A Cataract 32 is a clouding of the natural clear lens inside the eye. The lens normally works like a clear window and a camera focus system. It bends light and helps make a sharp image on the retina at the back of the eye. When a cataract forms, proteins in the lens change and clump together. This makes the lens cloudy and blocks or scatters light. As a result, vision becomes blurred, hazy, or dim.Mayo Clinic+2eyewiki.org+2
Cataracts usually develop slowly over many years. At first they may cause only mild vision problems. Later they can make it hard to read, drive, recognize faces, or see clearly in bright light or at night. Cataracts are very common with ageing and are one of the leading causes of reversible blindness in the world. Surgery can usually restore clear vision by removing the cloudy lens and replacing it with a clear artificial lens.Cleveland Clinic+1
“Cataract 32” can be understood as age-related cataract, where the clear natural lens inside the eye becomes cloudy and blocks light. This clouding is usually caused by ageing changes in lens proteins, long-term UV light, diabetes, smoking, steroid use, and eye injury. Cataracts develop slowly, give blurry vision, glare, halos, and poor night vision, and cannot be fully corrected with glasses once advanced. Cleveland Clinic+2Mayo Clinic+2
A very important point for patients and search engines: the only proven way to remove a cataract and restore clear vision is surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial intra-ocular lens (IOL). Eye drops, tablets, and supplements cannot melt or wash away an established cataract, although they may support eye health or recovery around surgery. Patient+2Lions Eye Institute+2
Other names for cataract
Doctors and health writers use several other names or phrases that mean the same condition as cataract:
“Lens opacity” means that the lens is no longer clear and has developed cloudy areas. This is a more technical term, but it describes the same basic problem: the lens has lost its transparency and light cannot pass through it normally.NCBI
“Lens clouding” or “cloudy lens” are simple phrases that explain cataract in everyday language. They describe the most important feature of the disease – the lens is cloudy instead of clear. Many patient information leaflets use these words to help people understand the condition.Mayo Clinic+1
“Age-related cataract” is used when the cataract is mainly due to ageing changes in the lens. This is the most common type and usually appears after the age of 50–60 years. When patient information websites say “age-related cataracts,” they are describing cataracts caused by normal wear and tear over time.Cleveland Clinic+1
“Congenital cataract” is the name used when a baby is born with a cataract or develops one in early childhood. These cataracts are often related to genetic problems, infections during pregnancy, or metabolic disorders in the child.Wikipedia+1
Types of cataract
There are several main types of cataract. The type depends on where in the lens the clouding starts and what causes it.
- Nuclear cataract affects the central part of the lens, called the nucleus. At first it can cause the lens to become yellow or brown and may temporarily improve near vision (“second sight”). Later it makes distance and near vision cloudy and can cause trouble seeing in low light. Nuclear cataracts are strongly linked with ageing.All About Vision+2Eyes in SJ+2
- Cortical cataract starts in the outer layer (cortex) of the lens. It often looks like white, wedge-shaped streaks or spokes pointing toward the centre. These streaks scatter light and cause glare, halos, and problems with night driving. Cortical cataracts are also more common with ageing, diabetes, and long-term UV exposure.All About Vision+2Eyes in SJ+2
- Posterior subcapsular cataract forms at the back of the lens, just under the capsule (the thin outer membrane of the lens). This type often causes problems with reading, bright light, and glare, and symptoms may progress faster than with other types. It is more common in people who use steroid medicines for a long time, have diabetes, or have high short-sightedness.All About Vision+2Practice Plus Group+2
- Congenital cataract is present at birth or develops in early childhood. It may affect one or both eyes. Sometimes it is inherited; sometimes it is due to infections in the mother during pregnancy, such as rubella, or due to metabolic diseases in the child. If not treated early, congenital cataracts can prevent normal visual development and lead to permanent poor vision (amblyopia).Wikipedia+1
- Traumatic cataract happens after an eye injury. A blunt blow, penetrating injury, sharp object, or chemical burn can damage the lens and cause clouding. Trauma can produce cataracts soon after the injury or many years later.Wikipedia+1
- Secondary cataract is a cataract that develops because of another eye disease or after eye surgery. For example, cataracts can appear after surgery for glaucoma or retinal problems, or in people who have long-standing uveitis (inflammation inside the eye). The term is also sometimes used for clouding of the capsule behind an artificial lens after cataract surgery.Practice Plus Group+1
- Radiation cataract is caused by exposure to certain types of radiation, such as ionizing radiation used in cancer treatment, or long-term exposure to ultraviolet or infrared radiation in some workplaces. The radiation damages lens cells and leads to opacities over time.Wikipedia+2Healthline+2
- Metabolic or systemic disease-related cataract occurs in people with diseases like diabetes, galactosemia, or other metabolic disorders. In diabetes, high blood sugar changes the lens structure and can lead to earlier and faster cataract formation than in people without diabetes.American Diabetes Association+2Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences+2
Causes of cataract
Below are 20 important causes and risk factors that can lead to cataracts or make them more likely to develop.
1. Ageing of the lens
The most common cause of cataract is natural ageing. Over time, proteins in the lens break down and clump together. This process usually starts after about age 40 and becomes more noticeable after age 60. Almost everyone will have some lens clouding with age, but it becomes a cataract when it interferes with daily life.Mayo Clinic+2Cleveland Clinic+2
2. Ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun
Long-term exposure to sunlight, especially UV-B rays, speeds up cataract formation. UV light damages lens proteins and cell membranes. People who work outdoors without proper eye protection are at higher risk. Wearing UV-blocking sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat can help reduce this risk.Centre For Sight+2Stanford Health Care+2
3. Diabetes and high blood sugar
People with diabetes are more likely to develop cataracts at a younger age. High blood sugar changes the fluid and chemical balance inside the lens, causing swelling and protein changes. Good control of blood glucose can slow, but not completely prevent, cataract development.American Diabetes Association+2Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences+2
4. Long-term steroid use
Long-term use of steroid medicines, especially systemic steroids like prednisolone or steroid eye drops, is linked with posterior subcapsular cataracts. Steroids change the metabolism of lens cells and lead to characteristic clouding at the back of the lens.Centre For Sight+2Practice Plus Group+2
5. Smoking tobacco
Smoking increases cataract risk in a dose-dependent way. Chemicals in tobacco smoke cause oxidative stress and damage to lens proteins and membranes. Smokers develop cataracts earlier and are more likely to need surgery than non-smokers. Quitting smoking reduces this risk over time.Stanford Health Care+2Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences+2
6. Heavy alcohol use
Regular heavy drinking is associated with a higher risk of cataract. Alcohol can increase oxidative stress and may interfere with the body’s antioxidant defences, allowing more damage to the lens.Centre For Sight+1
7. Eye injury (trauma)
A direct blow, penetrating wound, or chemical burn can damage the lens capsule and internal structure. This damage may cause cataract soon after the injury or years later. People who have had serious eye trauma should have regular eye checks to look for cataracts.Wikipedia+1
8. Previous eye surgery
Operations for conditions like glaucoma or retinal detachment can disturb the lens or its blood supply and lead to cataract development. Surgery may also change the fluid environment of the eye, which affects the lens over time.Wikipedia+1
9. Prolonged eye inflammation (uveitis)
Chronic inflammation inside the eye, such as uveitis, produces inflammatory chemicals that damage the lens. On top of this, people with uveitis are often treated with steroids, which further increase cataract risk.Wikipedia+1
10. Radiation therapy and occupational radiation
Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as radiotherapy to the head and neck for cancer, can damage lens cells. Workers exposed to high levels of radiation, such as airline crew or radiology staff, may also have increased risk if protection is inadequate.Wikipedia+1
11. High myopia (severe short-sightedness)
People with severe myopia have structural changes in the eye that can be linked with earlier cataract development. The altered shape of the eye and associated retinal changes may make the lens more vulnerable.Practice Plus Group+1
12. Genetic factors and family history
Some people inherit a tendency to develop cataracts earlier in life. There are many genetic syndromes and single-gene changes that affect lens proteins or structure. A family history of early cataracts is an important clue that genes may be involved.Wikipedia+1
13. Congenital infections (during pregnancy)
Infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can affect the developing baby and cause congenital cataracts. The infection damages lens cells or interferes with normal lens development.Wikipedia+1
14. Metabolic diseases in childhood
Conditions like galactosemia or hypocalcemia can cause cataracts in infants and children. Abnormal levels of certain chemicals, such as galactose or calcium, lead to lens swelling and opacification. Treating the underlying metabolic problem is important to prevent progression.Wikipedia+1
15. Obesity and poor diet
Obesity is associated with several metabolic changes, including insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation, which may contribute to cataract risk. Diets low in antioxidants (such as vitamins C and E, lutein, and zeaxanthin) may also make the lens more vulnerable to oxidative damage.Stanford Health Care+1
16. High blood pressure
High blood pressure often occurs together with other vascular risk factors like diabetes and obesity. It may affect the small blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye, including the lens, and is linked in some studies with higher cataract rates.Stanford Health Care+1
17. Long-term use of certain other medicines
Besides steroids, some other medicines have been linked with cataracts, such as some antipsychotic drugs and certain cholesterol-lowering medicines in older studies. The risk is usually small, but doctors consider this when choosing long-term treatment for patients with other risk factors.NCBI+1
18. Atopic dermatitis and other chronic skin diseases
Severe long-term atopic dermatitis and some other systemic skin diseases are associated with earlier cataract formation, possibly due to chronic inflammation, immune changes, and frequent steroid use.NCBI
19. Serious eye infections
Deep eye infections such as endophthalmitis can damage many structures in the eye, including the lens. Even after the infection is treated, the lens may become cloudy and form a cataract.NCBI+1
20. Idiopathic (no clear cause)
In some people, especially older adults, cataracts appear without a clear single cause apart from age. These are called idiopathic cataracts. Often several small risk factors (mild UV exposure, mild smoking, normal ageing) act together to produce the lens opacity.Wikipedia+1
Symptoms of cataract
1. Blurred or cloudy vision
The most common symptom is gradually blurred or cloudy sight. Objects no longer look sharp, and it may feel as if you are looking through frosted glass or a dirty window. This happens because the cloudy lens scatters light instead of focusing it cleanly on the retina.Mayo Clinic+2Cleveland Clinic+2
2. Faded or yellowed colours
Colours may look less bright or more yellow or brown than before. Whites may look cream-coloured. This occurs because the cataract can tint the lens, especially in nuclear cataracts, so the colour balance of light reaching the retina changes.Wikipedia+1
3. Trouble seeing at night
Many people with cataracts notice that driving or walking at night becomes difficult. Low light conditions make it harder for the cloudy lens to focus, and headlights or street lights may produce glare and halos.Mayo Clinic+2Cleveland Clinic+2
4. Sensitivity to bright light and glare
Bright sunlight, oncoming headlights, or strong indoor lights may seem dazzling or painful. The cataract scatters light inside the eye, which increases glare. People often squint or look away from bright sources.Mayo Clinic+2Cleveland Clinic+2
5. Halos around lights
Lights may appear to have rings or halos around them, especially at night. This symptom is common in cortical and posterior subcapsular cataracts, where light is scattered by the cloudy areas in particular patterns.Wikipedia+2Practice Plus Group+2
6. Double vision in one eye
Some people notice double images (seeing two of the same object) in one eye, even when the other eye is covered. The uneven clouding of the lens bends light in abnormal ways and creates multiple images on the retina.Wikipedia+1
7. Needing more light for reading or close work
As the cataract grows, fine details become harder to see. People may find they need stronger lamps, hold books closer, or use magnifiers to read. This is often one of the first daily life problems caused by cataracts.Mayo Clinic+1
8. Frequent changes in glasses or contact lens prescription
Cataracts, especially nuclear ones, can change the focusing power of the lens. People may need new glasses or contact lenses more often than usual. Sometimes near vision suddenly improves for a while (“second sight”) before overall vision worsens again.Cleveland Clinic+1
9. Poor contrast sensitivity
It becomes harder to see differences between light and dark areas or to detect objects against a background of similar colour. For example, people may have trouble seeing grey steps on a grey floor. This can increase the risk of falls.Verywell Health+1
10. Difficulty recognizing faces
Faces across a room may look less clear or may blur into the background. This can affect social interaction and confidence, especially in older adults, and is a clue that visual sharpness is reduced.Mayo Clinic+1
11. Reduced vision in dim or indoor light
Vision can be much worse in dim rooms than in well-lit areas. The eye needs more light to see through the cloudy lens. As a result, activities like cooking, sewing, or reading in the evening become harder.Mayo Clinic+1
12. Colours looking “washed out” or less vivid
People often say that after cataract surgery, colours seem amazingly bright again. Before surgery, the cataract gradually makes colours look washed out and dull, but the change is so slow that people may not notice until after treatment.Wikipedia+2Verywell Health+2
13. Painless, gradual loss of vision
Cataracts usually do not cause pain, redness, or sudden loss of sight. Instead, vision declines slowly over months or years. This is different from many other eye diseases, which may cause pain or sudden changes.Mayo Clinic+2Cleveland Clinic+2
14. Trouble with depth perception and increased falls
Because vision becomes blurred and contrast is reduced, judging distance and step height can become difficult. Older adults with cataracts often have a higher risk of falls, especially on stairs or uneven ground.Wikipedia+1
15. Different vision between the two eyes
Sometimes one eye develops a cataract earlier than the other. This can cause unequal vision, where one eye sees much more clearly than the other. The brain may have trouble combining the two images, leading to discomfort or eye strain.Wikipedia+1
Diagnostic tests for cataract
Physical examination–based tests
1. Medical history and symptom review
Diagnosis starts with a careful discussion of symptoms and general health. The eye doctor asks about blurred vision, glare, night driving, medication use (especially steroids), diabetes, past eye injuries, and family history. This information helps identify cataract as the likely cause and uncovers other possible eye diseases.Mayo Clinic+2Medical News Today+2
2. General physical and neurological examination
The doctor may perform a basic physical and neurological exam, especially if there are signs of other diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, or neurological problems that could affect vision. Checking blood pressure, reflexes, and general health helps to plan safe treatment and surgery if needed.MSD Manuals+1
3. External eye inspection
The doctor looks at the eyes from the outside using a light. They check the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, and the size and shape of the pupils. In advanced cataracts, the pupil may look grey or white instead of black, showing that the lens behind it is cloudy.MSD Manuals+1
4. Pupillary light reflex test
The doctor shines a light into each eye to see how the pupils react. This simple test shows whether the optic nerve and brain pathways are working normally. In most cataract patients, the pupil reaction is normal, which helps separate cataract from optic nerve disease.MSD Manuals+1
Manual vision tests
5. Distance visual acuity test (Snellen chart)
This is the familiar eye-chart test. The patient reads letters or symbols at a fixed distance, usually 6 metres or 20 feet. The smallest line they can read gives a measure like 6/6 or 20/20 (normal) or 6/60 (poor). Reduced visual acuity that improves little with new glasses is a key sign of cataract.Medical News Today+2MSD Manuals+2
6. Near vision test (reading card)
The doctor checks how well the patient can read small print at normal reading distance using a near-vision card. People with cataracts may struggle with fine print even if their distance glasses are correct. Comparing distance and near vision helps judge cataract impact.Medical News Today+1
7. Refraction test (lens power measurement)
Using a phoropter or trial lenses, the optometrist finds the best lens power for each eye. In cataract, vision may improve only a little with stronger lenses, showing that the main problem is lens clouding rather than simple refractive error. Changes in refraction over time can also suggest progressing nuclear cataract.MSD Manuals+2NCBI+2
8. Contrast sensitivity test
This test measures how well the patient can see objects that do not stand out clearly from the background. Special charts or electronic devices show faint grey patterns on a white background. Cataracts often reduce contrast sensitivity even when visual acuity seems acceptable, explaining why patients still feel they “cannot see well.”MSD Manuals+1
9. Glare testing
Glare tests expose the eye to bright light while measuring visual acuity. They show how much vision drops when headlight-like glare is present. Cataracts often cause a marked drop in vision under glare conditions, mirroring real-life problems with night driving.MSD Manuals+2Medical News Today+2
10. Visual field screening (confrontation test)
In this simple test, the doctor compares the patient’s side vision with their own by moving fingers in different directions while the patient looks straight ahead. Cataracts mainly affect central clarity, but this test helps to rule out glaucoma, stroke, or retinal disease that might also be present.MSD Manuals+1
Lab and pathological tests
11. Fasting blood glucose and HbA1c
Blood sugar tests and HbA1c (a measure of long-term glucose control) help detect diabetes or poor sugar control, which are major risk factors for cataract. Knowing this allows doctors to advise better sugar control and manage surgical risks, such as poor wound healing or infection.American Diabetes Association+2Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences+2
12. Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk tests
Blood tests for cholesterol and triglycerides, along with blood pressure checks, help assess overall vascular health. Metabolic syndrome and vascular disease often accompany cataracts, and treating them improves the patient’s general health and surgical safety.Stanford Health Care+1
13. Serum calcium and parathyroid function tests
In patients with cataracts at a very young age or with other signs of metabolic disease, doctors may test calcium and parathyroid hormone. Disturbances in calcium balance can affect lens transparency and are part of the work-up for unusual cataracts.NCBI
14. Genetic testing for hereditary cataract
In children or young adults with a strong family history or with other congenital abnormalities, genetic testing can identify mutations in lens-related genes or broader syndromes. This information helps with counselling, screening of relatives, and understanding the risk of cataracts in future children.Wikipedia+1
15. Infectious disease screening in infants (TORCH panel)
For babies with congenital cataract, blood tests for infections such as toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes (TORCH) can identify infections acquired before birth. Finding the cause helps plan treatment and may reveal other organ problems needing care.Wikipedia+1
Electrodiagnostic tests
16. Electroretinography (ERG)
ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to flashes of light. It is used mainly when vision is very poor and doctors need to know whether the problem is only cataract or also retinal disease. A normal ERG suggests that once the cloudy lens is removed, the retina should be able to see well.MSD Manuals+1
17. Visual evoked potentials (VEP)
VEP measures the electrical activity in the brain’s visual cortex in response to visual stimuli. It helps to check the whole visual pathway from the eye to the brain. In dense cataract with poor view of the retina, VEP can help predict how much vision is possible after surgery and rule out serious optic nerve or brain disease.MSD Manuals+1
Imaging and detailed eye examination
18. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy
The slit lamp is a special microscope with a bright, narrow beam of light. It allows the doctor to view the cornea, iris, lens, and front part of the retina at high magnification while the patient sits comfortably. With this tool, the doctor can see exactly where the cataract is, how dense it is, and what type it is (nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular). This is the key examination for diagnosing and grading cataracts.eyewiki.org+2Texas State Optical+2
19. Dilated retinal examination (indirect ophthalmoscopy)
Eye drops are used to widen (dilate) the pupil. The doctor then uses a slit lamp or a handheld ophthalmoscope and special lenses to examine the retina and optic nerve. This test checks for other eye diseases, such as macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy, that might also affect vision and influence the decision about cataract surgery.Mayo Clinic+2MSD Manuals+2
20. Ocular ultrasound (B-scan) and optical coherence tomography (OCT)
If the cataract is very dense and the doctor cannot see the retina clearly, a B-scan ultrasound can produce a picture of the inside of the eye. It helps detect retinal detachment, tumours, or other serious problems before surgery. OCT is a non-contact imaging test that uses light waves to take cross-section pictures of the retina and macula. It is especially useful for finding subtle macular disease that might limit vision even after cataract removal. These imaging tests guide realistic expectations and safe surgical planning.MSD Manuals+2Mayo Clinic+2
Non-Pharmacological Treatments (Therapies and Other Measures)
Below, “treatments” means ways to support vision, slow progression, or improve surgery results. They do not replace cataract surgery.
1. UV-protective sunglasses and hat
Wearing sunglasses that block 99–100% of UVA/UVB and using a wide-brim hat reduces harmful light reaching the lens. This may help slow lens protein damage and reduce glare and halos, making daytime vision more comfortable. Purpose: to protect the lens and improve comfort. Mechanism: reduces oxidative stress from UV and bright light on lens fibres. Mayo Clinic+1
2. Better indoor lighting and contrast
Bright, non-glary lighting, task lamps for reading, and high-contrast text (large black letters on white background) help the eye work with a cloudy lens. Purpose: to improve function with existing cataract. Mechanism: stronger light and contrast help more photons reach the retina, partly compensating for lens clouding and scattering. eyewiki.org+1
3. Regular eye examinations
Seeing an ophthalmologist or optometrist regularly allows early diagnosis, monitoring of cataract stage, and timely planning of surgery before driving or daily life become unsafe. Purpose: to detect and stage cataract, check pressure and retina. Mechanism: slit-lamp, dilated fundus exam and vision tests track changes and guide when surgery is needed. AAO+1
4. Optimising glasses or contact lenses
Updated glasses prescriptions, bifocals, or contact lenses can give better focus in mild or moderate cataract stages. Purpose: to temporarily improve clarity and reduce eye strain. Mechanism: correcting refractive error around the cloudy lens helps image focus on the retina even though some light is scattered. Cleveland Clinic+1
5. Strict blood sugar control in diabetes
High blood sugar speeds cataract formation by drawing water into the lens and forming damaging sugar–protein links. Good diabetes control, with diet, exercise and prescribed medication, may slow cataract progression and improve surgery outcomes. Mechanism: reduces osmotic stress and glycation damage to lens proteins and capsule. Mayo Clinic+1
6. Stop smoking and limit alcohol
Smoking and heavy alcohol use increase oxidative stress and change lens proteins, raising cataract risk. Stopping smoking and reducing alcohol intake are key lifestyle “treatments”. Purpose: to reduce further lens damage and systemic disease burden. Mechanism: lowers free radical load and toxic metabolites that can damage lens fibres. MDPI+1
7. Healthy weight and regular physical activity
Being overweight, with high blood pressure and high lipids, is linked to faster cataract and poorer surgical recovery. Moderate daily exercise and weight control help overall vascular health, which supports ocular tissues. Mechanism: improved circulation and metabolic control may reduce oxidative and inflammatory stress on the lens. MDPI+1
8. Low-vision aids (magnifiers, large-print devices)
For people waiting for surgery or not yet suitable, hand or stand magnifiers, electronic magnifiers, large-print books, and screen zoom are very helpful. Purpose: to keep people reading, working and independent. Mechanism: magnification enlarges the image on the retina and compensates partly for reduced contrast due to lens haze. eyewiki.org+1
9. Driving and night-vision adjustments
Cataracts often make night driving and oncoming headlights difficult. Avoiding night driving, planning journeys in daylight, and using anti-glare coatings are practical safety treatments. Mechanism: reducing exposure to low-contrast, high-glare situations lowers accident risk while vision is impaired. Cleveland Clinic+1
10. Protecting eyes from trauma
Wearing safety glasses at work, during sports, or doing DIY helps prevent lens injury and traumatic cataract. Purpose: primary prevention of new or worsening cataracts. Mechanism: physical barriers stop sharp, blunt, or chemical injuries reaching the lens and capsule. eyewiki.org+1
11. Careful use of systemic and ocular steroids
Long-term steroid tablets, inhalers or eye drops can speed up posterior subcapsular cataract. Using the lowest effective dose and exploring non-steroid options with a doctor may reduce this risk. Mechanism: steroids change lens metabolism and protein structure, increasing opacity. FDA Access Data+1
12. Patient education and home safety
Teaching patients about cataract symptoms, fall risks, and home changes (grab bars, non-slip mats, clear pathways) is a non-drug treatment that prevents injury while vision is reduced. Mechanism: better understanding leads to behavioural changes that keep people safe until and after surgery. eyewiki.org+1
Drug Treatments Around Cataract 32
There are no FDA-approved drops or pills that reverse cataract itself. Medicines are used to treat inflammation, pain, and infection related to cataract surgery and to control systemic diseases that make cataracts worse. Patient+2ascrs.org+2
Below doses are typical examples from prescribing information; only an eye specialist can decide the right medicine and schedule for an individual patient.
1. Ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic (Acular/Acuvail)
Class: topical NSAID. Usual dose: 0.4–0.5% drops up to 4 times daily in the operated eye for around 2–4 weeks, as directed. Purpose: reduce pain and inflammation after cataract surgery and help prevent cystoid macular oedema. Mechanism: blocks prostaglandin synthesis (COX inhibition), lowering inflammatory cell activity. Side effects: stinging, delayed corneal healing, rare corneal thinning. Wiley Online Library+3FDA Access Data+3FDA Access Data+3
2. Nepafenac ophthalmic (Nevanac, Ilevro)
Class: topical NSAID pro-drug. Typical dose: 0.1% three times daily or 0.3% once daily after surgery, depending on brand. Purpose: treat pain and inflammation, and in some diabetics reduce risk of postoperative macular oedema. Mechanism: converted to amfenac inside the eye, which inhibits COX-1/COX-2 and prostaglandins. Side effects: eye irritation, corneal problems in susceptible patients. Wikipedia+2PLOS+2
3. Bromfenac ophthalmic (Prolensa, Bromday, Yellox)
Class: topical NSAID. Usually once or twice daily for several weeks after cataract extraction. Purpose: relieve ocular pain and inflammation and reduce macular oedema risk. Mechanism: potent COX-2 inhibition in ocular tissues, decreasing inflammatory mediators in the anterior chamber and retina. Side effects: mild eye discomfort, rare corneal complications; caution in NSAID-sensitive patients. Dove Medical Press+3Wikipedia+3PMC+3
4. Diclofenac ophthalmic
Class: topical NSAID. Dosing: commonly four times daily for a short period after surgery (exact schedule varies). Purpose: control post-operative inflammation and photophobia. Mechanism: inhibits COX enzymes and prostaglandin formation, reducing vascular leakage and white-cell migration. Side effects: burning, corneal surface damage in at-risk eyes, particularly with prolonged use. ascrs.org+2Wiley Online Library+2
5. Prednisolone acetate 1% ophthalmic (Pred Forte/Omnipred and generics)
Class: corticosteroid. Usual example: 1 drop 4 times daily, then tapered over several weeks. Purpose: treat steroid-responsive inflammation of the anterior segment after cataract surgery. Mechanism: suppresses multiple inflammatory pathways, reducing swelling, cells and flare in the anterior chamber. Side effects: elevated intraocular pressure, delayed healing, higher infection risk, cataract progression with long-term use in other settings. Mayo Clinic+3DailyMed+3All About Vision+3
6. Dexamethasone intraocular suspension 9% (DEXYCU)
Class: intraocular corticosteroid depot. Dosing: a single injection into the capsular bag during surgery by the surgeon. Purpose: long-acting control of postoperative inflammation without frequent drops. Mechanism: slow release of dexamethasone near target tissues for several weeks, dampening inflammatory cell activity. Side effects: IOP rise, infection risk, rare complications related to injection technique. Dove Medical Press+2PMC+2
7. Dexamethasone intracanalicular insert
Class: corticosteroid insert. Dosing: one 0.4 mg insert placed in the lower canaliculus at surgery; dissolves over about 30 days. Purpose: treat post-surgical ocular pain and inflammation with a “drop-free” regimen. Mechanism: sustained steroid release directly through tear film to ocular surface and anterior chamber. Side effects: transient IOP rise, foreign-body sensation, rare canalicular issues. SpringerLink+2f1000research.com+2
8. Fluoroquinolone antibiotic eye drops (moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin)
Class: topical fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Typical dose example (Vigamox): 1 drop three times daily for about 7 days; pre- and post-operative courses vary. Purpose: prevent or treat bacterial infection and endophthalmitis around cataract surgery. Mechanism: inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking DNA replication and killing bacteria. Side effects: eye irritation, rare allergy; intracameral use requires special dosing. CRSToday+5DailyMed+5U.S. Food and Drug Administration+5
9. Systemic management of risk factors (e.g., metformin, antihypertensives, statins)
While not cataract drugs, medicines that control diabetes, blood pressure and lipids reduce complications and improve surgical safety. Purpose: control systemic disease that speeds cataracts and affects healing. Mechanism: better vascular and metabolic control lowers oxidative and microvascular stress on ocular tissues. Side effects: drug-specific and must be reviewed with the treating physician. MDPI+1
10. Lubricating eye drops (preservative-free artificial tears)
Class: ocular lubricants. Dosing: as needed, often several times daily, especially after surgery. Purpose: relieve dryness, burning and foreign-body sensation, which often worsen after cataract surgery and with frequent medicated drops. Mechanism: stabilise tear film, reduce friction, protect epithelium and improve comfort. Side effects: usually minimal; preservatives can irritate, so preservative-free options are preferred in frequent use. SpringerLink+1
Dietary Molecular Supplements
Supplements may support overall eye health and oxidative balance, but they cannot remove cataracts. Always discuss dose with a doctor, especially if pregnant, on blood thinners, or with kidney disease. MDPI+1
1. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin C is a strong water-soluble antioxidant found in citrus fruits, berries and peppers. Typical supplement doses used for general health are 75–90 mg/day, with an upper safe limit around 2000 mg/day in adults; higher doses may raise kidney stone risk in some people. Function: supports collagen in ocular tissues and may help protect the lens from oxidative damage. Mechanism: scavenges free radicals in aqueous humour and lens. American Osteopathic Association+2MDPI+2
2. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant present in nuts, seeds and vegetable oils. Supplement doses vary (often 100–400 IU/day), but high doses may increase bleeding risk and, in some studies, cataract risk. Function: protects cell membranes in the lens from lipid peroxidation. Mechanism: donates electrons to neutralise free radicals in lens fibre membranes. JAMA Network+2MDPI+2
3. Lutein
Lutein is a yellow carotenoid concentrated in the macula and also present in the lens. Diets rich in spinach, kale and other dark greens provide natural lutein; many eye-health supplements give 10–20 mg/day. Function: filters blue light and acts as an antioxidant, and higher dietary intake has been linked with lower cataract risk in some cohorts. Mechanism: absorbs high-energy light and neutralises reactive oxygen species. EatingWell+3PMC+3JAMA Network+3
4. Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is closely related to lutein and is also found in corn, egg yolks and leafy greens. Typical supplemental doses are 2–10 mg/day in combination formulas. Function: supports macular and lens health and may modestly reduce cataract formation in some observational studies. Mechanism: concentrates in ocular tissues and quenches singlet oxygen and free radicals. Frontiers+3PMC+3JAMA Network+3
5. Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA/EPA)
Omega-3s from oily fish or fish-oil capsules (commonly around 500–1000 mg combined EPA/DHA daily) support retina and possibly lens health. Function: reduce inflammation, support retinal cells and may help delay cataract onset in some studies. Mechanism: incorporate into cell membranes, modulate inflammatory mediators and improve microcirculation. Asian Food Research Journal+3PMC+3Dr Agarwals Eye Hospital+3
6. Zinc
Zinc is a cofactor for many antioxidant enzymes in the eye. Daily intake near the RDA (8–11 mg adults) is usually adequate; high-dose zinc (e.g., 25–80 mg) appears in some AREDS-type formulas but can cause copper deficiency if unbalanced. Function: supports antioxidant defences and retinal metabolism. Mechanism: stabilises cell membranes and acts in enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase. JPTCP+2CRSToday+2
7. Beta-carotene / Vitamin A (with caution)
Vitamin A from carrots and other orange vegetables supports corneal and retinal health and night vision. Supplements must be used carefully, especially in smokers and pregnancy, because high doses increase risks like bone fracture and birth defects. Function: maintain photoreceptor function and ocular surface integrity. Mechanism: forms retinal for phototransduction and supports mucous-secreting epithelium. Health+2Ovid+2
8. Combined antioxidant eye formulas (AREDS-style)
Some products combine vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, copper, lutein and zeaxanthin. They are mainly proven for age-related macular degeneration but may have small benefits for cataract risk in some groups. Function: provide multi-nutrient antioxidant support. Mechanism: reduce oxidative stress across several pathways. Frontiers+3CRSToday+3JPTCP+3
Immunity-Booster, Regenerative and Stem-Cell-Related Therapies
For cataracts, there are currently no licensed stem-cell drugs or “regenerative eye drops” approved by the FDA. Research is ongoing, and any such therapy should be taken only in clinical trials, not via unregulated online products. Wikipedia+3Science+3PMC+3
Scientists are exploring lens regeneration using the eye’s own lens epithelial stem cells. In experimental surgery for infants with congenital cataracts, surgeons preserve the lens capsule with its stem cells; the lens can partly regrow and become clear again. This is still specialised research, not routine care for adults. Mechanism: endogenous stem cells in the capsule proliferate and differentiate into new lens fibres. aes.amegroups.org+3PubMed+3University of California+3
Compounds like lanosterol and other sterols have been studied in animals and lens organ cultures for their ability to stabilise or dissolve protein clumps that cause cataract. Later work has not confirmed strong benefits in human lenses, and experts warn that over-the-counter lanosterol drops may delay needed surgery without clear evidence of benefit. Mechanism under study: improving chaperone function of crystallin proteins and reducing aggregation. University of California+5Science+5PMC+5
General immune-boosting for cataract focuses on basic health: vaccinations, good nutrition, sleep and chronic disease control, which reduce infection risk around surgery and support healing, but there are no specific “immunity drugs” licensed to prevent cataracts. MDPI+1
Surgical Treatments for Cataract 32
1. Phacoemulsification with intra-ocular lens (standard modern surgery)
This is the most common cataract operation worldwide. A tiny corneal incision is made; an ultrasound probe breaks the cloudy lens into small pieces (phacoemulsification), which are then aspirated out. A foldable artificial intra-ocular lens (IOL) is placed into the remaining capsule. Purpose: permanently remove the cataract and restore focus. It is usually a quick day-case operation with high success rates. Mayo Clinic+2Wikipedia+2
2. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS)
In FLACS, a femtosecond laser performs some steps such as corneal incisions and capsulotomy and pre-softens the lens before phacoemulsification. Purpose: improve precision and potentially reduce ultrasound energy. Mechanism: computer-guided laser cuts with micron-level accuracy. It may help in complex eyes, although long-term superiority over standard phaco is still debated. Wikipedia+1
3. Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
In ECCE, the surgeon removes the cloudy central lens through a larger incision but leaves the back of the capsule behind to support an IOL. Purpose: treat very hard or advanced cataracts when phaco is not suitable. Mechanism: manual expression of the lens nucleus followed by IOL implantation. Recovery is slower because of the bigger wound. Patient+1
4. Intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE)
Here, the entire lens and capsule are removed in one piece. It is now rarely used, reserved for selected complex cases. Purpose: manage lenses that are very unstable or dislocated. Mechanism: large incision and cryoprobe removal, followed by different IOL strategies (e.g., anterior chamber IOL). Patient+2Wikipedia+2
5. Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy (“secondary cataract” treatment)
Some months or years after successful surgery, the lens capsule behind the IOL can become cloudy (posterior capsule opacification). A painless YAG laser procedure opens a small central window in this capsule, restoring clarity. Purpose: treat “secondary cataract-like” haze, not a new true cataract. Mechanism: laser pulses cut the cloudy capsule without opening the eye. Health+1
Key Preventions for Cataract 32
Protect eyes from UV with good sunglasses and hats. Mayo Clinic+1
Stop smoking and avoid second-hand smoke. MDPI+1
Keep diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol under good medical control. Frontiers+1
Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin E) without megadoses. Frontiers+2CRSToday+2
Maintain a healthy weight and stay physically active. MDPI
Use steroids (tablet, inhaler, skin or eye drops) only when truly needed and as short as safely possible. FDA Access Data+1
Wear eye protection during work, sports and DIY to prevent trauma-related cataracts. eyewiki.org+1
Avoid unnecessary radiation exposure; follow safety rules for X-rays and radiotherapy. Mayo Clinic+1
Have regular eye checks from mid-life onwards, especially if you have diabetes, strong family history or steroid use. AAO+1
Manage other eye diseases (glaucoma, uveitis) promptly to reduce overall ocular stress and surgical risk. eyewiki.org+1
When to See a Doctor
You should see an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist) as soon as possible if you notice gradually worsening blurred vision, difficulty reading, trouble recognising faces, glare or halos around lights, or poor night vision that affects driving or daily tasks. These are classic cataract symptoms but can also signal other serious eye diseases. Cleveland Clinic+2Mayo Clinic+2
Urgent same-day or emergency care is needed if you have sudden severe eye pain, a big jump in floaters or flashes, a dark curtain in your vision, sudden double vision, or a rapid major drop in sight, as these may indicate glaucoma, retinal detachment, or stroke rather than simple cataract. Mayo Clinic+1
What to Eat and What to Avoid
Helpful foods (“what to eat”)
A cataract-friendly pattern is similar to a heart-healthy diet: colourful fruits and vegetables (citrus, berries, leafy greens, carrots, bell peppers), whole grains, nuts, seeds, and oily fish like salmon or sardines. These provide vitamin C, vitamin E, lutein, zeaxanthin and omega-3 fats, which support antioxidant defences and eye tissues. JPTCP+3Frontiers+3Bagan Strinden Vision+3
Foods and habits to limit (“what to avoid”)
Try to limit heavily processed foods high in sugar, refined starch, and trans-fats, as well as excessive alcohol. Very high-dose single-nutrient supplements without medical guidance (for example high-dose vitamin C or E tablets) may not help and can sometimes increase risks. The key is balanced nutrition from food first, with supplements only when a doctor recommends them. Ovid+3MDPI+3ScienceDirect+3
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Can cataract 32 be cured without surgery?
No. At present, only cataract surgery that removes the cloudy lens and implants an IOL can truly cure cataract-related vision loss. Patient+2Lions Eye Institute+2
2. Do cataracts come back after surgery?
The original cataract does not come back, but the capsule behind the IOL can become cloudy (posterior capsule opacification) and may need a YAG laser treatment. Health+1
3. Are there eye drops that dissolve cataracts?
No approved drops can safely dissolve human cataracts. Experimental sterol drops such as lanosterol have not shown consistent benefit in people. CNA+3PMC+3Nature+3
4. How long does cataract surgery take?
Most standard phacoemulsification procedures take about 20–30 minutes and are done as day-case surgery with local anaesthesia. Mayo Clinic+1
5. Is cataract surgery safe?
Cataract surgery is one of the most common and successful operations worldwide. Serious complications are rare but include infection, swelling and retinal problems. Mayo Clinic+2Patient+2
6. Can diet really help my cataracts?
A healthy diet cannot clear an existing cataract but may help reduce future cataract risk and support eye health and healing. Frontiers+2CRSToday+2
7. Will blue-light-blocking glasses stop cataracts?
They may reduce glare and strain, but there is limited direct evidence that blue-light filters alone prevent cataracts. UV protection and overall lifestyle matter more. MDPI+1
8. Are supplements like lutein and omega-3 necessary?
They can support eye health, especially if diet is poor, but evidence for cataract progression is modest. Food sources plus medical advice are best. MDPI+3PMC+3JAMA Network+3
9. Can I wait to have cataract surgery?
You can often wait while cataracts are mild, but once they limit daily life or driving safety, delaying surgery can reduce quality of life and increase falls risk. Patient+1
10. Is cataract surgery painful?
Most people feel only mild pressure because the eye is numbed with drops or local anaesthetic. Pain afterwards is usually mild and controlled with drops. Mayo Clinic+1
11. Will I still need glasses after surgery?
Many patients see well without glasses for distance, especially with modern IOLs, but you may still need glasses for reading or fine work. Wikipedia+1
12. Can both eyes be done at the same time?
Some centres offer same-day bilateral surgery; others prefer separate days to reduce risk. Your surgeon will weigh safety, logistics and local guidelines. Wikipedia+1
13. Is cataract surgery riskier if I have diabetes?
Diabetes can increase risks such as macular oedema and slower healing, but careful sugar control and preventive NSAID/steroid regimens help. PLOS+2ascrs.org+2
14. How long is recovery after cataract surgery?
Vision often improves within days, but the eye keeps healing for several weeks. Full stabilisation and drop tapering usually take about 4–6 weeks. Mayo Clinic+2ascrs.org+2
15. Who should not use steroid eye drops after cataract surgery?
People with certain viral, fungal or untreated bacterial eye infections or very high eye pressure may need alternative plans. Your ophthalmologist decides based on your history. DailyMed+2FDA Access Data+2
Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.
The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members
Last Updated: November 14, 2025.
