Cataract 35

Other names for cataract
Types of cataract
Causes of cataract
Symptoms of cataract
Diagnostic tests for cataract
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Drug Treatments for Cataract Care
Dietary Molecular Supplements for Eye and Lens Health
Regenerative / Immunity-Supporting and Stem-Cell-Related Approaches
Surgeries for Cataract
Preventions
When to See a Doctor
What to Eat and What to Avoid
FAQs

A Cataract 35 is a problem of the eye in which the clear natural lens becomes cloudy. The lens sits behind the pupil and focuses light onto the retina so we can see clearly. When the lens turns cloudy, light cannot pass through in a normal way. Vision then becomes blurred, hazy, or less colorful, like looking through a foggy or dirty window. Cataracts usually develop slowly over many years and are very common in older people, but they can also happen in younger adults, children, or even at birth. If the cataract becomes very dense and is not treated, it can lead to serious vision loss and even blindness, although surgery can usually restore sight. National Eye Institute+1

Cataract means the clear natural lens inside your eye has become cloudy. Light cannot pass through the lens easily, so vision becomes blurred, colors look faded, and night driving is hard. Most adult cataracts are age-related and are strongly linked to oxidative stress, diabetes, UV light, smoking, and long-term steroid use. Surgery that removes the cloudy lens and replaces it with a clear artificial lens is still the only proven way to cure cataract and restore clear vision. Orange County Eye Institute+3AAO+3NCBI+3

Other names for cataract

Doctors may use other names when they talk about cataracts. They may say “lens opacity” or “lens clouding” because the lens is no longer clear. In older adults, cataracts are often called “age-related cataracts” or “senile cataracts.” Cataracts present at birth or early life may be called “congenital cataracts.” Sometimes you may hear “secondary cataract” when a cataract is caused by another eye disease, diabetes, or long-term use of steroid medicines. All these names refer to the same basic problem: the lens of the eye has lost its transparency and is blocking or scattering light. Wikipedia+1

Types of cataract

Inside the eye, cataracts can form in different parts of the lens and for different reasons. Age-related cataracts are the most common type and usually appear after mid-life as the lens proteins break down with age. Wikipedia+1

Nuclear sclerotic cataracts affect the center (nucleus) of the lens. Over time, this central area becomes harder, yellow, or brown. People often notice worse distance vision and may feel like they are looking through a yellow or brown filter. Wikipedia+1

Cortical cataracts affect the outer layer (cortex) of the lens. They often look like white, wedge-shaped “spokes” that point inward. These cataracts commonly cause problems with glare and halos around lights, especially at night. Wikipedia+1

Posterior subcapsular cataracts form at the back of the lens, just in front of the capsule that holds the lens. Even when they are small, they can cause strong symptoms such as glare, difficulty reading, and trouble seeing in bright light. They are more common in people with diabetes or those using steroid medicines for a long time. Wikipedia+1

Congenital cataracts are present at birth or develop in early childhood. They may be caused by genetic problems or infections in the mother during pregnancy, such as rubella. If not treated early, they can stop the visual system from developing and cause permanent lazy eye. Wikipedia+1

Traumatic cataracts happen after an injury to the eye. The lens can be damaged by a direct blow, a sharp object, a chemical burn, or a very hot or electrical injury. The cataract may appear soon after the trauma or many years later. Wikipedia+1

Secondary cataracts are due to other medical or eye problems. They may occur after eye surgery, in people with uveitis (inflammation inside the eye), in uncontrolled diabetes, or in people who take high doses of steroids for a long time. Wikipedia+1

Radiation cataracts occur after exposure to certain kinds of radiation, such as X-rays, radiation therapy for cancer, or long-term ultraviolet light exposure from the sun without eye protection. The radiation damages lens proteins and slowly leads to clouding. Wikipedia+1

Causes of cataract

Aging of the lens
The most common cause of cataract is normal aging. With age, the clear proteins in the lens slowly clump together and become cloudy. The lens also loses its ability to repair damage from light and normal metabolism. This gradual change over many years leads to age-related cataracts in most older adults. Wikipedia+1
Genetic factors
Some people are born with changes in genes that control lens structure or repair. These changes can make the lens more likely to turn cloudy, either in childhood (congenital cataract) or earlier in adult life than usual. In some families, cataracts run strongly from generation to generation. Wikipedia+1
Diabetes mellitus
High blood sugar over many years can damage lens proteins and change the water balance in the lens. Sugar products build up inside the lens and draw in fluid, causing swelling and clouding. People with poorly controlled diabetes often develop cataracts at a younger age than people without diabetes. Wikipedia+1
Long-term steroid use
Taking corticosteroid medicines for a long time, as eye drops, pills, or inhalers, can speed up cataract formation. Steroids can change the metabolism of lens cells and encourage posterior subcapsular cataracts, which cause strong glare and reading problems. Wikipedia+1
Smoking
Smoking increases oxidative stress in the body and the eye. Harmful chemicals from tobacco smoke damage lens proteins and reduce natural antioxidants. Over time, this makes the lens more likely to turn yellow and cloudy. Wikipedia+1
Excess alcohol use
Heavy, long-term drinking is linked with a higher risk of cataracts. Alcohol can produce toxic by-products and reduce important nutrients and antioxidants that protect the lens from damage. Wikipedia+1
Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun
UV-B light from sunlight can damage the lens over many years. People who work outdoors without sunglasses or a hat have more exposure and a higher risk. UV light triggers oxidative stress, which slowly breaks down lens proteins. Wikipedia+1
Eye injury (trauma)
A blow, cut, or penetrating injury to the eye can disturb the lens fibers or capsule. The damaged area may become cloudy soon after injury or slowly over time, forming a traumatic cataract. Wikipedia+1
Previous eye surgery
Surgery for other eye problems, such as retinal detachment, can increase cataract risk. Surgical manipulation, light exposure, and changes in eye fluids during the operation can stress the lens and start clouding later. Wikipedia+1
Radiation therapy
People who receive radiation to the head or face for cancer treatment can develop cataracts years later. Radiation alters DNA and proteins in lens cells, leading to clouding that may first appear in the back (posterior) part of the lens. Wikipedia+1
Congenital infections in pregnancy
Infections such as rubella in the mother during early pregnancy can affect the developing fetus and lens. The infection interferes with normal lens fiber formation, so the baby is born with a cloudy lens (congenital cataract). nhs.uk+1
Other eye diseases (e.g., uveitis)
Chronic inflammation inside the eye, such as uveitis, can damage the lens and change the eye’s internal fluid. Repeated steroid treatment for the inflammation also adds risk, so cataracts are common in long-standing uveitis. Wikipedia+1
High blood pressure and vascular disease
Long-term high blood pressure can damage small blood vessels and reduce oxygen delivery to eye tissues. Reduced circulation and chronic oxidative stress are thought to play a role in earlier lens aging and cataract formation. Mayo Clinic+1
Obesity and poor metabolic health
Obesity is often linked with diabetes, high blood pressure, and lipid problems. Together these conditions increase oxidative stress and inflammation in the lens. Studies show a higher rate of cataracts in people with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Wikipedia+1
Poor nutrition and low antioxidants
Diets low in fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants such as vitamins C and E may leave the lens less protected from oxidative damage. Over many years, low antioxidant levels may allow faster breakdown of lens proteins and earlier cataract formation. Wikipedia+1
Chronic kidney disease
Kidney disease can disturb levels of calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals in the body. These metabolic changes can affect lens clarity and are linked with a higher rate of cataracts in affected patients. Wikipedia
Parathyroid and calcium disorders
Conditions such as hypoparathyroidism or other calcium balance disorders can change lens hydration and protein structure. Over time, these abnormal mineral levels can promote opacities in the lens. Wikipedia
Rare metabolic diseases (e.g., galactosemia)
Some inherited metabolic diseases, such as galactosemia, cause abnormal sugar build-up in the lens very early in life. The extra sugar draws water into the lens and creates swelling and clouding, often leading to cataract in infants and children. Wikipedia+1
Long-term hyperbaric oxygen exposure
Repeated hyperbaric oxygen therapy can increase oxygen levels in the lens and cause oxidative damage. Over time, this may lead to nuclear cataracts in patients who receive many treatments. Wikipedia
Unknown or idiopathic causes
In some people, cataracts develop earlier than expected without a clear cause. There may be subtle genetic changes, environmental exposures, or interactions that are not yet fully understood. Doctors call these idiopathic cataracts when no specific trigger is found. Wikipedia+1

Symptoms of cataract

Blurred or cloudy vision
The most common symptom is vision that looks blurred, hazy, or foggy. People may feel as if they are looking through a dirty window or thin mist. This happens because the cloudy lens scatters light before it reaches the retina. Mayo Clinic+1
Faded or washed-out colors
Colors may look less bright, pale, or yellowish. Reds, blues, and greens no longer appear vivid. The cataract changes how light and color wavelengths pass through the lens, so the world looks less colorful. Wikipedia+1
Trouble seeing at night
Many people notice more difficulty driving or walking in low light. Streetlights and headlights may not provide enough clear vision. The cataract blocks light, so the eye struggles more in dim conditions. Mayo Clinic+1
Glare from bright lights
Sunlight, oncoming headlights, or indoor lights may feel too bright and uncomfortable. The cloudy lens scatters light in many directions, creating glare that makes it hard to see details. Mayo Clinic+1
Halos around lights
People often report seeing rings or halos around lamps or headlights, especially at night. Light bouncing off the cloudy lens creates these halo patterns and further reduces contrast. Wikipedia+1
Frequent changes in glasses prescription
The cataract can change the focusing power of the lens over time. As a result, people may need new glasses or contact lenses more often but still do not feel fully satisfied with their vision. Wikipedia+1
Double vision in one eye
Some cataracts cause monocular double vision, where a person sees two images with one eye. The irregular clouding bends light unevenly, so a single object may appear split or shadowed. Wikipedia+1
Need for brighter light to read
Patients may notice they need stronger lamps or brighter daylight to read books, phone screens, or medicine labels. Because less light reaches the retina, more external light is needed to see clearly. Mayo Clinic+1
Difficulty reading small print
Even with the right glasses, small letters may look smudged or unclear. Contrast between letters and background is reduced, and edges look softer because of the cloudy lens. Mayo Clinic+1
Trouble recognizing faces
As vision becomes more blurred, it can be harder to see facial features at normal distances. People may have to move closer to recognize friends or family, which affects social confidence and safety. Wikipedia+1
Poor depth perception and more tripping
Cataracts reduce clarity in one or both eyes and can disturb depth perception. Steps, curbs, and uneven ground are harder to judge, which can lead to more trips and falls. Wikipedia+1
Eye strain and tired eyes
Because the eyes must work harder to see through a cloudy lens, people often feel eye strain or tired eyes, especially after reading or computer work. They may squeeze their eyes or blink often to try to clear their vision. Moorfields Eye Hospital+1
Headaches related to visual effort
Prolonged straining to see in poor lighting, or when reading fine print, can trigger headaches. These headaches often improve when the lighting is better or after resting the eyes. MyHealth Devon+1
Better near vision at first (second sight)
In some early nuclear cataracts, distance vision gets worse, but near vision seems to improve for a time. People may feel they can read without their usual reading glasses. This “second sight” is temporary and later vision worsens again. Wikipedia+1
Vision that seems “milky” or “smoky”
Some patients describe their world as milky, smoky, or dim, even when others think the light is normal. This overall dimming and lack of sharp edges are typical of advanced cataract. Mayo Clinic+1

Diagnostic tests for cataract

Physical exam tests

General eye inspection and history
The eye doctor first asks about symptoms, medical problems, medicines, and any eye injuries. They look at the eyes, eyelids, and surrounding area with a light to check for redness, deformity, or scars. This basic exam guides which detailed tests are needed and helps rule out other causes of blurred vision. Health+1
Pupil and light reflex examination
The doctor shines a small light into each eye to see how the pupils react. Normal pupils get smaller in bright light. In cataract, the reflex is usually normal, but this test can show other nerve or retina problems that may also affect vision. Health+1
Red reflex test
Using a handheld ophthalmoscope, the doctor looks for the red glow from the retina through the pupil. In a normal eye, the reflex is bright and even. A cataract often appears as a dark shadow or patch that blocks this red reflex, showing clouding of the lens. Wikipedia+1
Eye movement and alignment test
The doctor asks the patient to follow a target in different directions. This checks eye muscles and coordination. While cataract does not usually cause movement problems, this test helps exclude double vision from muscle or nerve causes, which might need different treatment. Health+1

Manual vision tests

Visual acuity test (distance chart)
The patient reads letters from a chart (often the Snellen chart) at a set distance. Each eye is tested separately. The smallest line that can be read shows the level of vision, such as 6/6 or 20/20. Cataracts often reduce visual acuity, especially in dim light or with small letters. Medical News Today+1
Near vision test (reading card)
The doctor uses a small card with text held at reading distance. This test measures how clearly a person can read normal print, such as newsprint. Cataracts can make near vision blurry or require much brighter light to read. Medical News Today+1
Refraction test (lens trial)
The eye care professional places different lenses in front of the eye, either with a trial frame or a machine called a phoropter. The patient says which lens makes the letters clearer. This test finds the best glasses prescription and helps tell how much of the vision problem is due to cataract versus simple refractive error. Georgia Center for Sight+1
Glare test (brightness acuity test)
In a glare test, bright light is shone toward the eye while visual acuity is measured. Many people with early cataract see fairly well under normal testing but vision drops sharply with glare. This helps doctors decide how much the cataract affects daily life, especially driving at night. Sankara Nethralaya+1
Contrast sensitivity test
This test uses charts with faint gray letters or patterns instead of black-on-white letters. It checks how well the eye can see subtle differences between light and dark. Cataracts often reduce contrast sensitivity even when standard visual acuity is still good. Ophthalmology Web+1
Color vision assessment
Simple color tests may be done, using color plates or objects. Cataracts can cause colors, especially blues, to look faded or yellowed. A change in color vision supports the diagnosis and helps explain patient complaints. Wikipedia+1

Lab and pathological tests

Blood glucose and HbA1c tests
Blood tests for fasting glucose and HbA1c check for diabetes and how well it is controlled. Diabetes is a major risk factor for cataracts and can affect when surgery is done and how the eye is managed. Wikipedia+1
Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk tests
Tests for cholesterol and triglycerides help assess cardiovascular and metabolic risk. These conditions often travel with cataract-related risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, and high blood pressure. Wikipedia+1
Kidney function and electrolyte tests
Blood tests for kidney function, calcium, and other minerals can uncover chronic kidney disease or parathyroid problems. These systemic issues can be linked to cataract formation and may affect overall eye and body management. Wikipedia
Inflammatory and autoimmune markers
In young patients or those with eye inflammation, blood tests for autoimmune diseases (such as connective tissue disease) or infections may be ordered. These tests help explain why a cataract developed early and guide treatment of the underlying disease. Wikipedia+1
Genetic testing in congenital or early cataract
When babies or young children have cataracts in both eyes, and no clear cause is found, doctors may suggest genetic testing. These tests look for gene changes that affect lens development and can help with counseling and planning for future children. Wikipedia+1

Electrodiagnostic tests

Electroretinography (ERG)
ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to flashes of light. It is used when cataracts are dense and doctors need to know whether the retina still works well before surgery. A normal ERG suggests that vision is likely to improve after cataract removal. arXiv
Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
VEP records electrical signals from the brain’s visual areas in response to visual stimuli. It helps assess the whole visual pathway from eye to brain. In severe cataract, VEP can show whether signals still pass through, which is important when planning surgery in patients with other neurologic issues. arXiv+1
Electro-oculography (EOG)
EOG measures electrical changes around the eye as it moves and reflects retinal pigment epithelium function. While not routine for simple cataract, it can be used in complex cases when doctors suspect additional retinal disease that might limit surgery results. arXiv+1

Imaging and instrument-based eye tests

Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
The slit lamp is a special microscope with a bright, narrow beam of light. The patient rests the chin and forehead on the device while the doctor looks closely at the cornea, iris, and lens. Cataracts appear as cloudy, white, yellow, or brown areas inside the lens. This is one of the main tools to diagnose and grade cataracts. Mayo Clinic+1
Dilated retinal and lens exam with ophthalmoscopy and OCT or ultrasound when needed
Eye drops are used to widen the pupil so the doctor can see the back of the eye. Using an ophthalmoscope and sometimes optical coherence tomography (OCT) or ultrasound (B-scan), the doctor checks the retina and optic nerve and looks through the lens. In dense cataracts where the back of the eye cannot be seen, ultrasound helps ensure the retina is attached and healthy before surgery. Mayo Clinic+2Wikipedia+2

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Regular eye check-ups
Seeing an eye specialist regularly helps detect cataracts early and track how fast they grow. The doctor checks your vision, examines the lens with a slit lamp, and looks for other problems like glaucoma or diabetic eye disease. Early detection means surgery can be planned before driving, reading, or daily life become unsafe. For people with diabetes, high blood pressure, or a family history of eye disease, regular eye exams are especially important. NCBI+1
Good blood sugar control in diabetes
High blood sugar damages the lens proteins and speeds up cataract formation. Tight glucose control with diet, exercise, and medication slows this damage and may delay the need for surgery. Good diabetes control also lowers risks of infection and poor healing after cataract surgery. Work with your diabetes doctor to keep HbA1c in the target range; this supports better vision and overall health. NCBI+2Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+2
Stop smoking
Smoking greatly increases oxidative stress in the eye and is a strong risk factor for cataract. Quitting reduces this stress and helps protect the lens and retina. Even if you already have cataract, stopping smoking improves blood flow to eye tissues and lowers surgical and anesthesia risks. Ask your doctor about nicotine replacement, counselling, or support programs to make quitting easier. NCBI+2Centre For Sight+2
Limit alcohol use
Heavy and long-term alcohol use is linked with higher cataract risk and poorer general health. Cutting down reduces oxidative damage, improves nutritional status, and lowers blood pressure, which all support eye health. If you drink, try to stay within low-risk limits and avoid binge drinking. People with liver disease or on certain medicines may need to avoid alcohol altogether. Wikipedia+1
UV-blocking sunglasses and wide-brim hat
Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun increases cataract risk by damaging lens proteins over many years. Wearing sunglasses that block 99–100% UVA and UVB, plus a broad-brim hat, reduces UV reaching your eyes and can slow cataract progression. This is important for outdoor workers, farmers, and people living in sunny climates. Children and young adults should also protect their eyes to lower lifetime risk. Orange County Eye Institute+3London Cataract Centre+3stpauleye.com+3
Use good lighting at home and work
Cataract makes vision dim, especially in low light. Simple changes like brighter bulbs, adjustable lamps, contrast strips on stairs, and avoiding dark corners can make reading and walking safer and easier. Warm, non-glare lighting and task lights near books or sewing work help your eyes use the remaining clear part of the lens more efficiently.
Anti-glare filters and large-print aids
Glare from headlights or bright screens is very uncomfortable with cataract. Using anti-glare coatings on glasses, yellow or amber clip-on filters, and matte rather than shiny surfaces can reduce glare. Large-print books, high-contrast labels, and bigger fonts on phones and computers help you keep reading and using screens with less eye strain.
Magnifiers and low-vision devices
Hand-held magnifiers, stand magnifiers, electronic video magnifiers, and high-contrast screens can make text and small objects easier to see. An optometrist or low-vision clinic can teach you how to use these tools. They do not treat the cataract itself, but they “work around” the cloudy lens so you can function better while waiting for surgery.
Driving adjustments and safety planning
With cataract you may have trouble with night driving, bright headlights, or judging distances. Limiting driving to daylight, avoiding heavy traffic or bad weather, and planning routes in advance can prevent accidents. If vision is below legal limits, your doctor will advise you to stop driving until after surgery. This protects you and others on the road.
Fall-prevention at home
Blurry vision increases fall risk, especially in older adults. Removing loose rugs, adding grab bars in bathrooms, installing stair rails, and keeping walkways clear reduce accidents. Non-slip footwear and good lighting at night are small but powerful steps. After surgery, updating your glasses quickly also lowers fall risk.
Careful use of steroid medicines
Long-term steroid tablets, inhalers, skin creams near the eyes, and steroid eye drops can speed cataract formation and raise eye pressure. Never stop steroids suddenly, but review the dose and need with your doctor. Sometimes the dose can be reduced, or a non-steroid alternative can be used, balancing benefits for your other disease with eye safety. NCBI+1
Eye protection from injury
Blunt or penetrating injury to the eye can cause traumatic cataract. Wearing protective glasses or goggles during sports, construction work, metal grinding, or farming reduces this risk. For people with only one seeing eye, eye protection is critical because any trauma could lead to severe disability.
Treating other eye diseases
Conditions like uveitis, glaucoma, and retinal disease often coexist with cataract and may worsen vision even after surgery. Treating inflammation, controlling eye pressure, and managing retinal disease before and after cataract surgery leads to better final vision. This is why a full eye exam is essential before deciding on surgery. AAO+1
Healthy sleep and stress control
Poor sleep and chronic stress increase oxidative stress and may worsen diabetes and blood pressure, indirectly affecting cataract. Regular sleep, relaxation techniques, and stress-reduction strategies support your whole body and may improve recovery after surgery. Gentle activities like walking, yoga, or breathing exercises are usually safe, but discuss any new exercise plan with your doctor.
Screen breaks and blinking exercises
Digital screens do not directly cause cataracts, but they can cause eye strain and dry eye. Following the “20-20-20” rule (every 20 minutes, look 20 feet away for 20 seconds) and blinking slowly several times refreshes the tear film and comfort, making vision more stable, especially in early cataract.
Hydration and lubricating eye drops
Dry eye can make cataract symptoms feel worse because the front surface of the eye is rough. Drinking enough water and using preservative-free lubricating drops can make vision more comfortable. These drops do not treat the cataract, but they can improve clarity temporarily and help you function while you wait for surgery.
Weight management and regular exercise
Obesity is often linked with diabetes, high blood pressure, and unhealthy diet patterns that increase cataract risk. Healthy weight through balanced diet and regular moderate exercise improves metabolic health, reduces inflammation, and supports good blood flow around the eye. Even simple daily walking can help. NCBI+2Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+2
Nutrition counselling for eye-healthy diet
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats provides antioxidant vitamins C and E, lutein, zeaxanthin, and other protective nutrients. Many studies show that people who eat more leafy greens and colorful vegetables have lower rates of age-related cataract. A dietitian can help you plan meals that support both eye and general health. PMC+3JAMA Network+3MDPI+3
Patient education and counselling
Understanding what cataract is, why surgery is needed, and what to expect before and after the operation reduces fear and helps you make informed decisions. Education sessions, brochures, and videos in simple language empower you to manage medicines correctly and attend follow-ups, which improves surgical outcomes. ESCRS+1
Vision rehabilitation after surgery
After cataract surgery, some people still have other eye problems, like macular degeneration or glaucoma. Vision rehabilitation, including low-vision aids, orientation training, and home adjustments, helps them get the best function from the remaining vision. This non-drug support is a key part of long-term cataract care. PMC+1

Drug Treatments for Cataract Care

Important: No drug can melt or reverse a cataract. These medicines are used to prevent infection, control inflammation, manage pain, and support the eye before or after surgery. Doses below are typical examples only; your eye surgeon may change them for your situation.

Prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops (topical steroid)
Prednisolone acetate 1% ophthalmic suspension is a strong anti-inflammatory steroid used after cataract surgery to reduce swelling and pain. It works by blocking many steps in the inflammatory pathway and lowering white-blood-cell activity in eye tissues. A common schedule is one drop 4 times daily, then gradually reduced over several weeks, but your surgeon will individualize it. Side effects can include raised eye pressure, delayed wound healing, and risk of infection. FDA Access Data+1
Ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% eye drops (topical NSAID)
Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used as eye drops around cataract surgery to reduce pain, light sensitivity, and macular swelling. It blocks cyclo-oxygenase enzymes and lowers prostaglandin production in the eye. Typical dosing is one drop in the operated eye 3–4 times daily for about 2 weeks, but exact time may vary. Burning on instillation and mild irritation are common side effects; rarely, corneal problems can occur. FDA Access Data+2FDA Access Data+2
Moxifloxacin 0.5% eye drops (topical fluoroquinolone antibiotic)
Moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.5% is a broad-spectrum antibiotic eye drop used to prevent or treat bacterial infection around surgery. It blocks bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, stopping DNA replication and killing bacteria. A typical course is one drop 3 times a day for about 7 days, but your doctor will adjust. Side effects are usually mild and include eye irritation and temporary blurred vision. FDA Access Data+2FDA Access Data+2
Gentamicin + prednisolone combination eye drops
Combination drops containing an aminoglycoside antibiotic like gentamicin plus prednisolone acetate 1% give both infection control and anti-inflammatory action in a single bottle. Gentamicin blocks bacterial protein synthesis, while prednisolone suppresses inflammatory cells. These drops are usually given several times daily for a short period after surgery. Side effects can include irritation, allergy, higher eye pressure, and, rarely, corneal toxicity with prolonged use. FDA Access Data
Other topical steroid eye drops (dexamethasone, loteprednol)
Other steroid drops such as dexamethasone or loteprednol are sometimes chosen instead of prednisolone for post-operative inflammation, especially when a different potency or side-effect profile is desired. They work by the same general mechanism—blocking inflammatory pathways and stabilizing cell membranes. Dosing is often one drop 3–4 times daily then tapered. Side effects are similar: increased eye pressure, slower healing, and increased risk of infection with long-term use.
Other topical NSAID eye drops (nepafenac, bromfenac)
Nepafenac and bromfenac are newer NSAID eye drops used to prevent cystoid macular edema and pain after cataract surgery. They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis in the retina and anterior segment. Many regimens use once- or twice-daily dosing, which may improve adherence. Burning or stinging is common; in rare cases, corneal thinning or delayed healing can happen, especially in patients with dry eye or other corneal disease.
Other fluoroquinolone antibiotic drops (gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, Ofloxacin)
Different fluoroquinolone drops may be used depending on local protocols and bacterial resistance patterns. They all work by blocking bacterial enzymes needed for DNA replication. Usually they are started before surgery and continued for several days after, with dosing every 2–4 hours initially then tapering. Side effects are similar to moxifloxacin: mild irritation and rare allergy.
Mydriatic (pupil-dilating) drops, such as phenylephrine
Before cataract surgery, the pupil must be wide to allow access to the lens. Phenylephrine drops stimulate the iris dilator muscle and make the pupil larger. They are given several times in the hours before surgery. Possible side effects include temporary light sensitivity, increased blood pressure in some patients, and, rarely, angle-closure glaucoma in predisposed eyes.
Cycloplegic drops, such as tropicamide or cyclopentolate
Cycloplegic drops temporarily paralyze the ciliary muscle and iris sphincter, keeping the pupil dilated and reducing painful muscle spasm. They are often combined with phenylephrine for pre-op dilation. After surgery they may be used to reduce inflammation and discomfort from ciliary spasm. Side effects include blurred near vision, light sensitivity, and, rarely, increased eye pressure.
Hypertonic saline 5% eye drops or ointment (sodium chloride)
Hypertonic saline drops or ointment are sometimes used when the cornea is swollen, for example after surgery or in corneal disease, to draw out excess fluid and improve clarity. This can make vision less hazy while the eye heals. These drops sting on installation and can cause surface irritation, so they are often used for limited periods under medical supervision.
Lubricating artificial tear drops
Preservative-free artificial tears add moisture and stabilize the tear film on the front of the eye. They improve comfort for people with dry eye or irritation, which is common after surgery and with aging. While they do not treat the cataract itself, they help provide a smoother optical surface so vision is clearer. Side effects are rare and usually limited to mild temporary blurring.
Topical antibiotic-steroid ointments
At night, combined antibiotic-steroid ointments can be used to protect the eye and maintain drug levels after surgery. The ointment base keeps the medication in contact with the eye surface longer, which is useful while sleeping. Vision may be blurry immediately after application, and overuse may raise eye pressure or cause allergy.
Systemic pain relievers (paracetamol/acetaminophen)
Simple oral pain relievers like paracetamol (acetaminophen) are often enough to control mild discomfort after cataract surgery. They work by blocking pain pathways in the central nervous system. Typical adult doses are taken every 4–6 hours up to a safe daily maximum, but dosing must consider liver health and other medicines. Side effects are rare at proper doses but overdose can damage the liver.
Systemic NSAIDs (ibuprofen, etc.)
For some patients, short courses of oral NSAIDs like ibuprofen are used for post-operative pain. They block COX enzymes and reduce prostaglandin-mediated inflammation. Dosing schedules vary, but they are usually taken with food and avoided in people with ulcers, kidney disease, or bleeding risks. Side effects include stomach upset, fluid retention, and kidney strain at high or long-term doses.
Anti-glaucoma eye drops when pressure rises
Some people have temporary increases in eye pressure after cataract surgery or steroid use. In such cases, drops like beta-blockers, prostaglandin analogues, or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may be added to quickly lower pressure and protect the optic nerve. Choice of drug and dosing is individualized. Side effects depend on the class and may include redness, burning, or systemic effects like slower heart rate.
Systemic diabetes medicines and insulin
Strict control of blood sugar with oral diabetes medicines or insulin does not treat cataract directly, but it reduces further lens damage and lowers the chances of infection and slow healing after surgery. Keeping glucose well-controlled in the weeks and months before surgery is a key part of safe cataract care in people with diabetes. NCBI+1
Blood pressure and cholesterol-lowering drugs
Healthy blood pressure and lipid levels improve blood flow and reduce vascular complications that can affect the retina and optic nerve. While they do not shrink cataracts, they support overall eye health and surgical safety. Your eye surgeon will work with your primary doctor or cardiologist to optimize these medicines before surgery.
Antioxidant vitamin combinations (AREDS-style formulas)
Some multivitamin formulations rich in vitamins C and E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin are designed mainly for macular degeneration, but their antioxidant content may also support lens health and reduce oxidative stress. Evidence suggests diets high in these nutrients are associated with lower cataract risk, but supplements cannot replace surgery once a visually significant cataract is present. PMC+3JAMA Network+3MDPI+3
Topical antibiotic prophylaxis according to local protocol
In some centers, short courses of topical antibiotics other than fluoroquinolones (for example, chloramphenicol or tobramycin) are used before and after surgery, depending on resistance patterns and cost. Their purpose is to reduce bacterial load on the ocular surface and lower the risk of endophthalmitis. Side effects are usually mild irritation or allergy.
Pre-operative sedative or anxiolytic medicines
Low-dose anti-anxiety or sedative drugs may be given just before surgery in very anxious patients. They do not affect the cataract itself but help the patient remain calm and still, which makes local anesthesia and surgery safer. Doses are carefully adjusted in older adults to avoid over-sedation, falls, or confusion.

Dietary Molecular Supplements for Eye and Lens Health

Note: These supplements may support eye health and possibly slow age-related cataract development, but they do not remove an existing cataract. Always discuss them with your doctor, especially if you take other medicines or are pregnant.

Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals in the lens and protects proteins from oxidative damage. Observational studies link higher vitamin C intake with lower risk of age-related cataract. Good doses from diet are 75–120 mg/day or more from citrus fruits, berries, and peppers; supplement doses are often 250–500 mg/day. Too much can cause stomach upset and, rarely, kidney stones in predisposed people. PMC+3MDPI+3American Journal of Clinical Nutrition+3
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes in the lens from oxidative stress. Diets rich in vitamin E from nuts, seeds, and plant oils are associated with lower cataract risk in some studies. Supplement doses commonly range from 100–400 IU/day, but high doses may increase bleeding risk in some people. Discuss vitamin E with your doctor if you take blood thinners. JAMA Network+2PMC+2
Lutein
Lutein is a carotenoid concentrated in the macula and lens. It helps filter blue light and may reduce light-induced oxidative damage, which is important in age-related cataract. Higher dietary lutein intake, mainly from green leafy vegetables, is linked to lower cataract prevalence. Typical supplement doses are 6–20 mg/day. It is fat-soluble, so taking it with a meal containing healthy fats improves absorption. PMC+3PMC+3JAMA Network+3
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is closely related to lutein and often combined with it in supplements. Together they form a protective antioxidant shield in the macula and may also protect the lens. Diets with higher lutein + zeaxanthin intake show modestly lower rates of nuclear cataract. Supplement doses often provide 2–10 mg/day of zeaxanthin along with lutein. Side effects are uncommon, though very high doses can rarely cause harmless yellowing of the skin. PMC+3PMC+3ScienceDirect+3
Beta-carotene and vitamin A
Beta-carotene is a precursor of vitamin A, which is essential for night vision and healthy ocular surfaces. While very high-dose beta-carotene supplements are not routinely recommended (especially in smokers), moderate intake from carrots, sweet potatoes, and orange vegetables supports ocular health and may help lower cataract risk through antioxidant effects. Supplements usually provide 3,000–5,000 IU vitamin A, but excess can cause toxicity, so medical guidance is important. MDPI+1
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA)
Omega-3 fats from fish oil or algae help reduce inflammation and support retinal and tear-film health. While they are better studied in dry eye and macular disease, a generally anti-inflammatory diet may also benefit lens health. Common supplement doses are 500–1,000 mg/day of combined EPA + DHA. Side effects can include fishy aftertaste and, at high doses, increased bleeding tendency in people on anticoagulants. MDPI+1
Zinc
Zinc is an essential trace mineral that acts as a co-factor for antioxidant enzymes. Adequate zinc levels support retinal function and may also help maintain lens clarity by supporting antioxidant defenses. Dietary doses from food are 8–11 mg/day; supplements often give 10–25 mg/day. Too much zinc may cause nausea or copper deficiency, so long-term high doses should be medically supervised. MDPI+1
Selenium
Selenium is a co-factor for glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme that neutralizes harmful peroxides. Low selenium status has been linked in some studies to higher cataract risk, but evidence is not as strong as for carotenoids or vitamin C. Typical supplement doses are 50–100 mcg/day, often as selenomethionine. Higher doses can be toxic and are not advised without medical advice. MDPI+1
N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
NAC is a precursor of glutathione, a key antioxidant in the lens. Oral NAC at doses like 600–1,200 mg/day is used mainly for other medical conditions, but its role in raising glutathione makes it theoretically helpful for oxidative eye stress. Some topical NAC formulations have been explored in research but are not standard cataract therapy. Common side effects include mild nausea or stomach upset.
Polyphenols (curcumin, resveratrol, green tea extract)
Polyphenols are plant compounds with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Curcumin from turmeric, resveratrol from grapes, and catechins from green tea are of special interest. They may reduce systemic inflammation that contributes to metabolic disease and indirectly support eye health. Typical supplement doses vary widely (for example, curcumin 500–1,000 mg/day). Absorption can be low, so “enhanced” formulations are often used, and interactions with medicines must be checked.

Regenerative / Immunity-Supporting and Stem-Cell-Related Approaches

Very important: As of now, there are no approved stem cell drugs or injections that cure cataract in routine clinical practice. Research is ongoing. The following points describe ways to support tissue repair and immune health in general, and experimental concepts.

Vitamin D optimization
Vitamin D plays an important role in immune balance and tissue repair. Low vitamin D is common and may be associated with higher inflammation. Supplementation (often 800–2,000 IU/day, adjusted by blood tests) can correct deficiency and support overall post-surgical recovery. It does not remove cataracts but may help the body heal better after surgery. Discuss testing and dosing with your doctor.
Omega-3 fatty acids for anti-inflammatory effects
Omega-3 fats reduce systemic inflammation, support retinal function, and may improve tear film. This can make the eye more comfortable before and after surgery and support healing. A common dose is 500–1,000 mg/day of EPA + DHA, though higher doses may be used under supervision. They are considered “immune supportive” rather than cataract-specific.
Probiotic support for gut–immune health
A healthy gut microbiome supports balanced immune responses throughout the body. Probiotic supplements and fermented foods may reduce low-grade inflammation, which indirectly supports healing after eye surgery. Typical doses are in the billions of CFU per day. Evidence is still emerging and not specific to cataract, but general health benefits make this a reasonable supportive option for many people.
Curcumin as an anti-inflammatory adjunct
Curcumin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in laboratory models. By reducing inflammatory signaling, it may help lower systemic oxidative stress that contributes to chronic disease. Doses around 500–1,000 mg/day of enhanced-absorption curcumin are often used for general health. It should be avoided or used cautiously with blood thinners due to possible bleeding risk.
Resveratrol and other polyphenols for cellular protection
Resveratrol activates cellular pathways associated with stress resistance and longevity in experimental systems. While cataract-specific evidence is limited, its general antioxidant effects may support vascular and retinal health. Typical supplement doses are 100–250 mg/day. It should be used cautiously in people with bleeding disorders or on anticoagulants.
Experimental lens epithelial stem cell and tissue-engineering therapies
Researchers are exploring ways to use the eye’s own lens epithelial stem cells, or implanted engineered lenses, to regenerate a clear lens instead of replacing it with a synthetic one. Early animal and small human studies are promising, but these methods are still experimental and not widely available. For now, standard cataract surgery remains the proven regenerative step—removing the cloudy lens and restoring clear optical function. ScienceDirect+1

Surgeries for Cataract

Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL)
This is the most common modern cataract surgery. The surgeon makes a tiny cut in the cornea, uses ultrasound energy (phacoemulsification) to break the cloudy lens into small pieces, and gently suctions them out. Then a clear artificial lens (IOL) is placed inside the capsular bag. It is done under local anesthesia, usually as day surgery. It is performed to restore clear vision, reduce dependence on glasses, and improve quality of life. ESCRS+4PMC+4Cureus+4
Manual Small Incision Cataract Surgery (MSICS)
MSICS uses a slightly larger but still self-sealing incision and manual removal of the lens rather than ultrasound. It is cheaper and faster than phacoemulsification and widely used in low- and middle-income settings. Visual results are generally excellent when performed well. It is done for the same reason as phaco—removing the cloudy lens to restore vision—but is chosen based on equipment, surgeon training, and lens hardness. PMC+1
Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE)
ECCE is an older method where the surgeon makes a larger incision, removes the lens in one piece, and leaves the back part of the capsule to support an IOL. It is now mainly used for very advanced or hard cataracts where other techniques are difficult. It is done to restore vision when other options are not safe. Healing takes longer and sutures are often needed, but it remains useful in complex cases. PMC+1
Femtosecond Laser–Assisted Cataract Surgery (FLACS)
In FLACS, a femtosecond laser performs some of the key steps of cataract surgery, such as making the corneal incisions and opening the lens capsule, before ultrasound removal and IOL implantation. The goal is to improve precision and possibly reduce ultrasound energy in the eye. Current evidence shows similar visual outcomes to standard phaco, with higher cost; it is done mainly when premium lens positioning and precision are prioritized. ScienceDirect+1
Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy
Months or years after successful cataract surgery, the back of the lens capsule can become cloudy (posterior capsular opacification). Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is a quick clinic procedure where the laser creates a small opening in the cloudy capsule to restore clear vision. It is done when vision drops again after surgery and other causes have been ruled out. NICE+1

Preventions

Keep blood sugar under good control if you have diabetes. NCBI+1
Do not smoke; if you smoke, ask for help to quit. NCBI+2Centre For Sight+2
Protect your eyes from UV light with UV-blocking sunglasses and a hat. London Cataract Centre+2stpauleye.com+2
Limit alcohol intake and avoid heavy or binge drinking. Wikipedia+1
Eat a diet rich in colorful fruits, leafy greens, and other vegetables that provide vitamins C, E, lutein, and zeaxanthin. PMC+3JAMA Network+3MDPI+3
Maintain healthy weight, blood pressure, and cholesterol with regular exercise and balanced diet. MDPI+2PMC+2
Use steroid medicines only when truly needed and at the lowest effective dose, under medical supervision. NCBI+1
Protect your eyes from injury with safety glasses during risky work or sports. eyemax.sg+1
Have regular eye examinations from middle age onward, or earlier if you have risk factors. AAO+2NCBI+2
Manage other chronic conditions (kidney disease, autoimmune disease, severe allergies) that may require long-term steroids or affect eye health. NCBI+2Wikipedia+2

When to See a Doctor

You should see an eye specialist promptly if you notice any of these signs:

Gradually worsening blurred or cloudy vision that interferes with reading, driving, or recognizing faces
Glare, halos, or starbursts around lights, especially at night
Needing stronger light to read or frequent changes in glasses prescriptions
Double vision in one eye or colors looking washed-out or yellowed
Sudden drop in vision, severe eye pain, flashes of light, or many new floaters (these are emergency warning signs that may mean retinal or other serious problems)

Even if your symptoms are mild, regular eye exams allow your doctor to decide the best time for cataract surgery, plan lens type, and manage other eye diseases. AAO+1

What to Eat and What to Avoid

Eat more leafy greens like spinach, kale, and collard greens for lutein and zeaxanthin that support lens health and may lower cataract risk. PMC+3JAMA Network+3MDPI+3
Eat colorful fruits and vegetables such as carrots, oranges, berries, and bell peppers to supply vitamin C, beta-carotene, and other antioxidants. EatingWell+3MDPI+3PMC+3
Include healthy fats like olive oil, nuts, seeds, and avocados to improve absorption of fat-soluble nutrients such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and vitamin E. MDPI+1
Eat fish rich in omega-3 (salmon, sardines, mackerel) 1–2 times per week to support retinal and vascular health and reduce inflammation. MDPI+1
Choose whole grains instead of refined white flour to stabilize blood sugar and reduce diabetes risk, indirectly helping to prevent cataracts. NCBI+2MDPI+2
Limit sugary drinks and sweets, which can spike blood sugar and worsen diabetes, a strong risk factor for cataract. NCBI+2Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+2
Avoid excessive alcohol and choose low-alcohol or alcohol-free options to reduce oxidative stress and nutrient loss. Wikipedia+1
Limit deep-fried and ultra-processed foods, which increase inflammation and may displace nutrient-rich foods in the diet. MDPI+1
Reduce high-salt and very fatty fast foods, especially if you have high blood pressure or heart disease, to support vascular health around the eye. MDPI+1
Stay well hydrated with water or unsweetened drinks to support tear film and general health, instead of sugary sodas or energy drinks. MDPI+1

FAQs

Can cataract be cured with eye drops or medicine?
No. At present, no eye drop, pill, or herbal remedy can reverse or “dissolve” a cataract. The only proven cure is surgery where the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with a clear artificial lens. Medicines and supplements may support eye health but cannot replace surgery. AAO+3PMC+3Cureus+3
When is the right time to have cataract surgery?
There is no fixed number on a chart. Surgery is recommended when cataract reduces your vision enough to limit daily activities like reading, driving, working, or caring for yourself, and when glasses no longer help enough. Your eye doctor will combine your symptoms, vision test results, and other eye conditions to decide the best timing. AAO+1
Is cataract surgery painful?
Most cataract surgeries are done under local anesthesia eye drops or a small injection. You stay awake but should feel only pressure or mild pulling, not pain. The procedure is usually quick, and you go home the same day. Mild soreness or grittiness is common afterward and is controlled with drops and simple painkillers. PMC+1
What are the risks of cataract surgery?
Cataract surgery is very safe overall, but risks include infection (endophthalmitis), bleeding, swelling of the cornea or retina, increased eye pressure, dislocation of the lens implant, or retinal detachment. Serious complications are uncommon but can threaten vision, so it is vital to use your drops correctly and attend all follow-ups. PMC+2AAO+2
Will I need glasses after cataract surgery?
Many people see well without glasses for distance after surgery, especially with modern IOLs, but may still need reading glasses or glasses for fine work. If you choose multifocal or extended-depth-of-focus lenses, you may be less dependent on glasses, though trade-offs such as halos or glare can occur. Your surgeon will discuss options with you. PMC+2NICE+2
Can cataract come back after surgery?
The removed lens itself does not grow back, but the back part of the lens capsule can become cloudy months or years later. This is called posterior capsular opacification and can make vision blurred again. A quick Nd:YAG laser procedure in clinic opens the capsule and restores clear vision. NICE+1
Is cataract always age-related?
Most cataracts are age-related, but they can also be congenital (present at birth), traumatic (after injury), metabolic (from uncontrolled diabetes or certain rare diseases), medication-induced (especially long-term steroids), or radiation-induced. These types may appear earlier in life and often need careful systemic evaluation. NCBI+2Wikipedia+2
Does using a computer cause cataract?
No. Computer use and mobile screens do not cause cataracts. They can cause eye strain, dryness, and headaches, but the lens clouding of cataract is mainly due to aging, UV exposure, smoking, diabetes, and genetics. Good screen habits and regular breaks still help comfort and may reveal cataract symptoms earlier. Wikipedia+1
Do vitamins and supplements prevent cataracts?
Studies suggest that diets rich in fruits, vegetables, lutein, zeaxanthin, and antioxidant vitamins C and E are linked with a lower risk of age-related cataract, but results for supplements are mixed. Supplements may help if you have a poor diet or deficiency, but they cannot guarantee prevention and cannot replace healthy lifestyle and regular eye exams. PMC+3JAMA Network+3MDPI+3
Can cataract cause permanent blindness?
If cataract is the only problem, vision can usually be restored with surgery, even in very advanced cases. However, long-standing severe cataract can hide other diseases like glaucoma or retinal damage that may cause permanent vision loss. That is why waiting many years with very poor vision is not recommended—early assessment is safer. AAO+2NCBI+2
Is cataract surgery safe in diabetes or high blood pressure?
Yes, but control of diabetes and blood pressure is essential before and after surgery to reduce risks of infection, slow healing, and macular edema. Your eye surgeon may coordinate with your physician to optimize medications and plan surgery timing, especially if there is diabetic retinopathy. NCBI+2Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+2
How long does recovery from cataract surgery take?
Most people notice clearer vision within a few days, but healing continues for several weeks. You usually use drops for 3–4 weeks and avoid rubbing the eye, heavy lifting, or swimming for a short period. Your final glasses prescription is often given about 4–6 weeks after surgery, once the eye is stable. PMC+1
Can both eyes be operated on the same day?
In many places, cataracts are operated one eye at a time with a gap of days or weeks. Some centers perform immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery (both eyes on the same day) under strict protocols. The benefit is faster rehabilitation; the risk is that a rare complication could affect both eyes. Your surgeon will explain local practice and risks. PMC+1
Are there natural or home remedies that really work for cataract?
There is no strong scientific evidence that home remedies like honey drops, herbal drops, or special juices can clear cataracts. Some herbs may irritate or infect the eye and delay proper treatment. Natural methods such as healthy diet, UV protection, and not smoking can help prevent or slow cataracts but cannot reverse a cloudy lens once formed. MDPI+2Centre For Sight+2
What should I ask my doctor before cataract surgery?
Good questions include: What type of cataract do I have? How advanced is it? What kind of lens implant do you recommend and why? What are the risks in my case? How should I prepare before surgery? What medicines should I stop or continue? What is the plan for after-care and follow-up visits? Having a written list of questions helps you feel confident and involved in your care. AAO+1

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