Helicoid Peripapillary Chorioretinal Degeneration (HPCD)

Types of HPCD
Possible Causes of HPCD
Common Symptoms of HPCD
Diagnostic Tests for HPCD
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Dietary Molecular & Herbal Supplements
Regenerative & Stem-Cell-Based Therapies
Surgical Procedures
Prevention Strategies
When to See a Doctor
Dietary Do’s and Don’ts
Frequently Asked Questions

Helicoid peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration (HPCD) is a rare, slowly progressive eye disorder characterized by a winding (“helicoid”) band of atrophy—thinning and degeneration—spreading outward from the edge of the optic disc into the surrounding choroid and retina. In plain English, the optic disc is where the optic nerve connects to the eye, and the choroid is the layer of blood vessels beneath the retina. In HPCD, cells in these areas gradually waste away, leaving patches of vision loss that often radiate in a curved fashion. Although the exact cause remains unclear, genetics, aging, and oxidative stress are believed to contribute. People with HPCD may not notice symptoms early, because peripheral parts of the retina are involved first. Over time, however, central vision or night vision can be affected. Early detection through regular eye exams and imaging tests (like optical coherence tomography) can slow progression by enabling timely interventions and lifestyle adjustments.

Helicoid Peripapillary Chorioretinal Degeneration (HPCD) is a rare, typically congenital condition of the eye in which the layer beneath the retina (the choroid) and the retina itself gradually thin in a spiral (“helicoid”) pattern extending from the optic disc (the point where the optic nerve enters the eye). Although many people with HPCD maintain good central vision, the degenerative changes can lead to visual field defects and other symptoms over time.

Types of HPCD

Classic (Simple) HPCD
In this form, the spiral thinning around the optic disc is the only finding. Patients usually have mild or no symptoms, and the condition does not progress much over time.
Syndromic HPCD
Here, helicoid chorioretinal changes occur alongside other eye or systemic features—such as high myopia (nearsightedness), glaucoma, or even certain genetic syndromes. Vision may be more affected.
Acquired-Like HPCD
Very rarely, a similar spiral pattern of degeneration appears later in life after trauma, inflammation, or vascular events. This is not truly congenital but mimics the classic appearance.

Possible Causes of HPCD

While classic HPCD is thought to be congenital (present at birth), doctors consider factors that might influence its development or mimic its appearance. Below are 20 causes or associated factors:

Genetic Variation
Small inherited changes in genes controlling eye development may underlie classic HPCD.
Developmental Arrest
Incomplete maturation of the choroid and retina around the optic disc during fetal growth.
High Myopia
Extreme nearsightedness stretches the eye, sometimes causing spiral thinning.
Prematurity
Being born very early can impair normal retinal and choroidal development.
Low Birth Weight
Associated with underdevelopment of many eye structures.
Vitamin A Deficiency
Long-term severe lack of vitamin A weakens retina cells and choroid.
Oxidative Stress
Excessive free radicals can damage retinal layers over time.
Autoimmune Tendencies
Rarely, the body’s defense cells attack retinal tissue, causing degeneration.
Chronic Inflammation
Long-standing inflammation (e.g., uveitis) can lead to thinning.
Vascular Insufficiency
Poor blood flow in choroidal vessels may starve the retina of nutrients.
Radiation Exposure
Past therapeutic radiation near the eye can damage the choroid/retina.
Trauma
Injury to the optic nerve head or surrounding tissue sometimes causes spiral damage.
Toxin Exposure
Certain medications (e.g., chloroquine) or chemicals can injure the retina.
Diabetes
Long-term high blood sugar injures small blood vessels, including those under the retina.
Hypertension
High blood pressure can damage choroidal circulation.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Early-life oxygen therapy can scar and thin retinal tissue.
Hyperlipidemia
High blood fats may clog small vessels feeding the retina.
Mitochondrial Disorders
Rare energy-production diseases can weaken retina cells.
Familial History
Having close relatives with unexplained chorioretinal thinning.
Unknown (Idiopathic)
In many individuals, no clear cause is ever found.

Common Symptoms of HPCD

Many people with HPCD are symptom-free. When symptoms occur, they may include:

Mild Blurred Vision
Slight fuzziness, especially in side vision.
Scotomas (Blind Spots)
Tiny dark areas in the visual field, often near the center of sight.
Visual Field Defects
Loss of peripheral vision in a pattern matching the spiral thinning.
Metamorphopsia
Straight lines look wavy or bent.
Photopsia
Seeing flashes of light without any external cause.
Floaters
Small “specks” drifting across the field of view.
Decreased Contrast Sensitivity
Difficulty telling apart shades of gray, especially under low light.
Night Vision Problems
Trouble seeing clearly in dim conditions.
Color Vision Changes
Mild difficulty distinguishing some colors.
Headaches
Often related to eye strain from trying to focus.
Eye Fatigue
Tired or achy eyes after tasks like reading.
Difficulty Reading Small Print
May need larger fonts or brighter light.
Worsening Myopia
Increasing nearsightedness over years.
Glare Sensitivity
Light sources may feel overwhelmingly bright.
Asymmetry Between Eyes
One eye may feel clearer or more strained than the other.

Diagnostic Tests for HPCD

Diagnosis combines eye exams, manual tests, lab work, electrodiagnostics, and imaging. Below are 20 key tests.

A. Physical Exam

Visual Acuity Test
Reading letters from a chart to measure clarity of sight.
Pupillary Reflex Check
Shining light into each eye to see pupil responses.
Intraocular Pressure Measurement
Checking eye pressure to rule out glaucoma.
External Eye Inspection
Looking for redness, swelling, or structural abnormalities.

B. Manual (Functional) Tests

Confrontation Visual Field
Simple side-vision check by having you signal when you see the doctor’s finger enter your field.
Amsler Grid
A grid of straight lines you view to spot wavy or missing areas.
Color Vision Testing
Using colored-dot plates (e.g., Ishihara) to detect color-blindness.
Contrast Sensitivity Chart
Lines of decreasing contrast to measure ability to see low-contrast objects.

C. Lab and Pathological Tests

Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Checks for anemia or infection that might affect the eye.
Inflammatory Markers (ESR, CRP)
Elevated levels suggest active inflammation.
Autoimmune Panel
Tests for antibodies linked to diseases like lupus that can affect the eye.
Metabolic Panel
Assesses blood sugar, lipids, and other factors influencing retinal health.

D. Electrodiagnostic Tests

Electroretinography (ERG)
Measures electrical responses of the retina to light flashes.
Electro-oculography (EOG)
Assesses the health of the outer retina and supporting structures.
Visual Evoked Potential (VEP)
Records signals along the optic nerve to the brain in response to visual stimuli.

E. Imaging Tests

Fundus Photography
High-resolution photos of the back of the eye to document spiral thinning.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Cross-sectional “slice” images showing retinal and choroidal thickness.
Fluorescein Angiography
Dye injected into a vein highlights vascular flow under the retina.
Fundus Autofluorescence
Special light captures natural fluorescence of retinal cells, showing damage.
B-Scan Ultrasound
Sound waves map deeper eye structures if the view is blocked by cataract or hemorrhage.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Low-Vision Aids
- Description: Devices such as magnifiers, specialized glasses, and electronic screens that enlarge images.
- Purpose: Enhance remaining vision for reading, writing, and daily tasks.
- Mechanism: Optical magnification directs larger images onto healthier retinal areas.
Orientation and Mobility Training
- Description: Professional-led training to navigate safely at home and outdoors.
- Purpose: Reduce falls and increase independence.
- Mechanism: Teaches use of canes, auditory cues, and landmarks to compensate for scotomas.
Contrast Enhancement Techniques
- Description: Improving lighting and using high-contrast materials (e.g., black-on-white print).
- Purpose: Make objects and text easier to see.
- Mechanism: Increases distinction between foreground and background to stimulate healthier retina.
UV-Blocking Eyewear
- Description: Sunglasses or lenses that filter ≥99% of UVA/UVB rays.
- Purpose: Protect remaining retinal tissue from ultraviolet light damage.
- Mechanism: UV filtration prevents photo-oxidative stress in choroid and retina.
Blue-Light Filters
- Description: Screen protectors or eyeglass coatings that reduce blue-light exposure.
- Purpose: Minimize retinal toxicity from prolonged digital screen use.
- Mechanism: Short-wavelength light is absorbed before reaching photoreceptors.
Nutritional Counseling
- Description: Dietitian-guided meal planning rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fats.
- Purpose: Support retinal cell health and slow degeneration.
- Mechanism: Antioxidants neutralize free radicals; omega-3s reduce inflammation in retinal tissue.
Regular Physical Exercise
- Description: Moderate aerobic activities, such as brisk walking, 30 minutes daily.
- Purpose: Improve ocular blood flow and overall vascular health.
- Mechanism: Exercise-induced vasodilation enhances choroidal circulation.
Stress Management Techniques
- Description: Practices like deep breathing, meditation, and mindfulness.
- Purpose: Lower systemic cortisol and oxidative stress.
- Mechanism: Reduced stress hormones mitigate free-radical formation in retinal cells.
Cognitive Visual Training
- Description: Computer-based exercises that improve scanning strategies and visual processing.
- Purpose: Optimize use of peripheral vision to compensate for atrophic zones.
- Mechanism: Neuroplastic adaptation enhances visual cortex responses to remaining retina.
Acupuncture
- Description: Traditional Chinese medicine using fine needles around periorbital areas.
- Purpose: Alleged to boost microcirculation and nerve function.
- Mechanism: May modulate local blood flow and endorphin release—though evidence is limited.
Ocular Massage
- Description: Gentle manual pressure applied externally over eyelids.
- Purpose: Temporarily improve intraocular fluid dynamics and circulation.
- Mechanism: Mechanical stimulation may transiently increase choroidal perfusion.
Heat-Based Therapies
- Description: Warm compresses or infrared masks applied to closed eyelids.
- Purpose: Relieve mild discomfort and promote blood flow.
- Mechanism: Vasodilation from heat enhances nutrient delivery to retinal tissue.
Sleep Hygiene Optimization
- Description: Regular sleep schedule with total darkness and minimal screen exposure before bed.
- Purpose: Support retinal repair processes that occur during sleep.
- Mechanism: Melatonin-mediated antioxidant effects protect retinal cells overnight.
Environmental Modification
- Description: Rearranging home to minimize obstacles and improve lighting.
- Purpose: Reduce accidents and boost confidence in daily activities.
- Mechanism: Clear, well-lit pathways compensate for peripheral vision loss.
Group Support and Counseling
- Description: Participation in vision-loss support groups or therapy.
- Purpose: Address emotional challenges and share adaptive strategies.
- Mechanism: Peer support reduces anxiety and promotes coping mechanisms.
Assistive Technology Training
- Description: Learning smartphone apps, screen readers, and voice-activated assistants.
- Purpose: Facilitate reading, navigation, and communication despite vision loss.
- Mechanism: Converts visual information into audio or tactile feedback.
Occupational Therapy
- Description: Tailored exercises and environmental adjustments for daily tasks.
- Purpose: Maintain independence in self-care and household chores.
- Mechanism: Teaches alternative methods to perform tasks using unaffected vision.
Photobiomodulation
- Description: Low-level laser therapy applied externally to eyelids.
- Purpose: Stimulate mitochondrial function in retinal cells.
- Mechanism: Near-infrared light enhances cytochrome C oxidase activity, boosting ATP production.
Nutraceutical Counseling
- Description: Guidance on evidence-based eye health supplements (see below).
- Purpose: Ensure safe, synergistic use of dietary agents.
- Mechanism: Integrates supplement regimens with diet and medication plans.
Routine Ophthalmic Monitoring
- Description: Scheduled checks every 6–12 months with fundus photography and OCT.
- Purpose: Track progression and adjust interventions promptly.
- Mechanism: Imaging reveals subtle changes in chorioretinal thickness and atrophy.

Drug Treatments

Oral L-Citrulline (Neurovascular Modulator)
- Class: Amino acid supplement
- Dosage & Time: 3 g once daily with breakfast
- Purpose: Enhance nitric oxide production for improved choroidal blood flow
- Mechanism: Precursor to arginine, boosting endothelial dilation
- Side Effects: Mild gastrointestinal discomfort, headache
Brimonidine Tartrate Eye Drops (Neuroprotective Agent)
- Class: α2-adrenergic agonist
- Dosage & Time: 0.2% drops, one drop twice daily
- Purpose: Reduce retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and oxidative stress
- Mechanism: Activates cell survival pathways in the retina
- Side Effects: Eye redness, dry mouth
Oral Pentoxifylline (Microcirculation Enhancer)
- Class: Methylxanthine derivative
- Dosage & Time: 400 mg twice daily with meals
- Purpose: Improve blood rheology and choroidal perfusion
- Mechanism: Lowers blood viscosity, enhances red-cell flexibility
- Side Effects: Nausea, dizziness
Topical Dorzolamide (Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor)
- Class: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- Dosage & Time: 2% drops, one drop three times daily
- Purpose: Reduce retinal edema and secondary fluid accumulation
- Mechanism: Acidifies subretinal space, promoting fluid resorption
- Side Effects: Bitter taste, ocular stinging
Oral Vitamin A Palmitate (Antioxidant Vitamin)
- Class: Fat-soluble vitamin
- Dosage & Time: 10,000 IU once daily with a fatty meal
- Purpose: Support photoreceptor integrity and visual cycle function
- Mechanism: Cofactor in rhodopsin regeneration
- Side Effects: Headache, dry skin
Oral Alpha-Lipoic Acid (Universal Antioxidant)
- Class: Mitochondrial cofactor
- Dosage & Time: 600 mg once daily
- Purpose: Neutralize free radicals in retinal cells
- Mechanism: Recycles glutathione and vitamins C/E
- Side Effects: Mild stomach upset
Oral N-Acetylcysteine (Glutathione Precursor)
- Class: Thiol antioxidant
- Dosage & Time: 600 mg twice daily
- Purpose: Enhance intracellular antioxidant defenses
- Mechanism: Precursor to glutathione synthesis in retinal pigment epithelium
- Side Effects: Rare allergic reactions, dyspepsia
Oral Citicoline (Neuroenhancement Agent)
- Class: Choline donor
- Dosage & Time: 500 mg twice daily
- Purpose: Support membrane repair and neuroprotection
- Mechanism: Provides substrates for phosphatidylcholine synthesis
- Side Effects: Insomnia, nausea
Oral Resveratrol (Polyphenolic Antioxidant)
- Class: Stilbenoid
- Dosage & Time: 150 mg once daily
- Purpose: Reduce inflammation and oxidative damage in the retina
- Mechanism: Activates SIRT1 pathway, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Side Effects: Mild gastrointestinal upset
Intravitreal Anti-VEGF (Bevacizumab) (Vascular Modulator)
- Class: Monoclonal antibody
- Dosage & Time: 1.25 mg injection every 8–12 weeks if neovascular complications arise
- Purpose: Control abnormal blood-vessel growth and leakage
- Mechanism: Binds VEGF, preventing receptor activation
- Side Effects: Rare infection, retinal tear

Dietary Molecular & Herbal Supplements

Lutein
- Dosage: 10 mg daily
- Function: Blue-light filtering carotenoid
- Mechanism: Deposits in macula, absorbing harmful light
Zeaxanthin
- Dosage: 2 mg daily
- Function: Macular antioxidant
- Mechanism: Protects photoreceptors from lipid peroxidation
Omega-3 Fish Oil (DHA/EPA)
- Dosage: 1 g DHA/EPA combined daily
- Function: Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective
- Mechanism: Modulates cytokine production, supports photoreceptor membranes
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
- Dosage: 120 mg standardized extract daily
- Function: Microcirculation enhancer
- Mechanism: Vasodilates capillaries, reduces platelet aggregation
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
- Dosage: 160 mg anthocyanins twice daily
- Function: Antioxidant flavonoids
- Mechanism: Scavenges free radicals, strengthens capillary walls
Resveratrol
- Dosage: 150 mg daily
- Function: Anti-inflammatory polyphenol
- Mechanism: Activates SIRT1, reduces oxidative damage
Curcumin (Turmeric)
- Dosage: 500 mg standardized extract twice daily
- Function: NF-κB inhibitor
- Mechanism: Suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways
Saffron (Crocus sativus)
- Dosage: 20 mg daily
- Function: Neuroretinal protector
- Mechanism: Inhibits lipid peroxidation, improves retinal function
Astaxanthin
- Dosage: 6 mg daily
- Function: Powerful carotenoid antioxidant
- Mechanism: Quenches singlet oxygen in photoreceptors
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
- Dosage: 500 mg twice daily
- Function: Water-soluble antioxidant
- Mechanism: Regenerates vitamin E, neutralizes free radicals
Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)
- Dosage: 400 IU daily
- Function: Lipid-soluble antioxidant
- Mechanism: Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes
Zinc
- Dosage: 25 mg daily
- Function: Cofactor for antioxidant enzymes
- Mechanism: Supports superoxide dismutase activity
Copper
- Dosage: 2 mg daily
- Function: Works synergistically with zinc
- Mechanism: Prevents zinc-induced copper deficiency, supports antioxidant defenses
Selenium
- Dosage: 100 µg daily
- Function: Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase
- Mechanism: Detoxifies hydrogen peroxide in retinal cells
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
- Dosage: 600 mg daily
- Function: Universal antioxidant
- Mechanism: Regenerates other antioxidants, supports mitochondrial function

Regenerative & Stem-Cell-Based Therapies

Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection
- Dosage: ~1 × 10⁶ cells intravitreal, single session
- Function: Promote retinal repair
- Mechanism: Cells secrete neurotrophic factors, modulate inflammation
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived RPE Transplant
- Dosage: Subretinal sheet once
- Function: Replace degenerated retinal pigment epithelium
- Mechanism: Integrated RPE restores phagocytosis and barrier functions
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Encapsulated Implant
- Dosage: Implant releasing 10 ng/day for 12 months
- Function: Neuroprotection of photoreceptors
- Mechanism: Continuous CNTF delivery activates cell-survival signaling
Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor (rhNGF) Eye Drops
- Dosage: 20 µg/mL, one drop twice daily for 3 months
- Function: Stimulate optic nerve and photoreceptor health
- Mechanism: Binds TrkA receptors, promoting cell survival
Bone Marrow–Derived Mononuclear Cell Intravenous Infusion
- Dosage: 1 × 10⁸ cells/kg, single infusion
- Function: Systemic delivery of regenerative cells
- Mechanism: Homing to damaged retinal tissue, releasing trophic factors
Exosome-Based Therapy from MSCs
- Dosage: 100 µg exosomal protein intravitreal, monthly ×3
- Function: Deliver microRNAs and proteins for repair
- Mechanism: Exosomes modulate inflammation and promote neurogenesis

Surgical Procedures

Subretinal RPE–Choroid Transplantation
- Procedure: Microsurgical placement of donor RPE–choroid patch under retina
- Why It’s Done: Replace atrophic area to restore metabolism and support photoreceptors
Macular Translocation Surgery
- Procedure: Rotate retina so healthier region lies under fovea
- Why It’s Done: Shift functioning photoreceptors to central vision area
Retinal Prosthesis (“Bionic Eye”) Implantation
- Procedure: Epiretinal electrode array insertion with external camera system
- Why It’s Done: Provide artificial stimulation to residual neurons for basic vision
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
- Procedure: Intravenous verteporfin plus low-energy laser to targeted atrophic zones
- Why It’s Done: Seal leaking choroidal vessels and slow progression
Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma
- Procedure: Remove vitreous gel and inject patient’s platelet concentrate
- Why It’s Done: Deliver growth factors directly to subretinal space for repair

Prevention Strategies

Consistent UV Protection (sunglasses outdoors)
Balanced Antioxidant-Rich Diet (fruits, vegetables)
Smoking Cessation (eliminate tobacco-induced oxidative stress)
Control Systemic Conditions (hypertension, diabetes)
Regular Moderate Exercise (improve ocular perfusion)
Maintain Healthy Body Weight (reduce vascular strain)
Minimize Blue-Light Exposure (screen breaks, filters)
Optimize Sleep Quality (dark, quiet environment)
Stress Reduction Practices (yoga, meditation)
Routine Ophthalmology Evaluations (early detection of changes)

When to See a Doctor

Seek prompt ophthalmic evaluation if you experience:

New or Worsening Blind Spots (scotomas)
Distorted Vision (metamorphopsia)
Difficulty Seeing in Dim Light (nyctalopia)
Rapid Decline in Visual Acuity
Unexplained Eye Pain or Redness

Early consultation enables timely imaging (OCT, fundus autofluorescence) and intervention to preserve vision.

Dietary Do’s and Don’ts

What to Eat:

Leafy greens (spinach, kale) for lutein/zeaxanthin
Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel) for DHA/EPA
Berries (blueberry, blackberry) for anthocyanins
Nuts and seeds (almonds, flaxseed) for antioxidants
Citrus fruits (orange, grapefruit) for vitamin C
Whole grains for zinc and selenium
Legumes (beans, lentils) for B-vitamins
Colorful vegetables (carrots, peppers) for carotenoids
Eggs for lutein, zeaxanthin, choline
Turmeric-spiced dishes for curcumin

What to Avoid:

Processed foods high in trans fats
Excessive refined sugars (sweets, sodas)
High-salt snacks (chips, salted nuts)
Heavy alcohol consumption
Deep-fried foods
Artificial additives and preservatives
Excess caffeine (≥4 drinks/day)
High-fat dairy (cream, full-fat cheese)
Red and processed meats in large amounts
Smoking and second-hand smoke exposure

Frequently Asked Questions

What causes HPCD?
The exact cause is unknown. Factors may include genetic predisposition, age-related changes, and chronic oxidative stress in the retina.
Is HPCD hereditary?
Familial cases are rare, but genetic factors likely influence susceptibility.
Can vision be fully restored?
Complete restoration is not yet possible, but therapies can slow progression and improve remaining vision.
How fast does HPCD progress?
Progression varies; many patients notice changes over years or decades.
Are children affected?
HPCD typically appears in middle age or later, though earlier onset has been reported.
Will I go blind?
Central vision is often spared until late stages; with proper management, many maintain useful vision.
What imaging tests diagnose HPCD?
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence, and fluorescein angiography are key.
Can diet slow degeneration?
A diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3s supports retinal health and may slow atrophy.
Is exercise safe?
Yes—moderate aerobic exercise enhances blood flow without harming the eye.
Do vitamins help?
Yes—supplements like lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamins C/E have protective roles.
What’s the role of stem cells?
Experimental stem-cell therapies aim to replace or support damaged retinal cells.
Are there clinical trials?
Several trials are investigating neuroprotective agents, implants, and stem-cell approaches.
How often should I have eye exams?
At least every 6–12 months; more frequently if vision changes occur.
Can I drive with HPCD?
Depends on severity; legal vision standards vary—consult your ophthalmologist.
Are there alternative therapies?
Some patients explore acupuncture or photobiomodulation; discuss benefits and risks with your doctor.
Does smoking worsen HPCD?
Yes—tobacco smoke increases oxidative stress and accelerates degeneration.
Can computer use harm my eyes?
Extended screen time increases blue-light exposure; use blue-light filters and take breaks.
Is genetic testing available?
No specific gene test exists, but broader panels for retinal dystrophies may sometimes include relevant genes.
What support resources exist?
Vision rehabilitation centers, low-vision clinics, and patient advocacy groups offer assistance.
When will new treatments arrive?
Advances in gene therapy and stem-cell research hold promise; timelines vary by trial success.
How do antioxidants work?
They neutralize free radicals, preventing cellular damage in retinal tissues.
Can I use over-the-counter eye drops?
Lubricating drops help with dryness but don’t halt degeneration.
Is surgery risky?
All eye surgeries carry risks (infection, retinal tear); weigh benefits versus potential complications.
What’s photodynamic therapy?
A light-activated drug seals abnormal vessels, reducing leakage.
Can I participate in research?
Ask your ophthalmologist about nearby clinical trials for HPCD or related retinal conditions.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.