes contrast sensitivity and minimizes confusing visual backgrounds Wikipedia.
Peripheral Prism Glasses
Description: Prism segments fitted to spectacles.
Purpose: Expands the perceived visual field.
Mechanism: Shifts images from the blind field into the seeing field Wikipedia.
Blue-Light Filtering Glasses
Description: Lenses that block high-energy visible light.
Purpose: Reduces phototoxic stress on retinal cells.
Mechanism: Filters harmful wavelengths that can exacerbate oxidative damage MDPI.
Cool Compresses for Rash
Description: Applying chilled, damp cloths to affected skin areas.
Purpose: Relieves pain and reduces inflammation of the rash.
Mechanism: Vasoconstriction decreases local edema and soothes nerve endings.
Ocular Surface Lubrication
Description: Preservative-free artificial tears several times daily.
Purpose: Protects the ocular surface, alleviates dryness.
Mechanism: Maintains tear film stability, preventing epithelial breakdown NCBI.
Calamine Lotion for Itch Relief
Description: Topical application to rash sites.
Purpose: Eases pruritus and prevents scratching.
Mechanism: Provides a cooling, protective barrier over inflamed skin.
Loose Clothing and Bedding
Description: Wearing soft, non-binding fabrics.
Purpose: Minimizes mechanical irritation of rash areas.
Mechanism: Reduces frictional trauma to inflamed skin.
Stress Management Counseling
Description: Psychological support or therapy sessions.
Purpose: Lowers anxiety, which can trigger viral reactivation.
Mechanism: Teaches coping strategies to modulate stress-related immune suppression Piedmont HealthcareHealthline.
Mindfulness, Meditation, and Yoga
Description: Guided breathing, gentle yoga postures.
Purpose: Reduces systemic inflammation and stress.
Mechanism: Lowers cortisol levels, enhancing immune resilience Verywell HealthHealthline.
Journaling and Support Groups
Description: Writing about experiences and joining peer groups.
Purpose: Provides emotional support and reduces isolation.
Mechanism: Fosters resilience by sharing coping strategies.
Educational Workshops
Description: Sessions on managing post-herpetic complications.
Purpose: Empowers patients to recognize and address symptoms early.
Mechanism: Improves self-management skills and treatment adherence.
Vision Rehabilitation Software
Description: Computer programs to train contrast sensitivity and scanning.
Purpose: Enhances visual processing speed and accuracy.
Mechanism: Neuroplastic adaptation through repetitive visual tasks Wikipedia.
Drug Treatments
Below are 10 evidence-based drugs used in managing HZON, detailing class, dosage, timing, purpose, mechanism, and common side effects.
Acyclovir (Antiviral)
Dosage & Time: 800 mg orally five times daily for 7–10 days (or 10 mg/kg IV every 8 hours for 7–10 days in severe cases).
Purpose: Halts viral replication.
Mechanism: Inhibits viral DNA polymerase by acting as a guanosine analog.
Side Effects: Nausea, headache, renal toxicity NCBI.
Valacyclovir (Antiviral Prodrug)
Dosage & Time: 1 g orally three times daily for 7 days.
Purpose: Improves bioavailability compared to acyclovir.
Mechanism: Converted to acyclovir in the liver, then inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Side Effects: Nausea, dizziness NCBI.
Famciclovir (Antiviral Prodrug)
Dosage & Time: 500 mg orally three times daily for 7 days.
Purpose: Alternative to acyclovir/valacyclovir.
Mechanism: Metabolized to penciclovir; inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Side Effects: Headache, diarrhea NCBI.
Foscarnet (Antiviral)
Dosage & Time: 90 mg/kg IV every 12 hours for 7 days (for acyclovir-resistant strains).
Purpose: Treats drug-resistant VZV.
Mechanism: Pyrophosphate analog that noncompetitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase.
Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, electrolyte disturbances NCBI.
Ganciclovir (Antiviral)
Dosage & Time: 5 mg/kg IV every 12 hours for 7–14 days (for resistant cases).
Purpose: Alternative for resistant herpes viruses.
Mechanism: DNA polymerase inhibitor after phosphorylation by viral kinase.
Side Effects: Bone marrow suppression, renal impairment NCBI.
Methylprednisolone (Corticosteroid)
Dosage & Time: 1 g IV daily for 3 days, often followed by oral prednisone taper.
Purpose: Reduces optic nerve inflammation.
Mechanism: Inhibits cytokine production and leukocyte migration.
Side Effects: Mood changes, immunosuppression Investigative Ophthalmology.
Prednisone (Corticosteroid)
Dosage & Time: 60 mg orally daily with gradual taper over 2–3 weeks.
Purpose: Adjunct to antivirals for inflammation control.
Mechanism: Broad anti-inflammatory effects by modulating gene expression.
Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, weight gain EyeWiki.
Gabapentin (Neuropathic Pain Modulator)
Dosage & Time: 300 mg at bedtime, titrating up to 1800 mg/day in divided doses.
Purpose: Manages ocular and post-herpetic pain.
Mechanism: Modulates α2δ subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels, reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release.
Side Effects: Dizziness, somnolence Wikipedia.
Homatropine (Cycloplegic)
Dosage & Time: 5% solution twice daily as needed.
Purpose: Relieves ciliary spasm–related pain.
Mechanism: Anticholinergic blockade of muscarinic receptors in the iris and ciliary body.
Side Effects: Blurred vision, dry mouth Medscape.
Topical Antibiotic Ointment (e.g., Bacitracin-Polymyxin)
Dosage & Time: Apply twice daily to rash areas.
Purpose: Prevents secondary bacterial infection of skin lesions.
Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and membrane integrity.
Side Effects: Local irritation, allergic contact dermatitis Medscape.
Dietary Molecular & Herbal Supplements
Below are 15 supplements that support immune health, reduce oxidative stress, and promote nerve recovery. Each entry lists dosage, functional benefit, and mechanism.
Vitamin A (Retinol/Retinyl Palmitate)
Dosage: 900 mcg RAE (3,000 IU) daily.
Function: Maintains mucosal integrity and visual cycle.
Mechanism: Component of rhodopsin; antioxidant protecting photoreceptors Office of Dietary Supplements.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Dosage: 500 mg twice daily.
Function: Potent antioxidant; supports collagen synthesis.
Mechanism: Scavenges free radicals, regenerates other antioxidants Office of Dietary Supplements.
Vitamin D₃ (Cholecalciferol)
Dosage: 2,000 IU daily.
Function: Modulates innate and adaptive immunity.
Mechanism: Binds vitamin D receptor, regulates cytokine production.
Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B₁₂)
Dosage: 1,000 mcg daily.
Function: Supports myelin synthesis and nerve regeneration.
Mechanism: Cofactor in methylation reactions and neurotrophic factor up-regulation Vision and Eye HealthJournal of Optometric Education.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Dosage: 600 mg daily.
Function: Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation.
Mechanism: Regenerates endogenous antioxidants; protects retinal layers BioMed CentralPMC.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Dosage: 500 mg twice daily.
Function: Enhances nerve conduction and regeneration.
Mechanism: Transports fatty acids into mitochondria; anti-apoptotic effects PMC+1.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)
Dosage: 1,000 mg daily.
Function: Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective.
Mechanism: Shifts eicosanoid balance toward less inflammatory mediators Office of Dietary Supplements.
Zinc
Dosage: 30 mg daily.
Function: Essential for immune cell function and antioxidant enzymes.
Mechanism: Cofactor for hundreds of enzymes; supports T-cell maturation Office of Dietary SupplementsFred Hutch.
Selenium
Dosage: 55 mcg daily.
Function: Protects cells from oxidative damage.
Mechanism: Constituent of glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases Office of Dietary Supplements+1.
Curcumin
EGCG (Green Tea Flavonoid)
Dosage: 200 mg daily.
Function: Reduces oxidative stress in neural tissue.
Mechanism: Scavenges reactive oxygen species; modulates inflammatory cytokines Dr. Axe.
Astaxanthin
Dosage: 2 mg daily.
Function: Potent antioxidant for neural protection.
Mechanism: Neutralizes free radicals, supports mitochondrial health Dr. Axe.
Echinacea purpurea Extract
Dosage: 300 mg three times daily.
Function: Modulates innate immunity.
Mechanism: Inhibits TNF-α production; enhances phagocytosis Wikipedia.
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)
Dosage: 600 mg twice daily.
Function: Replenishes glutathione; reduces inflammation.
Mechanism: Provides cysteine for glutathione synthesis; scavenges free radicals Wikipedia.
Coenzyme Q₁₀
Dosage: 100 mg daily.
Function: Supports mitochondrial energy and antioxidant defenses.
Mechanism: Participates in electron transport; protects membranes from lipid peroxidation Verywell Health.
Emerging Regenerative & Stem Cell Therapies
While still largely experimental, several agents have shown promise in neuroprotection and axonal regeneration in preclinical or early clinical studies:
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Dosage: 33,000 IU IV once, adjunct to steroids.
Function: Neuroprotective in acute optic neuritis.
Mechanism: Activates JAK-STAT pathways; anti-apoptotic for retinal ganglion cells Investigative Ophthalmology.
Citicoline (CDP-Choline)
Dosage: 1,600 mg orally daily.
Function: Promotes neural repair and visual function recovery.
Mechanism: Enhances phospholipid synthesis in neuronal membranes; upregulates neurotrophic factors PMC.
Cenegermin (rhNGF) Eye Drops
Dosage: 20 µg per eye twice daily.
Function: Stimulates axonal sprouting and survival.
Mechanism: Binds TrkA receptors, promoting neuronal growth and repair Nature.
Extracellular Vesicle-Curcumin Complex
Dosage: Experimental intranasal dosing.
Function: Delivers anti-inflammatory curcumin directly to the CNS.
Mechanism: EVs cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing microglial activation BioMed Central.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy
Dosage: ~1 × 10⁶ cells intravitreal injection.
Function: Secretes neurotrophic factors; reduces inflammation.
Mechanism: MSCs home to injury sites, releasing growth factors like BDNF and GDNF.
Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells
Dosage: ~1 × 10⁷ cells intrathecal infusion.
Function: Provides a source of multipotent cells for repair.
Mechanism: Differentiation into supportive glial cells and release of regenerative cytokines.
Surgical Interventions
Surgery is rarely needed for HZON itself but may address severe ocular complications of HZO:
Anterior Chamber Paracentesis
Procedure: Removing a small volume of aqueous humor via needle.
Why: Rapidly lowers intraocular pressure to protect the optic nerve.
Vitrectomy
Procedure: Surgical removal of the vitreous gel.
Why: Clears inflammatory debris to reduce cytokine-mediated damage.
Tarsorrhaphy
Procedure: Partial sewing together of the eyelids.
Why: Protects a damaged corneal surface and reduces exposure.
Penetrating Keratoplasty
Procedure: Full-thickness corneal transplant.
Why: Restores vision if corneal scarring from HZO impairs sight.
Orbital Decompression
Procedure: Removing bone from the orbital walls.
Why: Relieves pressure in orbital apex syndrome that may threaten the optic nerve.
Prevention Strategies
Ten measures to reduce risk of HZON:
Zoster Vaccination (RZV) in adults ≥50 years.
Early Antiviral Therapy with acyclovir/valacyclovir at rash onset.
Prompt Ophthalmic Evaluation for any facial/shingles rash.
Maintain Good Glycemic Control in diabetes.
Manage Immunosuppression carefully if on steroids or chemotherapy.
Avoid Direct Sun Exposure to rash areas; use protective clothing.
Stress Reduction techniques to lower reactivation risk.
Adequate Sleep and nutrition for immune health.
Regular Eye Exams post-HZO to catch early complications.
Skin Hygiene to prevent secondary infection of lesions.
When to See a Doctor
Seek immediate care if you experience:
Sudden vision loss or blurring.
Eye pain worsened by movement.
New floaters or flashing lights.
Severe headache with rash.
Signs of ocular hypertension (halos around lights).
Dietary Guidance: What to Eat & Avoid
Eat:
Colorful fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants (berries, leafy greens).
Fatty fish (salmon, sardines) for omega-3s.
Nuts and seeds (walnuts, flaxseed).
Lean proteins and legumes for tissue repair.
Whole grains for sustained energy.
Dairy or fortified alternatives for vitamin D.
Eggs for B-vitamins.
Citrus fruits for vitamin C.
Shellfish (oysters) for zinc.
Selenium-rich foods (Brazil nuts, seafood).
Avoid:
Excessive alcohol (impairs immunity).
High-glycemic-index foods (sugary snacks).
Trans fats (fried and processed foods).
Excessive caffeine (may disrupt sleep).
Refined carbohydrates (white bread, pastries).
High-salt processed meats (hypertension risk).
Sugary beverages (inflammatory).
Artificial sweeteners (may affect gut health).
Dairy if lactose intolerant (inflammation).
Excess red meat (may promote oxidative stress).
Frequently Asked Questions
What causes HZON?
Reactivation of VZV in the trigeminal nerve, extending to the optic nerve.
How common is HZON?
Occurs in about 0.4% of HZO cases Lippincott Journals.
Can HZON recur?
Rarely, but recurrence is possible if immunity wanes.
Is vision recovery guaranteed?
Recovery varies; timely antiviral and steroid use improves outcomes.
Will I need long-term medication?
Antivirals are short-term; steroids may require tapering over weeks.
Are there permanent changes to vision?
Some patients have residual field defects or reduced contrast sensitivity.
Can HZON occur without rash?
Yes, “zoster sine herpete” can present without obvious rash.
Is HZON contagious?
The rash can transmit VZV to seronegative individuals, but optic neuritis itself is not.
Does vaccine prevent HZON?
Shingles vaccines reduce HZO incidence and thus HZON risk.
What triggers viral reactivation?
Stress, immunosuppression, aging, and certain medications.
Can I drive with HZON?
Not until vision recovers sufficiently to meet safety standards.
Are there alternative therapies?
Low vision aids, acupuncture, and photobiomodulation are supportive.
How soon should treatment start?
Within 72 hours of rash onset for best antiviral efficacy.
Can children get HZON?
Extremely rare; primarily affects older or immunocompromised adults.
What long-term follow-up is needed?
Regular ophthalmic exams for intraocular pressure and optic nerve health.
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: August 06, 2025.
