Blighia sapida/Ackee scientifically known as Blighia sapida is a fruit that majorly comes from Jamaica. It is a national fruit of Jamaica and is a member of the Sapindaceae plant family.  They are pear-shaped fruit and is green in color and after they mature it turns into bright red to yellow-orange, and splits open to reveal three big, shiny black seeds, each partly enclosed by soft, creamy or spongy, white to yellow flesh—the aril. The fruit typically weighs 100–200 grams.  This fruit is used in many dishes and cuisines of Jamaica. It is typically made with salted codfish and is known as ackee and saltfish which is the national dish of Jamaica as well.

The ackee fruit, Blighia sapida, is a tropical exotic widely known for its toxicity, is regarded as a marker species for Jamaican nationals, and was named in honor of William Bligh. Bligh was  a  British  naval  officer  and  colonial administrator who was responsible for the transportation of an ackee plant on the Providence from Jamaica to Kew Gardens in England in 1793, where ackee was scientifically described by botanist Charles Konig (Konig anglicized  his name from Karl  König, or  Koenig.) Ackee belongs to the botanical family Sapindaceae, also known as the soapberry family; other known family members include lychee (Litchi chinensis), longan (Dimocarpus lon­ gan), rambutan  Nephelium lappaceum, and genip Meli­ coccus bijugatus.

ACKEE FACTS

The name Ackee is derived from the West African name “Akye Fufo”. It is native to forests of the Ivory Coast and Gold Coast of West tropical Africa. Ackee, Akee, Akee Apple, Aki, Savory Akee Tree, Vegetable Brain are some of the common names of the Ackee. Ackee is the national fruit of Jamaica and is enjoyed as a prepared breakfast dish or as a lunch or dinner entrée. When fruit rips on the tree, it opens to reveal three large black shiny seeds surrounded by bright yellow flesh. The yellow flesh around the seed is edible; the rest of the fruit contains toxic levels of hypoglycin A and B, which can cause mild to severe vomiting, convulsions, coma, and even death in some cases.

Plant

Ackee is a perennial evergreen tree growing up to 10–12 m and thrives well in full sun or partial shade and prefers deep, fertile loamy soils with abundant moisture, but makes satisfactory growth on shallow sandy soils or calcareous soils. It has a short trunk of 1.8 m in circumference and grey, smooth bark, and a dense crown of spreading branches. Leaves are alternate, pinnately compound with 3–5 pairs of oblong, obovate-oblong, or elliptic leaflets, 15–30 cm long, with obtuse base and acuminate apex, glossy bright-green on the upper surface, dull and paler, and finely hairy on the prominently raised lateral veins on the underside. Leaflets are 8–12 centimeters (3.1–4.7 in) long and 5–8 centimeters (2.0–3.1 in) wide. Flowers are bisexual and male bore together in simple racemes 7.5– 17.5 cm long, fragrant, 5-merous, greenish-white, and pubescent.

Fruit

Ackee is a colorful and delicious fruit that is a popular addition to numerous exotic dishes and has become a backbone in Caribbean cuisine, because of its flavor and its beneficial health properties. It is pear shape and is green in color which turns into yellow-orange when completely ripe. When ripe it splits open to reveal three large, shiny black seeds, each partly enclosed by soft, creamy, or spongy, white to yellow flesh. The yellow edible fruit is known as the aril. The base of each aril is attached to the inside of the stem-end of the “jacket” by pink or orange-red membranes. The fruit of the Ackee is not edible. It is only the fleshy arils around the seeds that are edible. The remainder of the fruit, including the seeds, is poisonous. The fruit should be picked after the fruit has opened naturally, and must be fresh and not overripe. Immature and overripe ackee is also poisonous! Arilli are tender and are normally added to the dish last, and cooked through when the cream-colored ackee turns yellow. The fruit has tasted like scrambled eggs and is a delicate flavor. This fruit is used in many dishes and cuisines and is the national fruit of Jamaica. It is usually made with salted codfish and is known as ackee and saltfish. The ackee and saltfish are the national dishes of Jamaica as well. The fruit typically weighs 100–200 grams (3.5–7.1 oz.). Ackee plant produces fruit 2 times per year, between January and March, and June and August.

History

The earliest identified reference to ackee occurs in the Hortus Eastensis, a catalog prepared by the botanist Arthur Broughton of the “exotic plants”  growing in Hinton East’s botanic garden near Gordon Town, Jamaica at the time of East’s death in 1792.  In that listing, Broughton gave no scientific name and simply called the plant akee. Broughton added, “This plant was brought here in a slave ship from the coast of Africa, and now grows very luxuriant, producing every year large quantities of fruit.”

In the ackee fruit’s native homeland the seeds are crushed to a pulp and thrown into freshwater systems where the stunned fish are gathered quickly as they float to the surface. Fish take saponins directly into their bloodstream via the gills; therefore the toxin acts on the respiratory organs of the fish without affecting their edibility. Even though saponins intoxication is effective, it is usually not fatal, and fish washed away into untainted waters tend to revive to pre-toxic conditions. For this reason, the West Africans being captured, sold into slavery, and transported to the New World saw the need to take with them seeds of the ackee fruit with the hope of catching some fish to aid in their survival. However, the landscape and topography were very different in the Caribbean islands where the freshwater systems are much smaller and faster flowing; therefore this technique of fishing was not as effective as in Africa.

Nutritional Value

Apart from their scrambled eggs like the taste and delicate flavor, ackee is a good source of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Consuming 100 grams of Ackee offers 15.2 g of Total Fat, 30 mg of Vitamin C, 240 mg of Sodium, 1 mg of Zinc, 0.7 mg of Iron, 2.7 g of Total Dietary Fiber, 1.1 mg of Vitamin B3, and 2.9 g of Protein.

Health benefits of Ackee

Ackee is packed with vitamins, nutrients, and organic components that make it a useful dietary tool for a number of health conditions. Let’s take a closer look at the many health benefits of ackee.

1. Blood Pressure

It is recommended to increase the intake of potassium for those who are suffering from high blood pressure. Therefore it is best to include Ackee in your normal diet to increase your potassium content since it consists of 270 mg of potassium which is 5.74% of the daily recommended value. High potassium content acts as a vasodilator, decreasing the strain and work that your cardiovascular system must do to pump blood through the body, thus lowering your chances of atherosclerosis and damage to your arteries and blood vessels.(1)

2. Protein Power

Protein is one of the key ingredients of a healthy diet and getting it from a delicious fruit like ackee is even wonderful! Protein is basically the building block of cells, muscle tissue, as well as other important aspects of our body that needs to be repeatedly replenished. Ackee isn’t always admired for its high protein content, but it is remarkably high for a fruit.(2)

3. Digestive Issues

The rich fiber content of ackee makes it a perfect digestive aid, since dietary fiber helps to bulk up stool, and eradicates constipation, simply by inducing peristaltic motion in the gut. Apart from that it helps move food along, preventing bloating, cramping, constipation, and other inflammation of the colon, which may result in more serious issues like colorectal cancer. Similarly, dietary fiber helps to lower cholesterol and boost heart health!(3)

4. Bone Strength

Ackee is loaded with numerous essential minerals like calcium, zinc, phosphorous, and iron all of which contribute to healthier bones as well as help to avoid bone loss and demineralization. Regular intake of minerals can slow, stop, or reverse the effects of osteoporosis as we age, leaving us stronger for longer!(4)

5. Fights off Colds and Flu

Vitamin C contained in Ackee is beneficial for the immune system and plays an important role in your body’s capability to fight off colds and viruses. 1000 mg of Vitamin C is appropriate to fight off an oncoming cold whereas 4000 mg per day is required to get rid of a cold that is previously in your system.

Regular use of Ackee during colds and flu can help to reduce the risk of developing further complications, like pneumonia and lung infections.

6. Circulation

Lack of iron or insufficient iron is one of the most common causes of anemia. Ackee’s higher iron content solves that problem impeccably, ensuring that you avoid the side effects of anemia like weakness, digestive distress, cognitive disorders, and lightheadedness. Iron is a key component of hemoglobin, which is essential to produce RBC (red blood cells).(5)

7. Heart Health

Aside from its effect on blood pressure, ackee also boasts a remarkable range of beneficial fatty acids, like stearic, linoleic, and palmitic acids. Those acids are unsaturated fats, which are the type of fat that you want to increase your heart health and lower dangerous cholesterol levels. By removing the most unhealthy saturated fats from the diet, you can protect yourself from atherosclerosis, strokes, heart attacks, and coronary heart disease.(6)

8. Immune Effects

Vitamin C is one of the most common vitamins found in fruits and vegetables and ackee is no exception. With a rich ascorbic acid content, ackee helps to boost our immune system by encouraging the development of white blood cells and contributing some of its antioxidant powers to avoiding chronic diseases and cellular mutation. Additionally, vitamin C is an integral part of collagen, which is necessary for the body to make muscles, blood vessels, and tissues.(7)

9. Prevention of Muscle Cramps

Muscle cramps are mainly caused due to electrolyte imbalance & dehydration and are quite common in the summer months. Sodium present in ackee is responsible for muscle contraction as well as hydration. Sodium-rich juices and fluids help to restore the number of electrolytes. Ackee is one of the best options for getting the required amount of sodium since it contained 240 mg of sodium which is 16.00% of the daily recommended value.

10. Diabetes Control

Ackee is rich in complex, energy-producing carbs, which help to normalize the sugar levels in your body. By avoiding the dips and spikes in glucose levels that you get from simple sugars, ackee helps to fend off Type II diabetes. The higher fiber content in ackee is a great way to control glucose and insulin levels in the blood.(8)

How to Eat

• Fleshy arils from fully ripe fruits are consumed fresh or used for many dishes after parboiling, cooking, or frying.
• Arils of the ripe fruit are nutty-flavored, and cooked arils have the texture of scrambled eggs.
• Seeds are discarded and the arils, while still fresh and firm are best parboiled in salted water or milk and then lightly fried in butter.
• They are often cooked with codfish, onions, and tomatoes in Jamaica.
• Soon after parboiling, they are added to a stew of beef, salt-pork and scallions, thyme, and other seasonings.
• They are occasionally curried and eaten with rice.
• Fleshy arils are processed in brine, canned, and exported.
• They are eaten raw or in soup, or after frying in oil in Africa.
• Ripe arils are consumed directly fresh, added to the sauce to replace sesame seeds or peanuts, or grounded into powder and added to the sauce in Benin.
• Arils are also fried in peanut oil or palm oil.
• In Benin, the ethnic group, Natemba, uses the young leaves as vegetables.

Other Traditional uses and benefits of Ackee

• Many parts of the plant are used in folkloric medication in several tropical countries.
• A repeated small dose of an aqueous extract of the seed has been administered to expel parasites in Brazil.
• Leaves and bark are regarded as a stomachic in Colombia. Various preparations are made for the treatment of epilepsy and yellow fever.
• Cubans blend the ripe arils with sugar and cinnamon and give the mixture as a febrifuge and as a treatment for dysentery.
• The bark is mixed with pungent spices (Capsicum pepper) in an ointment applied to relieve pain in Ghana.
• Crushed new foliage is applied on the forehead to relieve severe headaches.
• Seeds are ingested to treat nausea and vomiting.
• Leaves, crushed with salt, are poultice on ulcers and yaws in Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria.
• Finance is widely used for the treatment of yellow fever, epilepsy, and edema, and as a laxative and diuretic in Côte d’Ivoire.
• Leaf juice is used as an eye drop in ophthalmia and conjunctivitis.
• Bark pulp is used as a liniment for edema intercostal pains.
• Leaves are used for the therapy of fever and vertigo, and twigs for hepatitis, cirrhosis, and amygdalin is in Benin.
• Decoctions of bark or fruit walls are applied to wounds and the fruit pulp to treat whitlow in Togo.
• Pounded bark is administered as an antidote to snake, stings, and scorpion bites, and pounded seeds to treat stomach complaints.
• To treat whitlow, ackee bark is crushed with common bean or cowpea and salt and applied to the finger; or crushed roasted seeds added to palm oil and similarly applied; or a mixture of ackee seeds and cashew nuts is incinerated and the ash applied to the finger.
• To treat head lice the fruit capsule is burned and the ashes are used to wash the head.
• To treat dental decay, crushed seeds and salt is applied to the decaying teeth, or crushed dried bark is placed on the hole of the decaying teeth.
• For apparition of the first children’s teeth, a decoction of leaves and bark is drunk.
• The child is washed with a root infusion or with a water decoction of pounded leaves to treat child fever.
• Pounded leaves of ackee and teak or pounded leaves of ackee and mango are used to treat fever.
• Powdered dried bark and salt are added to porridge and ingested, or crushed bark and African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) are eaten to treat yellow fever.
• Bark solution is used to wash the eyes to deal with eye problems.
• Bark infusion; decoction of dried bark; an infusion of the bark plus green pepper seeds (Capsicum annum) and soybean leaves; an infusion of ackee and papaya leaves or a leaf decoction is taken to treat malaria.
• Powdered dried bark and salt are applied on wounds caused by scorpion and snake bites.
• Powdered seed or bark; or crushed, roasted seed, and palm oil are used to heal wounds.
• Crushed bark plus cowpea or common bean is applied on abscesses.
• Juice from crushed bark and honey is applied to burns.
• To treat cutaneous infections, buttons on the body, a shower is taken with an infusion of leaves and bark.
• Soaked leaves are used as a massage for fractured limbs.
• Crush-dried bark is taken with porridge to treat internal hemorrhage.
• To treat pregnant women’s blood flow, macerated leaves previously exposed to the dew plus limestone are drunk.
• A bark decoction is taken for constipation; root decoction for anemia, leaf decoction for vomiting, and decoction of leaves of akee and Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) is taken for dysentery.
• To treat Guinea-worn infection, crushed dried bark plus Shea butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) and potash are applied to the skin.

Other Facts

• Oil from B. sapida fruit is edible and may be explored as raw materials in the paint, margarine, and soap industries.
• Bigha sapida leaves are a good to-feed resource for West African dwarf goats, especially in the dry season.
• The ethnic groups, Otamari and Natemba, located in the North-West of Benin use powdered bark, seeds, and capsule to poison fish rendering them easier to catch.
• Ackee soap is mostly produced and commercialized by women from the ethnic groups Otamari, Batombu, and Namba.
• Whole immature fruits are cut into small pieces and plunged into the water for washing clothes in the Pobè region (South-East Benin).
• Ash from calcined capsules is used as a repellent for some insect pests in cowpea or common bean in the region of Dali.
• Thad dried; crushed bark is combined with seeds of pearl millet and African finger millet before sowing to thwart insects’ attacks in Boukoumbe.
• An extract of the flowers is appreciated as a cologne in Cuba.
• Heartwood is reddish-brown, hard, coarse-grained, durable, and immune to termites and is used locally for light construction and pilings, building materials, carpentry, and related applications, farming, forestry, hunting, and fishing apparatus and has been recommended for railway sleepers.
• In the timber trade, the wood is marketed as achin or tsana. The wood is also used for fuel and lighting.

Precautions

• Ackee is poisonous when it’s consumed before it is fully ripened.
• Eating unripe ackee can cause Jamaican vomiting sickness, which can cause severe vomiting and hypoglycemia.

References

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