Vaginal Dysbiosis

Types of Vaginal Dysbiosis
Causes of Vaginal Dysbiosis
Symptoms of Vaginal Dysbiosis
Diagnostic Tests for Vaginal Dysbiosis
Non-Pharmacological Treatments
Drug Treatments
Dietary Molecular & Herbal Supplements
Regenerative & Immunity-Boosting Drugs
Surgical Procedures
Prevention Strategies
When to See a Doctor
What to Eat” and “What to Avoid”
Frequently Asked Questions

Vaginal dysbiosis is a condition in which the natural balance of microorganisms in the vagina is disturbed, allowing harmful or opportunistic microbes to overgrow and outnumber the beneficial Lactobacillus species. In a healthy vagina, Lactobacilli produce lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins that keep the pH low (around 3.5–4.5) and inhibit the growth of pathogens. When this balance is disrupted—by antibiotics, hormonal shifts, behaviors, or immune changes—non-Lactobacillus bacteria, yeasts, or protozoa can flourish, leading to inflammation, infection, and symptoms such as unusual discharge, odor, and irritation Frontiers.

Vaginal dysbiosis is an imbalance in the normal mix of microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, and other microbes) that live in the vagina. A healthy vagina has lots of “good” bacteria—mainly Lactobacilli—that keep the environment slightly acidic (pH 3.8–4.5). When these good bacteria drop, other microbes grow too much and cause symptoms like unusual discharge, odor, itching, or discomfort. Vaginal dysbiosis is not a single disease but a spectrum of imbalances, ranging from bacterial vaginosis (BV) to yeast overgrowth and other conditions. Understanding and treating dysbiosis helps restore comfort, prevent complications, and support overall vaginal health.

Types of Vaginal Dysbiosis

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
- Characterized by an overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Mobiluncus spp.) and a decrease in Lactobacilli. BV is the most common form of vaginal dysbiosis, affecting up to 29% of women of reproductive age in some populations PMCScienceDirect.
Aerobic Vaginitis (AV)
- Marked by overgrowth of aerobic bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) plus inflammatory leukocytes. AV often presents with redness, burning, and a yellow-tinged discharge. Diagnosis relies on microscopy and a scoring system based on leukocyte proportions, lactobacillary grade, and toxic leucocytes Wikipedia.
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (Yeast Infection)
- Caused by overgrowth of Candida species (most commonly Candida albicans). Symptoms include thick, white (“cottage-cheese”) discharge, itching, and soreness. Unlike BV, the pH often remains normal (<4.5) Wikipedia.
Trichomoniasis
- A sexually transmitted protozoal infection by Trichomonas vaginalis. Presents with frothy, greenish-yellow discharge, itching, and a “musty” odor. Often co-exists with other forms of dysbiosis.
Other Community State Type (CST) Dysbioses
- Molecular studies classify vaginal microbiomes into five CSTs. CST IV (high diversity, low Lactobacillus) correlates strongly with dysbiosis. Subtypes include CST IV-A (mixed anaerobes) and IV-B (dominated by Gardnerella and Atopobium) Frontiers.

Causes of Vaginal Dysbiosis

Antibiotic Use
Broad-spectrum antibiotics do not distinguish between harmful and beneficial bacteria. Killing Lactobacilli allows anaerobes or yeasts to overgrow, leading to dysbiosis Frontiers.
Hormonal Fluctuations
Changes in estrogen (during menstruation, pregnancy, menopause) alter glycogen availability in vaginal cells, reducing the substrate Lactobacilli need to produce protective lactic acid Wikipedia.
Douching and Vaginal Cleansing
Irritation from harsh soaps or antiseptics raises vaginal pH and washes away protective Lactobacilli, predisposing to dysbiosis Wikipedia.
Unprotected Sexual Activity
Semen has an alkaline pH (~7.2–8) that transiently raises vaginal pH and can introduce new microbes, upsetting the microbial ecosystem Frontiers.
Multiple Sexual Partners
Exposure to diverse microflora increases risk of introducing pathogens that can outcompete Lactobacilli.
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
Foreign bodies can alter local immunity and microenvironment, sometimes promoting bacterial overgrowth Biocodex Microbiota Institute.
Immunosuppression
Conditions such as HIV infection or medications (e.g., corticosteroids) reduce immune surveillance, allowing opportunistic microbes to proliferate.
Diabetes Mellitus
High blood sugar leads to elevated vaginal glucose levels, feeding both yeast and bacteria. Diabetics also have impaired neutrophil function.
Stress and Cortisol Increase
Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which can reduce mucosal immunity and lower glycogen in epithelial cells, impacting Lactobacilli survival Wikipedia.
Poor Nutrition
Diets low in prebiotic fibers and rich in high-glycemic foods can alter systemic and vaginal microbiota balance.
Tight or Non-Breathable Clothing
Increased moisture and warmth in the vulvovaginal area favor microbial overgrowth.
Synthetic Underwear and Hygiene Products
Non-cotton fabrics and perfumed products can irritate mucosa and disrupt pH and flora.
Menstrual Hygiene Practices
Extended use of tampons or pads without changing can alter pH and microenvironment, promoting dysbiosis.
Prolonged Use of Hormonal Contraceptives
Can alter mucosal immunity and glycogen content in vaginal epithelial cells.
Smoking
Tobacco toxins reduce local immunity and have been linked to higher BV rates Wikipedia.
Low Vitamin D Levels
Vitamin D modulates innate immunity; deficiency correlates with higher BV incidence.
Sexual Lubricants
Some are hyperosmolar or contain irritants that raise pH and damage mucosa.
Allergic Reactions or Irritants
Soaps, spermicides, or latex can cause inflammation, altering microbial balance.
Underlying Gynecologic Conditions
Conditions like pelvic inflammatory disease or cervical dysplasia can impact local immunity and flora.
Age-Related Changes
Post-menopausal estrogen decline leads to atrophic mucosa with reduced glycogen, diminishing Lactobacilli Wikipedia.

Symptoms of Vaginal Dysbiosis

Unusual Vaginal Discharge
May be thin, frothy, grayish, greenish, or clumpy (“cottage cheese”) depending on the overgrowing organism News-Medical.
Fishy or Unpleasant Odor
Especially after intercourse (due to alkaline semen), common in BV.
Itching (Pruritus)
Often intense, can involve vulva and perineum.
Burning Sensation
During urination (dysuria) or general discomfort.
Redness and Swelling
Of vulvar and vaginal mucosa, indicating inflammation.
Pain During Intercourse (Dyspareunia)
Caused by inflamed, sensitive mucosa.
Spotting or Light Bleeding
Particularly after intercourse due to mucosal irritation.
Pelvic or Lower Abdominal Discomfort
Mild cramping or pressure.
Vaginal Dryness
Sometimes paradoxically present, especially in AV or post-menopause.
Burning Itch on Skin Around Vaginal Opening
Can lead to scratching and secondary irritation.
Thickening of Vaginal Walls
On examination, mucosa may appear friable or hypertrophic.
White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) Presence on Microscopy
Seen as “toxic leukocytes” in AV.
Discomfort While Sitting
Due to continual mucosal irritation.
Increased Vaginal pH (>4.5)
Usually asymptomatic but measurable with pH strips.
Irritation of Labia Majora/Minora
Redness, fissures, or excoriations from scratching.

Diagnostic Tests for Vaginal Dysbiosis

Physical Examination

Visual Inspection
Assessment of discharge color, consistency, and mucosal integrity by speculum exam.
Speculum Examination
Allows deeper inspection of vaginal walls and cervix for inflammation or lesions.
Digital (Bimanual) Pelvic Exam
Checks for tenderness, masses, or cervical motion tenderness suggesting pelvic extension.
Tissue Palpation
Gently feeling for induration or thickened areas on vaginal walls.

Manual Tests

Vaginal pH Measurement
Using pH strips applied to lateral vaginal wall; pH >4.5 suggests BV or AV.
Whiff (Amine) Test
Adding 10% KOH to sample; release of a fishy odor indicates BV.
Clue Cell Microscopy
Wet-mount microscopy reveals epithelial cells studded with bacteria, hallmark of BV.
Lactobacillary Grade Scoring
Phase-contrast or Gram stain to classify flora from Grade I (normal) to Grade III (dysbiosis) Wikipedia.

Laboratory & Pathological Tests

Gram Stain with Nugent Scoring
Quantitative scoring (0–10) based on relative amounts of Lactobacilli, Gardnerella, and Mobiluncus PMC.
Culture for Candida
Sabouraud agar culture to confirm yeast overgrowth.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
PCR to detect Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella, Mycoplasma, and other pathogens.
pH-Adjusted Culture Media
Selects for acid-sensitive pathogens, confirming specific dysbiotic organisms.
Inflammatory Markers in Vaginal Fluid
ELISA for cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6) elevated in AV PMC.
Metagenomic Sequencing
Next-generation sequencing to profile all bacterial, fungal, and protozoal DNA in the sample.

Electrodiagnostic Tests

Vaginal Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
Measures changes in tissue conductivity associated with inflammation and altered mucosal integrity.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Quantifies fluid shifts in mucosal tissues; elevated impedance can indicate edema from inflammation.
Surface Electromyography (sEMG) of Pelvic Floor
Assesses muscle spasm or dysfunction secondary to painful dysbiosis.

Imaging Tests

Transvaginal Ultrasound
Rules out pelvic abscess or complicating masses when pelvic pain is significant.
Pelvic MRI
High-resolution imaging for deep pelvic inflammatory changes or abscesses not seen on ultrasound.
Colposcopic Examination
Uses magnification and light to inspect vaginal and cervical mucosa for lesions or atypical vessel patterns.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Below are twenty safe, non-drug approaches to help restore and maintain a healthy vaginal environment. Each paragraph explains what to do, why it helps, and how it works.

Probiotic Suppositories
Inserting probiotic capsules directly into the vagina delivers live Lactobacillus cultures to repopulate good bacteria. Purpose: restore acidity and prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes. Mechanism: Lactobacilli produce lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, lowering pH and blocking pathogens.
Oral Probiotics
Taking oral probiotic supplements with strains like L. rhamnosus or L. reuteri supports gut health and can indirectly benefit the vagina. Purpose: seed beneficial bacteria systemically. Mechanism: bacteria travel from gut to vagina via the rectal-vaginal route, improving microbial balance.
Boric Acid Capsules
Boric acid vaginal capsules (typically 600 mg nightly for 7–14 days) help clear refractory infections. Purpose: reduce pH and inhibit yeast and bacterial overgrowth. Mechanism: boric acid is mildly acidic and antifungal/antibacterial, restoring healthy acidity.
Vaginal pH Balancing Gels
Over-the-counter lactic acid gels adjust vaginal pH to 4.2–4.5. Purpose: create an environment favoring good bacteria. Mechanism: directly lowers pH, discouraging unwanted microbes.
Gentle Vaginal Irrigation with Salt Water
A mild saline rinse (½ teaspoon non-iodized salt in 1 cup warm water) can help flush excess discharge. Purpose: mechanically remove debris and normalize fluid balance. Mechanism: salt water is isotonic, gently cleansing without harming cells.
Cotton Underwear Only
Wearing breathable cotton underwear reduces moisture and heat. Purpose: create a less hospitable environment for pathogens. Mechanism: cotton wicks moisture away; synthetic fabrics trap heat and moisture, promoting growth.
Loose-Fit Clothing
Choosing skirts or loose pants allows airflow around the vaginal area. Purpose: lower humidity and temperature. Mechanism: reduced heat prevents yeast/bacterial overgrowth.
Avoiding Douching
Douching disrupts the healthy microbiome and washes away protective secretions. Purpose: maintain natural self-cleansing mechanisms. Mechanism: vagina regulates its pH and flora—douching upsets that balance.
Probiotic-Rich Foods
Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi contain live cultures. Purpose: boost overall Lactobacillus levels. Mechanism: gut-vagina microbial transfer supports vaginal ecology.
Prebiotic Foods
Foods rich in inulin (onions, garlic, asparagus, bananas) feed good bacteria. Purpose: encourage growth of Lactobacilli. Mechanism: prebiotics are nondigestible fibers metabolized by beneficial bacteria.
Regular Gentle Exercise
Moderate aerobic activity improves circulation, which supports tissue health. Purpose: enhance immune function and blood flow. Mechanism: better perfusion delivers immune cells to vaginal tissues, helping maintain balance.
Stress Management Techniques
Yoga, meditation, or deep-breathing lower cortisol levels. Purpose: reduce stress-related immune suppression. Mechanism: high stress weakens local defenses, allowing dysbiosis.
Adequate Sleep
Sleeping 7–9 hours nightly supports immune restoration. Purpose: maintain robust microbial defenses. Mechanism: sleep regulates immune mediators that help control microbial populations.
Hydration
Drinking 1.5–2 liters of water daily supports natural mucus production. Purpose: maintain vaginal lubrication and self-cleansing. Mechanism: fluids thin secretions, helping clear excess microbes.
Avoiding Scented Products
Perfumed soaps, sprays, and panty liners can irritate and alter pH. Purpose: prevent chemical disruption of flora. Mechanism: fragrances can be alkaline or acidic, upsetting microbial balance.
Mild, pH-Balanced Cleansers
Using unscented, pH 4–5 cleansers prevents harm. Purpose: clean without stripping good bacteria. Mechanism: maintains natural acidity and protective secretions.
Wear Breathable Menstrual Products
Choose unscented pads or thin tampons; change every 4–6 hours. Purpose: reduce prolonged moisture. Mechanism: frequent changing prevents pathogen buildup.
Avoid Tight Swimwear
Wet tight swimsuits trap moisture. Purpose: prevent prolonged dampness. Mechanism: moisture fosters bacterial/yeast proliferation.
Gentle Perineal Wiping
Wipe front-to-back after toileting. Purpose: reduce rectal flora transfer. Mechanism: prevents E. coli and other gut microbes from entering the vagina.
Regular Sexual Hygiene
Urinate before and after intercourse; wash gently with water. Purpose: flush out microbes introduced during sex. Mechanism: reduces risk of bacterial imbalance.

Drug Treatments

When non-drug methods aren’t enough, doctors prescribe medications targeted at the specific type of dysbiosis. All courses assume adult women; dosing may vary in pregnancy or kidney disease.

Metronidazole (Oral, 500 mg twice daily for 7 days)
Class: Nitroimidazole antibiotic
Time: 7 days
Purpose: Treat bacterial vaginosis
Mechanism: Generates free radicals that damage bacterial DNA
Side Effects: Nausea, metallic taste, headache, alcohol reaction
Metronidazole Gel (0.75 %, one applicator intravaginally once daily for 5 days)
Class: Nitroimidazole antibiotic
Time: 5 days
Purpose: Local BV treatment
Mechanism: Disrupts bacterial replication
Side Effects: Vaginal irritation, discharge
Clindamycin Cream (2 %, one applicator intravaginally at bedtime for 7 days)
Class: Lincosamide antibiotic
Time: 7 days
Purpose: Treat BV when metronidazole is contraindicated
Mechanism: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
Side Effects: Vaginal burning, itching
Tinidazole (2 g orally once daily for 2 days)
Class: Nitroimidazole antibiotic
Time: 2 days
Purpose: Alternate BV therapy
Mechanism: Similar to metronidazole
Side Effects: Nausea, headache
Fluconazole (150 mg orally single dose)
Class: Azole antifungal
Time: Single dose for yeast overgrowth
Purpose: Treat vulvovaginal candidiasis
Mechanism: Inhibits fungal cell membrane synthesis
Side Effects: Headache, gastrointestinal upset
Clotrimazole Vaginal Tablet (500 mg intravaginally once)
Class: Azole antifungal
Time: Single dose
Purpose: Alternative for candidiasis
Mechanism: Blocks ergosterol synthesis
Side Effects: Local burning
Nystatin Vaginal Cream (100,000 units intravaginally twice daily for 14 days)
Class: Polyene antifungal
Time: 14 days
Purpose: Treat chronic or resistant candidiasis
Mechanism: Binds fungal cell membrane sterols, causing leakage
Side Effects: Local irritation
Secnidazole (2 g single oral dose)
Class: Nitroimidazole antibiotic
Time: Single dose for BV
Purpose: Convenient BV therapy
Mechanism: Bacterial DNA damage
Side Effects: Nausea, metallic taste
Borric Acid (600 mg intravaginally once daily for 7–14 days)
Class: Antiseptic acid
Time: 7–14 days
Purpose: Refractory yeast/bacterial mix
Mechanism: Creates acidic environment
Side Effects: Vaginal irritation
Dequalinium Chloride (10 mg vaginal tablet once daily for 6 days)
Class: Quaternary ammonium antiseptic
Time: 6 days
Purpose: BV treatment when antibiotics not desired
Mechanism: Disrupts microbial cell membranes
Side Effects: Vaginal dryness

Dietary Molecular & Herbal Supplements

These oral supplements support vaginal health by modulating immunity, acidity, or microbial growth.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (10¹⁰ CFU daily)
Feeds good bacteria and helps acidify the vagina.
Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 (10¹⁰ CFU daily)
Colonizes vaginal mucosa; produces lactic acid.
Cranberry Extract (36 mg PAC daily)
Anti-adhesive for E. coli and some pathogens.
D-mannose (2 g twice daily)
Blocks bacterial attachment to mucosal cells.
Vitamin D3 (2000 IU daily)
Boosts innate immunity and antimicrobial peptides.
Zinc (25 mg daily)
Supports epithelial barrier and immune function.
Garlic Extract (500 mg twice daily)
Contains allicin—antimicrobial against bacteria and yeast.
Berberine (500 mg twice daily)
Alkaloid with broad antibacterial and antifungal action.
Beta-Glucan (250 mg daily)
Immune modulator enhancing macrophage activity.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (1000 mg EPA/DHA daily)
Anti-inflammatory, supports mucosal health.
Sage Leaf Extract (300 mg daily)
Mild antiseptic and astringent effect.
Calendula (Marigold) Extract (500 mg daily)
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
Aloe Vera Juice (30 mL daily)
Soothing, supports mucosal repair.
Manuka Honey (1 tsp orally daily)
Antimicrobial and wound-healing effects.
Green Tea Extract (250 mg EGCG daily)
Polyphenols inhibit bacterial enzymes.

Regenerative & Immunity-Boosting Drugs

Experimental or adjunctive agents to enhance local defenses or tissue repair.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Vaginal Injections
Dosage: 2–4 mL, once monthly for 3 months
Function: Growth factors stimulate tissue regeneration
Mechanism: Promotes collagen formation and mucosal healing
Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Dosage: 1×10⁶ cells via local injection, single or repeat
Function: Replace damaged mucosal cells
Mechanism: Differentiate into epithelial cells, secrete immunomodulators
Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (rhEGF)
Dosage: 50 µg intravaginal cream nightly for 14 days
Function: Enhances mucosal repair
Mechanism: Stimulates epithelial cell proliferation
Topical Interferon-α
Dosage: 3 million IU intravaginally thrice weekly for 4 weeks
Function: Antiviral and immune activation
Mechanism: Increases local antiviral proteins and immune cell recruitment
Vitamin A (Retinoic Acid) Vaginal Gel
Dosage: 0.05 % gel nightly for 4 weeks
Function: Mucosal regeneration
Mechanism: Promotes epithelial differentiation
Thymosin Alpha-1 Injection
Dosage: 1.6 mg subcutaneously twice weekly for 8 weeks
Function: Immunomodulation
Mechanism: Enhances T-cell and NK cell function

Surgical Procedures

Reserved for severe or structural causes of dysbiosis.

Vaginal Septum Resection
Procedure: Remove a congenital or acquired septum dividing the vagina.
Why: Corrects fluid stasis and debris accumulation that promote dysbiosis.
Vulvectomy (Partial)
Procedure: Excise diseased vulvar tissue.
Why: Remove chronic lesions or lichen sclerosus areas causing microbial imbalance.
Vaginal Mucosal Grafting
Procedure: Transplant healthy mucosa to atrophic or scarred areas.
Why: Restore normal tissue surface and secretions.
Labial Reduction (Labiaplasty)
Procedure: Trim hypertrophic labia minora.
Why: Reduce pooling of secretions and irritation.
Pelvic Floor Repair
Procedure: Correct prolapse or muscle defects.
Why: Improves self-cleansing and reduces stasis.

Prevention Strategies

Simple daily steps to avoid recurrent dysbiosis.

Maintain regular menstrual product changes (every 4–6 hours).
Wear breathable cotton underwear.
Use pH-balanced, fragrance-free cleansers only.
Avoid tight, non-breathable clothing.
Practice front-to-back wiping.
Urinate after sexual activity.
Limit use of perfumed soaps and sprays near the genitals.
Stay hydrated (1.5–2 L water daily).
Eat a balanced diet rich in pre- and probiotics.
Manage stress through relaxation techniques.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical care if you experience any of the following:

Persistent itching, burning, or pain lasting more than 3 days
Unusual odor that does not improve with hygiene measures
Thick, cottage-cheese discharge (possible yeast infection)
Thin, grayish discharge with fishy smell (possible BV)
Fever, chills, or pelvic pain (possible pelvic infection)
Bleeding outside of normal periods
Pain during intercourse or urination
Recurrent infections (more than three in one year)

What to Eat” and “What to Avoid”

Keep your diet balanced to support vaginal health.

Eat: Yogurt with live cultures — Avoid: Sugary desserts
Eat: Garlic in cooked meals — Avoid: Excess alcohol
Eat: Leafy greens (spinach, kale) — Avoid: Highly processed snacks
Eat: Whole grains (oats, brown rice) — Avoid: White bread
Eat: Berries rich in antioxidants — Avoid: Artificial sweeteners
Eat: Legumes (beans, lentils) — Avoid: Excess dairy if sensitive
Eat: Nuts and seeds (almonds, flaxseed) — Avoid: Fried foods
Eat: Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel) — Avoid: Trans fats (margarine)
Eat: Prebiotic foods (asparagus, garlic) — Avoid: High-sodium processed foods
Eat: Fermented vegetables (sauerkraut) — Avoid: Douching or vaginal cleansers

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between BV and yeast infection?
BV is overgrowth of bacteria, causing thin gray discharge and odor. Yeast infection is fungal, causing thick, white discharge and itching.
Can I treat vaginal dysbiosis at home?
Mild cases may improve with probiotics, pH-balanced cleansers, and dietary changes. See a doctor if symptoms persist beyond a week.
Are probiotics safe during pregnancy?
Most Lactobacillus probiotics are safe in pregnancy, but check with your healthcare provider before starting any supplement.
Does diet really affect vaginal health?
Yes. A balanced diet rich in fiber, probiotics, and prebiotics supports good bacteria and overall immunity.
Is boric acid treatment painful?
Boric acid capsules may cause mild burning. If severe discomfort occurs, stop use and consult your doctor.
How often should I change tampons or pads?
Every 4–6 hours to prevent moisture buildup and microbial overgrowth.
Can tight yoga pants cause dysbiosis?
Yes. Tight, non-breathable clothing traps heat and moisture, promoting microbial imbalance.
When is surgery needed for vaginal dysbiosis?
Rarely. Surgery is reserved for structural problems (e.g., septum) or chronic scarring that impairs self-cleansing.
Will oral antibiotics affect gut health?
They can disrupt gut flora. Taking oral probiotics during and after antibiotic therapy helps restore balance.
Is sexual activity safe during treatment?
It’s best to abstain or use barrier protection until symptoms clear to avoid reinfection.
Can I douche after treatment?
No. Douching disrupts the healthy microbiome and can worsen dysbiosis.
Are over-the-counter creams effective?
Some azole antifungal creams work for yeast, but antibiotics for BV require prescription products.
How long until I feel better?
Many treatments relieve symptoms within 3–5 days. Full microbiome recovery may take 2–3 weeks.
Can hormonal birth control affect vaginal flora?
Hormonal changes can alter pH and mucus; some women notice more infections on certain contraceptives.
What if infections keep coming back?
Recurrent dysbiosis (≥3 infections/year) needs deeper evaluation for underlying causes such as diabetes or immunodeficiency.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.