Cataract 46 juvenile-onset is a rare inherited eye disease where the clear lens inside the eye slowly becomes cloudy in childhood, usually between about 3 and 10 years of age. The cloudiness (cataract) happens because of a harmful change (mutation) in a gene called LEMD2, which is important for the normal structure and health of lens cells.Monarch Initiative+2Alliance of Genome Resources+2 Over time, the opacity becomes dense, light cannot pass through properly, and the child’s vision becomes severely blurred if surgery is not done.Eye Disorders Database+1
Juvenile-onset cataract means the clear natural lens of a child or teenager becomes cloudy earlier than normal. Light cannot pass through the lens properly, so vision becomes blurred, hazy, or dim. “Cataract 46 juvenile-onset” is a genetic label doctors sometimes use for one of the inherited types of childhood cataract. In many children, surgery is the main treatment, because eye drops or medicines cannot make the cloudy lens clear again.nhs.uk+3EyeWiki+3Medscape+3
Juvenile cataracts can be present at birth or appear later in childhood. They may affect one eye or both eyes. Causes include gene changes, metabolic diseases, infections, trauma, or steroid use. If a significant cataract is not treated early, it can cause lazy eye (amblyopia) and permanent low vision. Early diagnosis and a full eye exam by a pediatric ophthalmologist help decide whether to monitor, use glasses and patching, or go ahead with surgery.PMC+2Pure Johns Hopkins+2
In this condition, babies are usually born with clear lenses and normal-looking eyes. The cataract appears later in childhood, so doctors call it a juvenile-onset cataract rather than congenital.Eye Disorders Database+1 The disease is classified as a non-syndromic early-onset cataract, which means that the main problem is in the eyes, although some affected people may also have heart rhythm problems linked to the same gene change.UniProt+2RDDC Rare Disease Database+2
Cataract 46 juvenile-onset is inherited in an autosomal recessive way, which means a child usually becomes affected only when they receive one faulty copy of the LEMD2 gene from each parent.Eye Disorders Database+2GenCC+2 The condition has been described in certain founder populations, such as some Hutterite communities in North America and residents of the Åland Islands in Finland, where the same mutation is more common.Eye Disorders Database+2ZFIN+2
Other names
Cataract 46 juvenile-onset is known by several other medical names. These names are useful when reading research papers, genetic reports, or rare-disease databases. One common short name is CTRCT46, which is a code used in genetics resources to label this specific type of inherited cataract.ZFIN+2Monarch Initiative+2
Another group of names describes the disease as “cataract 46, juvenile-onset, with or without arrhythmic cardiomyopathy.” This longer label reminds doctors that some affected people may also have abnormal heart rhythms or even sudden cardiac death in young adulthood.UniProt+2MalaCards+2 The term “juvenile cataract Hutterite type” or “cataract Hutterite type” is used because it was first recognized in Hutterite families.ZFIN+2Eye Disorders Database+2
Databases of genetic and rare diseases may also list the condition as “cataract, type 46, juvenile-onset,” “cataract 46 juvenile-onset,” or “early-onset non-syndromic cataract due to LEMD2 mutation,” all pointing to the same underlying disorder of the eye lens caused by changes in LEMD2.Monarch Initiative+2Alliance of Genome Resources+2
Types of cataract 46 juvenile-onset
Doctors can describe Cataract 46 juvenile-onset in several ways. One way is by age at onset. This condition is not present at birth, so it is not a classic congenital cataract. Instead, it appears later in childhood, often between 3 and 9 years of age, and therefore fits the category of juvenile cataract.Eye Disorders Database+2JAMA Network+2
Another useful distinction is with or without arrhythmic cardiomyopathy. Some people with LEMD2 mutations have only eye disease, whereas others also have heart muscle and rhythm problems, including serious arrhythmias and sudden death in young adulthood.UniProt+2RDDC Rare Disease Database+2 In practice, this means Cataract 46 juvenile-onset can be thought of as an eye-only type or an eye-plus-heart type, and cardiology assessment is recommended even when the child seems well.Eye Disorders Database+2NCBI+2
The cataract itself can also be described by lens appearance and symmetry. In reported families, both lenses eventually become cloudy, but one eye may become opaque faster than the other, so there can be marked asymmetry.Eye Disorders Database+2EyeWiki+2 As the disease progresses, the opacity usually becomes dense and visually significant within a few months, and surgery is typically needed soon after detection to prevent permanent visual loss and amblyopia (lazy eye).Eye Disorders Database+2NCBI+2
Causes and contributing factors
Before listing causes, it is important to be clear that the main proven cause of Cataract 46 juvenile-onset is a mutation in the LEMD2 gene. Other points below describe inheritance patterns, biologic mechanisms, and general cataract risk factors that may help explain disease behavior, but they are not separate independent diseases.Monarch Initiative+2Alliance of Genome Resources+2
Homozygous LEMD2 mutation
The primary cause is having the same harmful mutation in both copies of the LEMD2 gene (homozygosity). This change disrupts the function of a nuclear envelope protein in lens cells, leading to loss of lens transparency and the development of juvenile cataracts.Monarch Initiative+2ZFIN+2Compound heterozygous LEMD2 mutations
In some genetic conditions, two different harmful changes, one on each copy of a gene, can also cause disease; this pattern is called compound heterozygosity. Although most reports in CTRCT46 describe homozygous mutations, compound heterozygosity in LEMD2 would be expected to damage the same pathway and could produce a similar cataract phenotype.PMC+2Karger Publishers+2Autosomal recessive inheritance
Cataract 46 juvenile-onset follows an autosomal recessive pattern. A child is affected when both parents are healthy carriers who each pass down one faulty LEMD2 gene. Each pregnancy has a 25% chance of an affected child, a 50% chance of a carrier child, and a 25% chance of an unaffected non-carrier child.Eye Disorders Database+2GenCC+2Consanguinity (closely related parents)
When parents are related by blood, such as first cousins, they are more likely to carry the same rare recessive mutation. This raises the chance that a child receives two copies of the LEMD2 mutation and develops Cataract 46 juvenile-onset, as seen in other recessive inherited cataracts.ResearchGate+2Karger Publishers+2Founder effect in specific populations
A “founder effect” happens when a small ancestral group carries a rare mutation that becomes more common in later generations. CTRCT46 has been reported in Lehrerleut Hutterites and in the Åland Islands, where a shared LEMD2 mutation appears in multiple related families.Eye Disorders Database+2ZFIN+2Abnormal nuclear envelope in lens cells
LEMD2 encodes a nuclear envelope protein. Mutations can alter the structure and signaling at the nuclear membrane in lens fiber cells, disturbing their normal maturation and alignment. This structural disruption is thought to contribute to lens clouding in inherited cataracts.PMC+2PMC+2Disrupted lens fiber cell differentiation
During normal development, lens epithelial cells transform into long, transparent fiber cells. Genetic cataracts occur when this process is disturbed, leading to disorganized fibers and light scattering. LEMD2 mutations likely interfere with differentiation signals, so the lens never becomes fully clear.PMC+2PMC+2Protein misfolding and aggregation
Many hereditary cataracts share a final pathway of protein misfolding and clumping inside lens cells. Even though LEMD2 is not a crystallin, altered nuclear function can indirectly cause stress and aggregation of lens proteins, producing the cloudy patches seen in juvenile cataracts.PMC+2PMC+2Unfolded protein response and cell death
When lens proteins misfold, the cell activates an “unfolded protein response.” If the stress is severe, lens cells may die, breaking up the carefully ordered structure of the lens. This mechanism has been described in congenital and early-onset cataracts and is likely involved in CTRCT46.PMC+2PMC+2Oxidative stress in the lens
The lens is constantly exposed to light and oxygen and relies on antioxidants to stay clear. Oxidative stress can promote cataract formation, especially when the lens is already weakened by a genetic defect. In children with LEMD2 mutations, cumulative oxidative damage may speed up lens clouding.MedPark Hospital+2PMC+2Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure
Long-term exposure to strong sunlight is a known risk factor for cataracts. In children with Cataract 46 juvenile-onset, UV exposure does not cause the disease by itself, but it may make the inherited lens changes worse and cause earlier or denser opacities.Review of Optometry+2MedPark Hospital+2Systemic illnesses that stress the lens
Conditions such as poorly controlled diabetes or chronic inflammation can accelerate cataract formation in general. While not primary causes of CTRCT46, these systemic illnesses may worsen visual outcomes if they coexist with LEMD2-related lens disease.Review of Optometry+2MedPark Hospital+2Long-term corticosteroid use
Prolonged use of steroid medicines (oral, inhaled, or eye drops) is a recognized cause of secondary cataracts. In a child who already has a genetic tendency, steroids may further cloud the lens and complicate management, although they do not replace the underlying LEMD2 mutation as the main cause.Review of Optometry+2EyeWiki+2Previous eye inflammation (uveitis)
Inflammation inside the eye, called uveitis, can damage the lens and lead to cataract formation. For a child with Cataract 46 juvenile-onset, episodes of uveitis may cause additional lens changes and make the cataract more irregular or faster-growing.EyeWiki+2NCBI+2Ocular trauma in childhood
A blow to the eye or penetrating injury can create lens opacities. Trauma is a separate cause of cataract, but if it occurs in a child with a fragile genetically abnormal lens, it may trigger earlier visual loss and need for surgery.EyeWiki+2Европейский Медицинский Центр EMC+2Previous eye surgery
Many operations on the eye, such as vitrectomy or glaucoma surgery, can speed cataract formation. In a child with juvenile cataract, prior surgery can turn a mild opacity into a dense one and shorten the “safe window” before the lens needs removal.Review of Optometry+2EyeWiki+2Nutritional antioxidant deficiency
Lack of a balanced diet with vitamins and antioxidants has been linked in adults to higher cataract risk. While evidence in children is less strong, poor nutrition could theoretically aggravate lens stress in genetic cataracts and contribute to earlier clouding.MedPark Hospital+2AAO Journal+2High body mass index and lifestyle factors
Obesity, smoking in the household, and poor general health are associated with earlier cataracts in adults. In a genetically susceptible child, these lifestyle factors may reduce overall eye health and resilience, even though they are not direct causes of CTRCT46.Review of Optometry+2AAO Journal+2Lack of early eye screening
Failure to examine a child’s eyes in the first years of life does not cause the cataract itself, but it allows the lens clouding to progress without treatment. Late detection leads to longer visual deprivation and a higher chance of permanent amblyopia.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2Progressive lens aging in adolescence
Even though Cataract 46 is genetic, the lens continues to change with age. As the child grows, the abnormal lens fibers and proteins accumulate more damage, so the cataract often becomes rapidly worse over a few months once first noticed.Eye Disorders Database+2MedPark Hospital+2
Symptoms and signs
Cloudy or blurred vision
The main symptom is blurred or misty vision, as if the child is looking through frosted glass. The cloudy lens scatters light instead of letting it pass cleanly to the retina, so images are less sharp and fine details are hard to see.MedPark Hospital+2NCBI+2White or gray pupil (leukocoria)
Parents may notice a pale, white, or gray reflex in the pupil instead of the normal black center. This whiteness is the reflection of light from the cloudy lens and is a common sign of childhood cataract, especially when seen in photos or bright light.Европейский Медицинский Центр EMC+2nhs.uk+2Poor visual tracking in young children
Babies or toddlers with developing cataracts may not follow faces or toys as well as expected. They may seem not to fix their gaze or may look past objects, which can be an early sign that visual input is reduced.Европейский Медицинский Центр EMC+2NCBI+2Holding objects very close or squinting
As the cataract becomes denser, older children may bring books, phones, or toys very close to their face, or sit very near the television. They may squint to see distant objects, reflecting reduced clarity through the cloudy lens.Oscar Wylee+2Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2Light sensitivity (photophobia)
Many children with cataracts dislike bright light. Sunlight, car headlights, or classroom lighting may cause discomfort or eye watering. This happens because the cloudy lens scatters light in many directions, making glare more intense.Oscar Wylee+2MedPark Hospital+2Glare and halos around lights
The child may report that lights look “too bright,” have halos, or seem to spread. Night-time glare from streetlights or car headlights is a common complaint in older patients, and similar effects can trouble school-age children with juvenile cataract.MedPark Hospital+2Cleveland Clinic+2Poor night or low-light vision
In dim rooms or at dusk, vision often worsens because less light reaches the retina. A child with Cataract 46 juvenile-onset may stumble more in low light, find it hard to read in the evening, or avoid activities that require seeing in the dark.MedPark Hospital+2Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2Nystagmus (wobbly eyes)
Long-standing poor vision early in life can cause nystagmus, where the eyes move quickly and rhythmically without control. This is a sign that the brain did not receive clear images during a critical period of visual development.nhs.uk+2Oscar Wylee+2Strabismus (squint or misaligned eyes)
When one eye sees less clearly than the other, the brain may ignore the blurrier eye. Over time, that eye can drift inwards or outwards, leading to a visible squint. Strabismus is commonly associated with childhood cataracts and amblyopia.nhs.uk+2Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2Clumsiness and poor depth perception
Children with cataracts may bump into objects, misjudge distances, or have difficulty catching balls. This happens because blurred vision reduces depth perception and makes it hard to see small obstacles, especially when one eye is more affected than the other.Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2Oscar Wylee+2Eye rubbing and eye strain
A child may rub their eyes frequently or complain that their eyes feel tired. Eye strain comes from trying to focus through a cloudy lens, and it may cause irritability, especially after reading or schoolwork.Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2EyeWiki+2Headaches, especially after visual tasks
Blurred vision forces the child to work harder to see, which can cause headaches, particularly after homework, reading, or long periods of screen use. While headaches have many causes, they can be a clue to underlying eye problems.MedPark Hospital+2Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2Reduced brightness of colors
Colors may appear faded, washed out, or yellowish when viewed through a cloudy lens. Children may not describe this clearly, but parents might notice that the child has trouble distinguishing similar colors or does not respond well to colorful visual cues.MedPark Hospital+2Cleveland Clinic+2Poor school performance related to vision
Difficulty seeing the board, reading textbooks, or copying notes can cause a drop in school performance. Teachers may report that the child seems inattentive, when in fact the real issue is uncorrected visual loss from cataracts.NCBI+2Fraser Pediatrics – Fraser Pediatrics+2Palpitations, fainting, or chest symptoms in those with cardiomyopathy
In the type of Cataract 46 juvenile-onset that includes arrhythmic cardiomyopathy, some young people experience palpitations, dizziness, fainting spells, or even sudden collapse due to abnormal heart rhythms. These symptoms are not from the cataract itself but from the associated heart condition, which makes cardiac evaluation essential.Eye Disorders Database+2UniProt+2
Diagnostic tests
Physical examination tests
General medical and family history
The doctor asks about age at onset of vision problems, family history of early cataracts or sudden cardiac death, and any other illnesses or medications. This basic information helps suggest a hereditary juvenile cataract and raises suspicion of LEMD2-related disease.Eye Disorders Database+2NCBI+2External eye inspection
The clinician looks at the eyes with a light, checking eyelids, cornea, pupil shape, and eye movements. Obvious lens opacity, nystagmus, or strabismus can often be seen at this stage and prompt more detailed eye tests.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2Red reflex test
Using an ophthalmoscope, the doctor shines light into the pupil to see a red reflex from the retina. Cataracts block or change this reflex, producing a dull, white, or patchy appearance. Abnormal red reflex in a child is an urgent sign that needs ophthalmology review.NCBI+2Европейский Медицинский Центр EMC+2Age-appropriate visual acuity or visual behavior assessment
In older children, eye charts are used to measure vision in each eye. In infants and toddlers, the examiner watches how the child tracks faces or toys. Reduced acuity or poor fixation suggests that the cataract is affecting visual function.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2
Manual ophthalmic tests
Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
A slit-lamp is a special microscope that lets the eye doctor see the front of the eye in fine detail. With it, they can examine the lens directly, describe the location and pattern of the opacity, and confirm the diagnosis of juvenile cataract.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2Dilated fundus examination
After dilating the pupils with eye drops, the ophthalmologist uses lenses and an ophthalmoscope to inspect the retina and optic nerve. This test checks that the back of the eye is healthy and that no other retinal diseases are causing vision loss.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2Intraocular pressure measurement (tonometry)
Measuring the pressure inside the eye helps to exclude glaucoma, which can sometimes occur in children, especially after cataract surgery. A gentle device touches or puffs air at the cornea to estimate the pressure and guide safe management.Европейский Медицинский Центр EMC+2EyeWiki+2Cover–uncover test for strabismus
The clinician covers one eye and then the other while observing how the eyes move. This simple manual test shows whether one eye is misaligned, which is important because strabismus is often associated with unilateral or asymmetric childhood cataract.NCBI+2nhs.uk+2Refraction and focusing tests
Using lenses and sometimes drops that relax focusing, the eye doctor measures how much long-sightedness, short-sightedness, or astigmatism is present. These measurements help in planning glasses or contact lenses after cataract surgery.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2
Laboratory and pathological tests
Genetic testing for LEMD2 mutations
A blood or saliva sample can be analysed to look for mutations in LEMD2. Finding a homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic variant confirms the diagnosis of Cataract 46 juvenile-onset and helps with family counseling about recurrence risks.Monarch Initiative+2Ma’ayan Lab+2Carrier testing and family genetic counseling
Once a mutation is known in an affected child, parents and siblings can be offered testing to see whether they carry the same change. This information assists with reproductive planning and early screening of at-risk relatives.Eye Disorders Database+2Karger Publishers+2Metabolic screening when diagnosis is uncertain
In children with unexplained early cataracts and no identified LEMD2 mutation, doctors may order blood and urine tests for metabolic diseases such as galactosemia, which can cause congenital cataracts. These tests help rule out other treatable metabolic causes.MSD Manuals+2PMC+2Infection (TORCH) serology in selected cases
When cataract appears very early, testing for infections acquired in the womb (such as rubella or cytomegalovirus) may be done. Although these infections are not part of Cataract 46 juvenile-onset, excluding them is important in the broader work-up of pediatric cataracts.MSD Manuals+2PMC+2Lens material pathology (after surgery)
If the cloudy lens is removed, part of it can be sent to a pathology lab for microscopic examination. While not always necessary, this can show protein aggregation and structural changes typical of hereditary cataracts and may support research into the disease mechanism.PMC+2PMC+2
Electrodiagnostic tests
Electroretinography (ERG)
ERG measures electrical responses of the retina to flashes of light. In pure cataract without retinal disease, ERG may be normal or only mildly affected, helping to show that the main problem lies in the lens rather than the retina.NCBI+2Nature+2Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
VEP records electrical activity in the visual cortex in response to visual stimuli. Delayed or reduced responses can confirm that the visual pathway has been deprived of clear images, which can occur in longstanding childhood cataract.Nature+2NCBI+2Standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG)
Because Cataract 46 juvenile-onset can be associated with arrhythmic cardiomyopathy, an ECG is recommended to detect abnormal heart rhythms, conduction delays, or repolarization changes, even in children who have no obvious cardiac symptoms.Eye Disorders Database+2UniProt+2Holter monitor or extended rhythm monitoring
A Holter monitor is a portable ECG worn for 24 hours or longer to capture rhythm abnormalities that occur only occasionally. In young people with LEMD2 mutations, this test can detect dangerous arrhythmias that might otherwise go unnoticed.Eye Disorders Database+2UniProt+2
Imaging tests
Ocular ultrasound (B-scan)
If the cataract is very dense and blocks the doctor’s view of the retina, an ultrasound scan of the eye can be used to check for retinal detachment, persistent fetal tissue, or other structural abnormalities. This helps ensure it is safe to proceed with surgery.NCBI+2EyeWiki+2Echocardiography (heart ultrasound)
Given the reported risk of arrhythmic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death in some families with Cataract 46 juvenile-onset, an ultrasound of the heart is often advised. This test assesses heart muscle function and structure and looks for signs of cardiomyopathy.Eye Disorders Database+2UniProt+2
Non-Pharmacological Treatments (Therapies and Others)
1. Prescription Glasses or Contact Lenses
Glasses or contact lenses can sharpen focus when a juvenile cataract is small or off-center and vision is still usable. The purpose is to give the clearest image possible on the retina so the brain can develop normal vision. The lenses do not remove the cataract, but they can reduce blur and double vision while the doctor monitors progression.EyeWiki+1
2. Amblyopia Therapy (Patching the Good Eye)
If one eye has a stronger cataract, the brain may “ignore” that eye. Patching the better eye for some hours each day forces the brain to use the weaker eye. The purpose is to prevent or treat lazy eye and help both eyes develop. The mechanism is neuroplasticity: the brain strengthens connections from the weaker eye when it has to rely on it.EyeWiki+1
3. Low-Vision Aids (Magnifiers and High-Plus Reading Glasses)
Magnifying glasses, high-plus reading lenses, or electronic magnifiers enlarge text and objects so a child can read and study more comfortably. The purpose is to compensate for the reduced clarity that comes from the cloudy lens. The mechanism is simple optics—bigger images make it easier for remaining healthy retinal cells to recognize letters and shapes.Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+1
4. Better Lighting and High-Contrast Materials
Bright, even lighting, large print books, bold black pens, and high-contrast school materials make it easier for the child to see. The purpose is to reduce eye strain and help daily tasks like reading and writing. The mechanism is that more light and contrast improve signal-to-noise ratio for the visual system, partly overcoming blur from the cataract.Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+1
5. Seating and Classroom Adjustments
Sitting closer to the board, using front-row seats, or having digital classroom materials increases visual comfort. The purpose is to ensure the child does not struggle academically because of distance blur. The mechanism is simply reducing the distance the eye must see through a cloudy lens, which improves clarity of letters and facial expressions.nhs.uk+1
6. Sunglasses and UV-Blocking Lenses
Sunglasses or UV-blocking coatings on glasses protect the eyes from ultraviolet light. The purpose is to reduce glare, light sensitivity, and possible UV-related lens damage. The mechanism is physical blocking of harmful wavelengths that scatter in a cloudy lens and may worsen oxidative stress in lens proteins.Pennachio Eye
7. Anti-Glare Coatings and Tinted Lenses
Anti-reflective coatings or mild tints can cut down starbursts and halos around lights. The purpose is to make outdoor play, screens, and night-time environments more comfortable. The mechanism is reduction of reflections from lens and spectacles, which otherwise scatter light in the already cloudy optical system.Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+1
8. Vision Therapy Exercises (for Selected Children)
Some children benefit from eye alignment and focusing exercises supervised by an eye-care professional. The purpose is to support binocular vision, depth perception, and eye teaming when cataract causes imbalance between eyes. Mechanistically, repeated visual tasks stimulate the neural circuits responsible for tracking, convergence, and coordination.Pure Johns Hopkins
9. Eye Protection from Trauma
Polycarbonate sports goggles or safety glasses protect fragile eyes that already have cataracts or have had surgery. The purpose is to prevent further injury that could worsen vision or damage an operated eye. The mechanism is physical shielding from balls, elbows, and flying objects, which is especially important in active children.PMC+1
10. Regular Monitoring by a Pediatric Ophthalmologist
Scheduled follow-ups allow the doctor to check cataract size, visual acuity, eye pressure, and signs of lazy eye. The purpose is to choose the best time for surgery and adjust glasses or patching plans. The mechanism is early detection of vision decline, giving time to intervene before permanent amblyopia develops.EyeWiki+2PMC+2
11. Early Developmental and Educational Support
Occupational and special-education services help children with visual challenges learn daily skills, reading, and social interaction. The purpose is to reduce developmental delays due to reduced vision. The mechanism is structured practice using remaining vision and other senses, which strengthens practical and academic skills.PMC
12. Parent Training and Counseling
Teaching parents how to apply patches, give eye drops, use glasses, and support school needs is crucial. The purpose is to improve treatment adherence and reduce stress. The mechanism is empowerment: informed caregivers can follow complex treatment schedules and watch for warning signs of complications.PMC+1
13. Healthy Sleep Routine
Children with eye strain may be irritable or avoid tasks that require seeing. A regular sleep schedule supports brain growth, visual development, and healing after surgery. The mechanism is improved hormonal balance, reduced inflammation, and better attention for therapy sessions and school tasks.Pennachio Eye
14. Screen-Time Management
Short breaks during screen use and proper screen distance prevent excessive near strain. The purpose is to reduce headaches and eye fatigue in children who already see through a cloudy lens or post-surgery IOL. Mechanistically, breaks relax the focusing muscles and reduce dryness from reduced blinking during long screen sessions.Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital
15. Treating Underlying Systemic Diseases
Good control of diabetes, metabolic disorders, or inflammatory diseases reduces further lens damage. The purpose is to slow cataract progression and protect other organs. The mechanism is reduction of abnormal blood sugar, toxic metabolites, or chronic inflammation that can accelerate lens opacification.PMC+1
16. Avoiding Unnecessary Steroid Use
Systemic or high-dose topical steroids can cause or worsen cataracts in children. Doctors try to use the lowest effective dose and shortest duration. The purpose is to balance needed anti-inflammatory effects with lens safety. The mechanism is reducing steroid-related changes to lens proteins and metabolism.PMC+1
17. Nutrition-Focused Lifestyle
A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fats supports eye tissues and overall health. The purpose is to give enough antioxidants and micronutrients that may help slow oxidative damage in the lens. The mechanism involves vitamins C, E, carotenoids, and trace minerals that neutralize free radicals.Pennachio Eye
18. Smoking and Second-Hand Smoke Avoidance
Teenagers with cataracts should not smoke, and small children should not be around tobacco smoke. The purpose is to limit toxins that accelerate lens damage. The mechanism is reduction of oxidative stress and vascular damage caused by cigarette chemicals.Pennachio Eye
19. Sun-Smart Outdoor Habits
Wearing wide-brimmed hats and UV-blocking sunglasses during outdoor play protects lenses and retinas. The purpose is to reduce glare, comfort light-sensitive eyes, and minimize long-term UV harm. The mechanism is physical blocking of UV and high-energy visible light that can damage lens proteins.Pennachio Eye
20. Psychological and Peer Support
Living with visible eye problems or glasses can affect self-esteem. Support groups, counseling, or school talks can help the child feel understood and confident. The purpose is to reduce anxiety, bullying, and treatment refusal. The mechanism is emotional resilience and acceptance, which improves long-term adherence to care.
Drug Treatments
Important note: currently there is no FDA-approved eye drop that reverses a cataract itself. Drugs are mainly used before and after surgery to control infection, inflammation, pain, and eye pressure. Dose and timing must always be set by a pediatric ophthalmologist; never start or stop these medicines without medical advice.EyeWiki+2Medscape+2
1. Prednisolone Acetate 1% Ophthalmic Suspension
This corticosteroid eye drop (for example PRED FORTE or OMNIPRED) is used after cataract surgery to reduce inflammation in the front of the eye. Typical regimens use one drop several times a day, then slowly taper. It works by blocking inflammatory chemicals like prostaglandins. Side effects can include raised eye pressure, delayed wound healing, and increased infection risk.FDA Access Data+2FDA Access Data+2
2. Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Drops
Dexamethasone is another strong steroid drop used to calm inflammation after surgery or with severe uveitis-related cataracts. Doctors use it short-term in carefully monitored doses. The purpose is to prevent swelling, pain, and scarring. Side effects can include high eye pressure, cataract progression in other situations, and increased infection susceptibility.PMC+1
3. Fluorometholone Ophthalmic Suspension
Fluorometholone is a “softer” steroid used for milder inflammation, sometimes after the acute phase of surgery. It aims to control redness and discomfort with potentially lower risk of big pressure spikes than stronger steroids. Side effects still include possible glaucoma, delayed healing, and masking eye infections, so monitoring is essential.PMC+1
4. Loteprednol Etabonate Ophthalmic Suspension/Gel
Loteprednol is designed to be quickly broken down in the eye, which may improve safety. It is used for post-operative inflammation and pain. Usual dosing is several times daily for a short period, adjusted by the surgeon. It blocks inflammatory pathways while being rapidly inactivated; side effects include irritation, increased pressure, or allergic reactions in some patients.PMC+1
5. Moxifloxacin 0.5% Ophthalmic Solution (VIGAMOX / MOXEZA)
Moxifloxacin eye drops are fluoroquinolone antibiotics approved for bacterial conjunctivitis and widely used to prevent or treat infection around cataract surgery.FDA Access Data+3FDA Access Data+3FDA Access Data+3 Doctors may prescribe one drop several times daily for a set number of days. The drug stops bacterial DNA replication. Side effects include burning, eye irritation, and rare allergic reactions.
6. Gatifloxacin Ophthalmic Solution
Gatifloxacin is another fluoroquinolone antibiotic drop used to protect against or treat bacterial infections of the eye surface during the surgical period. It blocks bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase. It is usually given several times daily for a short course. Side effects include transient discomfort and, rarely, hypersensitivity.FDA Access Data
7. Besifloxacin Ophthalmic Suspension
Besifloxacin is a later-generation fluoroquinolone with strong activity against many ocular bacteria. It is used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis and sometimes prophylactically around surgery. It is dosed as several drops daily according to label and surgeon preference. Side effects can include blurred vision, eye irritation, and rare allergic reactions.FDA Access Data
8. Tobramycin Ophthalmic Drops or Ointment
Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used for bacterial eye infections or as prophylaxis after cataract surgery. It disrupts bacterial protein synthesis. It can be used as drops during the day and ointment at night. Side effects include local irritation, redness, and, rarely, allergic reactions or corneal toxicity with prolonged use.FDA Access Data
9. Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic Solution / Ointment
Ciprofloxacin is another fluoroquinolone approved for bacterial conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers. Around surgery, it may be used to prevent or control serious infections. It stops bacterial DNA replication. Common side effects are burning, crystalline deposits on the cornea, and taste disturbance; serious allergic reactions are rare but possible.FDA Access Data
10. Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Solution
Ketorolac eye drops are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to reduce pain and inflammation after cataract surgery. They block cyclo-oxygenase and prostaglandin production. Dosing is usually several times a day. Side effects include stinging on instillation, corneal irritation, and, rarely, corneal thinning if used too long.FDA Access Data
11. Nepafenac Ophthalmic Suspension
Nepafenac is a pro-drug NSAID that converts to amfenac inside the eye. It helps control inflammation and macular swelling after cataract surgery. It is usually used once to three times a day depending on formulation. Side effects include burning, eye pain, and rare corneal complications; careful follow-up is required.FDA Access Data
12. Bromfenac Ophthalmic Solution
Bromfenac is another topical NSAID that helps reduce post-operative pain, redness, and cystoid macular edema. It inhibits cyclo-oxygenase-2 and reduces prostaglandins. Once- or twice-daily regimens are common. Possible side effects are irritation, corneal issues with prolonged use, and hypersensitivity in NSAID-allergic patients.FDA Access Data
13. Cyclopentolate Ophthalmic Solution
Cyclopentolate temporarily enlarges the pupil and relaxes focusing muscles. It is used before exams and sometimes after surgery to prevent painful ciliary spasm or to support amblyopia therapy. It blocks muscarinic receptors in the iris and ciliary body. Side effects include light sensitivity, near-blur, and rare systemic effects like flushing or behavior change in children.EyeWiki+1
14. Atropine Ophthalmic Ointment or Drops
Atropine is a long-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic. In juvenile cataract, it may be used for amblyopia management or to prevent synechiae in inflammatory cases. It blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Side effects include prolonged light sensitivity, near-blur, dry mouth, and very rare serious systemic toxicity if overdosed.PMC
15. Phenylephrine Ophthalmic Drops
Phenylephrine is an alpha-adrenergic agonist that dilates the pupil and is used during surgery or exams. It improves access to the lens and visualization of the retina. Side effects include temporary stinging, increased blood pressure in very sensitive children, and rebound redness. It must be used cautiously in infants.PMC+1
16. Timolol Ophthalmic Solution
Timolol is a beta-blocker eye drop used if intraocular pressure rises after steroid use or surgery. It reduces aqueous humor production. Dosing is usually one drop once or twice daily. Side effects include slow heart rate, asthma worsening, and fatigue in susceptible children, so systemic health must be checked before use.PMC
17. Brimonidine Ophthalmic Solution
Brimonidine is an alpha-2 agonist eye drop that lowers eye pressure by reducing aqueous formation and increasing uveoscleral outflow. It may be used short-term in older children, but is usually avoided in very young infants because of risk of drowsiness and apnea. Side effects include dry mouth, redness, and fatigue.PMC
18. Dorzolamide / Brinzolamide Ophthalmic Solutions
These carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drops can help lower eye pressure after surgery or with steroid response. They reduce fluid production inside the eye. Side effects include stinging, bitter taste, and rare corneal swelling in compromised corneas. Doctors adjust the regimen based on pressure readings and age.PMC
19. Oral Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide is an oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor sometimes used briefly when eye pressure is very high and topical medicines are insufficient. It reduces aqueous humor production systemically. Side effects include tingling, fatigue, nausea, and electrolyte imbalance, so close monitoring and short courses are standard.PMC
20. Preservative-Free Artificial Tears
Lubricating drops do not treat the cataract but help with dryness, irritation, and surface healing after surgery. They work by stabilizing the tear film and reducing friction between the lids and cornea. Side effects are minimal, mainly transient blur or rare allergy. They make other treatments easier to tolerate.Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital
Dietary Molecular Supplements
Supplements may support lens and retinal health but cannot remove a cataract. Always ask the child’s doctor before giving any supplement, especially in high doses.Pennachio Eye
1. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is a strong water-soluble antioxidant found in citrus fruits and many vegetables. It helps protect lens proteins from oxidative damage caused by light and metabolic stress. Typical supplemental doses for older children and teens are in the 250–500 mg/day range if approved by a doctor. Too much can upset the stomach or kidneys in susceptible patients.Pennachio Eye
2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that sits in cell membranes, including those in the lens and retina. It helps stabilize membranes and reduce free-radical damage. Under medical guidance, moderate supplementation may support eye health, but very high doses can increase bleeding risk and should be avoided without specialist advice.Pennachio Eye
3. Lutein
Lutein is a carotenoid concentrated in the macula of the retina. It filters blue light and has antioxidant properties. In juvenile cataract, it does not clear the lens but may support overall retinal health and visual function. Typical supplement doses are 6–10 mg/day in adults; pediatric use requires dose adjustment and medical supervision.Pennachio Eye
4. Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin works alongside lutein in the macular pigment, absorbing short-wavelength light and neutralizing free radicals. It may help protect the retina and support visual performance after cataract surgery. Adult formulations often provide 2 mg/day; pediatric dosing must be individualized. Side effects are rare, mostly harmless yellowing of the skin if intake is very high.Pennachio Eye
5. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA)
Omega-3 fats from fish oil or algae support retinal development, nerve function, and tear-film stability. In children with cataract, they may help overall eye comfort and brain-eye connectivity. Doses vary with weight; common pediatric regimens use body-weight-adjusted amounts. Side effects can include mild stomach upset or fishy aftertaste.Pennachio Eye
6. Zinc
Zinc is important for many enzymes in the retina and for vitamin A metabolism. Adequate zinc intake may support night vision and immune function. Supplemental zinc is usually kept within age-appropriate recommended dietary allowances to avoid nausea or copper deficiency. It supports defense against oxidative stress but does not directly reverse lens opacity.Pennachio Eye
7. Vitamin A (Within Safe Limits)
Vitamin A is essential for the visual cycle and corneal health. In malnourished children, correcting deficiency can dramatically improve night vision and reduce eye surface problems. However, excess vitamin A is toxic, especially in young children, so doses must never exceed pediatric recommendations without expert guidance.Pennachio Eye
8. Selenium
Selenium is a trace mineral used by antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase. Adequate levels may help neutralize peroxides that damage lens proteins. Small supplemental doses may be considered when deficiency is suspected, but too much selenium can cause hair loss and nail changes. Diet sources like nuts and fish are often safer.Pennachio Eye
9. Coenzyme Q10
CoQ10 is involved in mitochondrial energy production and acts as an antioxidant. In theory, it may support cells in the lens and retina. Evidence in children is limited, so any use should be under specialist supervision. Side effects are usually mild, such as digestive upset, but interactions with other medicines are possible.Pennachio Eye
10. Multivitamin Formulations for Eye Health
Some age-adjusted multivitamins combine several eye-support nutrients (vitamins C, E, carotenoids, zinc, selenium). They aim to cover nutritional gaps in selective eaters. They are not a treatment for juvenile cataract but can support overall development. Over-supplementation should be avoided, so doses must match the child’s age and diet.Pennachio Eye
Drugs for Immunity, Regenerative and Stem-Cell-Related Approaches
There are currently no FDA-approved stem-cell drugs that cure juvenile cataract. Research is ongoing into lens-regenerating surgery and stem-cell-based methods, but these are experimental and usually limited to clinical trials.Ophthalmology Times+2PMC+2
1. Systemic Immunoglobulin or Biologic Agents (Underlying Autoimmune Disease)
Some juvenile cataracts are secondary to autoimmune disease or chronic inflammatory eye disorders. Immunoglobulin infusions or biologic drugs may be used to control the underlying disease, not the cataract itself. Their function is to calm the immune system so less inflammation reaches the eye, possibly reducing the need for high-dose steroids that contribute to cataract formation.PMC
2. Vaccines and Routine Immunization
Routine childhood vaccination helps prevent infections like rubella or measles that can cause congenital or early-onset cataracts. Vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize viruses before they can damage developing eye structures. This is a powerful indirect “immunity booster” for cataract prevention, though it does not reverse existing opacities.PMC+1
3. Nutritional Immunomodulators (Vitamin D, Zinc, Omega-3)
Doctor-guided correction of vitamin D lack, zinc deficiency, or very low omega-3 intake supports general immune balance and tissue repair. These nutrients modulate cytokines and cell signaling. They may help children recover from surgery and fight infections, but they should be used within safe pediatric dosing limits and are not cataract drugs.Pennachio Eye
4. Experimental Lens Regeneration Approaches
Some research has explored removing lens contents through a tiny opening and allowing the child’s own lens epithelial stem cells to regenerate a clearer lens. These methods are not routine and may still be studied in clinical trials. The regenerative mechanism is harnessing native stem cells rather than implanted cells or drugs.PMC+1
5. Cell-Protective Agents Under Study (Antioxidant or Anti-Glycation Compounds)
Laboratory and early-phase clinical studies are testing special eye drops that may prevent lens protein clumping or reverse early opacities. These compounds act on oxidative stress or sugar-related cross-links. None are proven or approved yet for juvenile cataract, so they should be considered experimental, not standard care.Ophthalmology Times+1
6. Hematopoietic or Mesenchymal Stem-Cell Therapies for Syndromic Disease
In rare syndromes causing both cataract and systemic problems, stem-cell transplantation may be used to treat the systemic disease (for example, some immune or metabolic disorders). These treatments aim to rebuild the blood or immune system, not specifically the lens. Cataract surgery is still needed if lens clouding remains.PMC+1
Surgeries
1. Lens Aspiration with Primary Posterior Capsulotomy and Anterior Vitrectomy
In infants and young children, the standard surgery is to remove the soft cataractous lens using aspiration and then open the back capsule and remove some front vitreous. This reduces the chance of the back capsule turning cloudy later. It is done early to prevent amblyopia and allow normal visual development.PMC+2Medscape+2
2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE)
ECCE removes the cloudy lens content through a larger incision while leaving the back capsule in place for implanting an intraocular lens (IOL). In older children and teens, this technique (often with modern small-incision variations) allows stable IOL placement. It is done when the cataract significantly reduces vision and interferes with daily life.PMC+1
3. Phacoemulsification with Intraocular Lens Implantation
In teenagers and some older children, phacoemulsification uses ultrasound to break up the harder lens and aspirate it through a very small incision, followed by IOL implantation. The small wound helps faster recovery and fewer sutures. It is done when lens opacity is dense enough to limit schooling, driving in older teens, or daily tasks.Medscape+1
4. Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation
If a baby’s cataract is removed without an IOL, the child may later receive a secondary IOL once the eye is larger and more stable. This reduces dependence on thick glasses or contact lenses. The procedure is done under general anesthesia, carefully considering previous surgery and current eye health.nhs.uk+1
5. Combined Cataract Surgery with Other Procedures
Some children need cataract surgery together with glaucoma surgery, vitrectomy, or iris repair. This is done when cataract coexists with other serious eye problems. The goal is to restore clarity, correct pressure, and repair damaged structures in a single anesthetic session when possible.PMC+1
Prevention Strategies
Ensure full routine pregnancy care and maternal infection screening to reduce congenital infection-related cataracts.
Vaccinate children according to national schedules (for example, rubella and measles) to prevent infection-induced cataracts.PMC+1
Manage systemic diseases like diabetes, galactosemia, or metabolic disorders early to limit lens damage.PMC+1
Avoid long-term unsupervised steroid use (eye drops, inhalers, oral or injections), especially in children.PMC+1
Protect children’s eyes from trauma with sports goggles during risky activities.PMC
Encourage a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 sources to support antioxidant defenses.Pennachio Eye
Keep children away from cigarette smoke and vaping, which increase oxidative stress.Pennachio Eye
Use UV-blocking sunglasses and hats during strong sunlight exposure.Pennachio Eye
Arrange early newborn and childhood eye checks, especially if there is a family history of cataracts.EyeWiki+2nhs.uk+2
Seek prompt care for any white pupil, eye shaking, or obvious visual difficulty instead of waiting for routine visits.nhs.uk+1
When to See a Doctor
Parents should see an eye doctor urgently if they notice a white or gray reflection in the pupil, one eye turning in or out, eye shaking (nystagmus), or the child consistently tilting the head to see. These signs can mean a visually significant cataract or other serious eye disease that threatens permanent vision.EyeWiki+2nhs.uk+2
Children who hold objects very close, bump into things, or complain of blurred or double vision also need a full evaluation. Any baby with a family history of early cataract, metabolic disease, or genetic syndrome should have early eye screening, even if the eyes look normal, because subtle cataracts are not always obvious.EyeWiki+1
After surgery, parents should contact the surgeon immediately if they see severe redness, swelling, discharge, the child refuses to open the eye, or complains of strong pain or sudden vision loss. These red-flag signs can signal infection, high eye pressure, or other complications that need fast treatment to save vision.PMC+2Medscape+2
What to Eat and What to Avoid
Eat colorful fruits and vegetables (oranges, berries, carrots, spinach) every day to provide vitamin C, carotenoids, and other antioxidants that support lens and retinal health.Pennachio Eye
Eat oily fish (such as salmon, sardines) or doctor-approved omega-3 supplements several times a week to support nervous system and visual development.Pennachio Eye
Eat nuts, seeds, and whole grains in age-appropriate amounts for vitamin E, selenium, and zinc, which help enzyme and antioxidant systems in the eye.Pennachio Eye
Eat adequate protein from eggs, beans, meat, or dairy to help body tissues heal after surgery and to maintain growth.
Eat foods rich in vitamin A, like dark green and orange vegetables, if allowed by the child’s overall health and your doctor.Pennachio Eye
Avoid sugary drinks and heavy sweets as daily habits, especially if the child has diabetes or obesity, because high blood sugar can harm the lens and retina.PMC+1
Avoid highly processed junk food that replaces nutritious meals and may worsen general health and wound healing.
Avoid self-prescribed high-dose antioxidant or vitamin supplements; too much of some vitamins (like A or E) can be harmful. Always ask the doctor before giving supplements.Pennachio Eye
Avoid caffeinated energy drinks in teenagers when possible, especially close to bedtime, because sleep is important for brain and eye recovery.
Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke and vaping at home or in cars, as they add toxins that increase oxidative stress in the eyes.Pennachio Eye
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can eye drops cure juvenile-onset cataracts?
No. At present, no approved eye drop can make an established cataract clear again. Eye drops mainly treat inflammation, infection, and pressure around surgery. Surgery is usually needed for visually significant juvenile cataracts.EyeWiki+2Medscape+2
2. Will my child need surgery in both eyes?
If both lenses are cloudy and affect vision, surgery may be needed in each eye, sometimes staged a short time apart. The ophthalmologist decides based on cataract size, visual acuity, and age, always trying to minimize anesthesia risks while preventing amblyopia.PMC+1
3. Is cataract surgery safe in babies and young children?
Cataract surgery in children is more delicate than in adults, but it is routinely performed in specialized centers. Modern techniques and anesthesia have made it much safer. The risk of permanent blindness from not treating a dense cataract early is often greater than the surgical risk.PMC+2nhs.uk+2
4. Will my child still need glasses after surgery?
Most children still need glasses or contact lenses even after intraocular lens implantation because the growing eye changes length over time. Glasses fine-tune focus for reading, distance, and equalizing vision between both eyes.PMC+2Medscape+2
5. Can juvenile cataracts come back after surgery?
The removed lens does not grow back, but the posterior capsule left in the eye can become cloudy (posterior capsule opacification). In children, surgeons often perform a primary posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy to reduce this risk. Later laser or surgical treatment can clear new opacification if it occurs.PMC+1
6. Is juvenile-onset cataract always genetic?
Not always. Some cases are linked to gene variants and run in families, while others arise from infections, metabolic problems, trauma, or unknown causes. Genetic counseling may be advised when there is strong family history or associated syndromes.PMC+1
7. Can good diet and supplements prevent surgery?
Healthy diet and supplements can support general eye health but cannot reverse a visually significant cataract. When the lens is too cloudy, surgery is still needed for the brain to receive a clear image and to avoid permanent vision loss.Pennachio Eye+2EyeWiki+2
8. How soon after birth should a congenital cataract be operated on?
For dense bilateral cataracts present at birth, many experts recommend surgery within the first few weeks to months of life to avoid severe amblyopia. Timing is individualized based on the child’s health, cataract density, and anesthetic risk.PMC+2nhs.uk+2
9. Will my child feel pain during cataract surgery?
No. Children have cataract surgery under general anesthesia, so they sleep through the procedure. Some soreness or scratchy feeling can occur afterward, but this is usually well controlled with prescribed drops and medicine.nhs.uk
10. How long is recovery after juvenile cataract surgery?
Initial healing of the surface usually takes a few days, but full stabilization of vision and refraction may take weeks to months. Follow-up visits are frequent at first to adjust drops, check eye pressure, and monitor for complications or amblyopia.Medscape+1
11. Can my child play sports after surgery?
In most cases, children can gradually return to normal play once the surgeon says it is safe. Protective glasses or sports goggles are strongly recommended to protect the operated eye from trauma. Swimming and contact sports may be restricted for a time.PMC+1
12. Is cataract surgery a one-time treatment?
The main surgery is usually one-time, but children often need further adjustments: glasses, possible secondary IOL, YAG laser or surgical clearing for capsule opacification, and long-term monitoring. So cataract care is a process rather than a single event.PMC+2Medscape+2
13. Will juvenile-onset cataract affect school performance?
If untreated, cataract can significantly affect reading, writing, and social interaction. With early surgery, proper optical correction, and classroom accommodations, most children can reach their educational potential. Regular communication between parents, teachers, and the eye team is important.PMC+1
14. Should siblings be screened for cataracts?
Yes, if juvenile cataract appears in one child, especially with a suspected genetic cause, siblings should be examined by an eye specialist. Early detection of smaller or early cataracts can protect their vision and guide genetic counseling for the family.EyeWiki+1
15. What is the long-term outlook for a child with Cataract 46 juvenile-onset?
The long-term prognosis depends on how dense the cataracts are, how early they are treated, presence of other eye problems, and adherence to glasses and patching therapy. With timely surgery, careful follow-up, and supportive nutrition and lifestyle, many children can achieve useful, sometimes near-normal vision and lead full, active lives.PMC+2MDPI+2
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: November 15, 2025.
