Krukenberg Tumors

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 10 min read
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A Krukenberg tumor is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries but typically spreads from another part of the body, most commonly the stomach. It involves the presence of malignant (cancerous) cells that have traveled from the primary tumor site to the ovaries....

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Article Summary

A Krukenberg tumor is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries but typically spreads from another part of the body, most commonly the stomach. It involves the presence of malignant (cancerous) cells that have traveled from the primary tumor site to the ovaries. Krukenberg tumors are known for being bilateral, meaning they often affect both ovaries simultaneously. Key Points: Origin: Metastatic cancer spreading...

Key Takeaways

  • This article explains Pathophysiology in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Types of Krukenberg Tumors in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Causes of Krukenberg Tumors in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Symptoms of Krukenberg Tumors in simple medical language.
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Definition

A Krukenberg tumor is a type of cancer that originates in the ovaries but typically spreads from another part of the body, most commonly the stomach. It involves the presence of malignant (cancerous) cells that have traveled from the primary tumor site to the ovaries. Krukenberg tumors are known for being bilateral, meaning they often affect both ovaries simultaneously.

Key Points:

  • Origin: Metastatic cancer spreading to the ovaries.
  • Primary Source: Usually the stomach, but can also come from the colon, breast, or other organs.
  • Bilateral Nature: Often affects both ovaries.

Pathophysiology

Understanding the pathophysiology of Krukenberg tumors helps in comprehending how these tumors develop and affect the body.

Structure

Krukenberg tumors are characterized by the presence of mucin-secreting signet-ring cells. These cells have a large vacuole that displaces the nucleus to the periphery, giving them a signet-ring appearance under the microscope. The tumors are typically solid and firm, often containing both fibrous and cystic (fluid-filled) components.

Blood Supply

The blood supply to Krukenberg tumors comes from the ovarian arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta. These tumors are highly vascular, meaning they have a rich blood supply, which facilitates their rapid growth and spread.

Nerve Supply

Nerve supply to the ovaries comes from the ovarian plexus, a network of nerves surrounding the ovarian arteries and veins. While Krukenberg tumors themselves are not typically nerve-rich, their growth can affect nearby nerves, potentially leading to pain or other neurological symptoms.

Types of Krukenberg Tumors

Krukenberg tumors can be classified based on their origin:

  1. Primary Krukenberg Tumor: Rarely, the tumor originates in the ovaries themselves.
  2. Secondary Krukenberg Tumor: More common, where the tumor spreads from another primary site, usually the stomach.

Additionally, Krukenberg tumors can be bilateral or unilateral:

  • Bilateral: Both ovaries are affected.
  • Unilateral: Only one ovary is affected.

Causes of Krukenberg Tumors

Krukenberg tumors are metastatic, meaning they result from cancer spreading from another part of the body to the ovaries. Here are 20 potential causes:

  1. Stomach Cancer (Gastric Adenocarcinoma)
  2. Colorectal Cancer
  3. Breast Cancer
  4. Appendiceal Cancer
  5. Pancreatic Cancer
  6. Ovarian Cancer (Primary)
  7. Lung Cancer
  8. Esophageal Cancer
  9. Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma)
  10. Bladder Cancer
  11. Renal Cancer
  12. Prostate Cancer
  13. Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)
  14. Small Intestine Cancer
  15. Peritoneal Cancer
  16. Uterine Cancer
  17. Testicular Cancer
  18. Thyroid Cancer
  19. Lymphoma
  20. Leukemia

Symptoms of Krukenberg Tumors

Recognizing the symptoms of Krukenberg tumors can lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatment outcomes. Here are 20 common symptoms:

  1. Abdominal Pain
  2. Bloating or Abdominal Swelling
  3. Pelvic Pain
  4. Irregular Menstrual Periods
  5. Ascites (Fluid in the Abdomen)
  6. Weight Loss
  7. Loss of Appetite
  8. Nausea and Vomiting
  9. Fever
  10. Fatigue
  11. pain: Back pain means pain in the spine, muscles, discs, joints, or nerves of the back. সহজ বাংলা: পিঠ/কোমরের ব্যথা।" data-rx-term="back pain" data-rx-definition="Back pain means pain in the spine, muscles, discs, joints, or nerves of the back. সহজ বাংলা: পিঠ/কোমরের ব্যথা।">Back Pain
  12. Swelling in the Legs
  13. Pain During Intercourse
  14. Urinary Frequency or Urgency
  15. Constipation or Diarrhea
  16. Anemia (Fatigue, Weakness)
  17. Breast Changes (if primary cancer is breast)
  18. Hair Loss
  19. Night Sweats
  20. Swollen Lymph Nodes

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnosing Krukenberg tumors involves a combination of imaging studies, laboratory tests, and sometimes biopsy. Here are 20 diagnostic tests used:

  1. Pelvic Ultrasound
  2. Transvaginal Ultrasound
  3. Abdominal Ultrasound
  4. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
  5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  6. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
  7. Chest X-Ray
  8. Endoscopy (for stomach cancer)
  9. Colonoscopy (for colorectal cancer)
  10. Biopsy of Ovarian Tissue
  11. Blood Tests (Complete Blood Count)
  12. Tumor Marker Tests (e.g., CA-125, CEA)
  13. Laparoscopy
  14. Bone Scan (if metastasis suspected)
  15. PET-CT Scan
  16. Molecular Testing (Genetic Markers)
  17. Hormone Level Tests
  18. Urinalysis
  19. Electrolyte Panel
  20. Liver Function Tests

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Treating Krukenberg tumors often involves a combination of medical and non-medical approaches. Here are 30 non-pharmacological treatments:

  1. Surgical Removal of Tumors
  2. Chemotherapy
  3. Radiation Therapy
  4. Hormone Therapy
  5. Targeted Therapy
  6. Immunotherapy
  7. Nutritional Support and Diet Planning
  8. Physical Therapy
  9. Occupational Therapy
  10. Psychological Counseling
  11. Support Groups
  12. Pain Management Techniques (e.g., relaxation, meditation)
  13. Acupuncture
  14. Massage Therapy
  15. Yoga and Stretching Exercises
  16. Breathing Exercises
  17. Mindfulness Meditation
  18. Art and Music Therapy
  19. Aromatherapy
  20. Hypnotherapy
  21. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
  22. Heat and Cold Therapy
  23. Assistive Devices (e.g., walkers, canes)
  24. Lifestyle Modifications (e.g., smoking cessation)
  25. Sleep Therapy
  26. Biofeedback
  27. Hydrotherapy
  28. Dietary Supplements (under supervision)
  29. Telemedicine Consultations
  30. Patient Education and Self-Care Training

Medications for Krukenberg Tumors

While non-pharmacological treatments play a significant role, medications are crucial in managing Krukenberg tumors. Here are 20 drugs commonly used:

  1. Cisplatin
  2. Carboplatin
  3. Paclitaxel
  4. Docetaxel
  5. Doxorubicin
  6. Cyclophosphamide
  7. Methotrexate
  8. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
  9. Bevacizumab
  10. Trastuzumab
  11. Rituximab
  12. Imatinib
  13. Erlotinib
  14. Gefitinib
  15. Tamoxifen
  16. Letrozole
  17. Anastrozole
  18. Fulvestrant
  19. Pembrolizumab
  20. Nivolumab

Note: These medications are typically part of chemotherapy regimens or targeted therapies and should be prescribed and managed by an oncologist.

Surgical Options

Surgery is often a primary treatment for Krukenberg tumors, aiming to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Here are 10 surgical procedures:

  1. Bilateral Oophorectomy (Removal of Both Ovaries)
  2. Unilateral Oophorectomy (Removal of One Ovary)
  3. Hysterectomy (Removal of the Uterus)
  4. Appendectomy (Removal of the Appendix)
  5. Gastrectomy (Removal of Part or All of the Stomach)
  6. Colorectal Resection (Removal of Part of the Colon)
  7. Laparotomy (Open Abdominal Surgery)
  8. Laparoscopic Surgery (Minimally Invasive)
  9. Debulking Surgery (Reducing Tumor Size)
  10. Omentectomy (Removal of the Omentum)

Prevention Strategies

Preventing Krukenberg tumors involves addressing the primary cancers that typically spread to the ovaries. Here are 10 prevention tips:

  1. Regular Screenings for Stomach Cancer
  2. Early Detection and Treatment of Primary Cancers
  3. Healthy Diet Rich in Fruits and Vegetables
  4. Avoiding Tobacco Use
  5. Limiting Alcohol Consumption
  6. Maintaining a Healthy Weight
  7. Regular Physical Activity
  8. Vaccinations (e.g., Helicobacter pylori for stomach health)
  9. Genetic Counseling and Testing (if at risk)
  10. Awareness of Family History of Cancer

When to See a Doctor

Recognizing when to seek medical attention is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. Consult a healthcare professional if you experience:

  1. Persistent Abdominal or Pelvic Pain
  2. Unexplained Abdominal Swelling or Bloating
  3. Irregular Menstrual Cycles
  4. Unintended Weight Loss
  5. Severe Fatigue
  6. Persistent Nausea or Vomiting
  7. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits
  8. Unexplained Anemia
  9. Pain During Intercourse
  10. Unusual Breast Changes (if relevant)
  11. Persistent Fever
  12. Swollen Lymph Nodes
  13. Difficulty Eating or Digesting Food
  14. Night Sweats
  15. Shortness of Breath or Chest Pain
  16. Persistent Back Pain
  17. Swelling in Legs
  18. Unexplained Hair Loss
  19. Changes in Skin Appearance
  20. Persistent Headaches or Neurological Symptoms

Early consultation can lead to timely diagnosis and better management of the condition.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What exactly is a Krukenberg tumor?

A Krukenberg tumor is a type of cancer that spreads to the ovaries from another part of the body, most commonly the stomach. It involves malignant cells forming in the ovaries, often affecting both sides.

2. How common are Krukenberg tumors?

Krukenberg tumors are rare, accounting for about 1-2% of all ovarian tumors. They are more prevalent in women with a history of stomach cancer.

3. What are the main symptoms of a Krukenberg tumor?

Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, irregular menstrual cycles, unexplained weight loss, and pelvic discomfort.

4. How are Krukenberg tumors diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves imaging tests like ultrasound and CT scans, blood tests for tumor markers, and biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells.

5. Can Krukenberg tumors be treated successfully?

Treatment depends on the extent of the cancer and the primary source. Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment.

6. What is the primary cause of Krukenberg tumors?

The primary cause is metastatic cancer spreading to the ovaries, most often from the stomach.

7. Are Krukenberg tumors hereditary?

They are generally not hereditary. However, having a family history of certain cancers may increase the risk of developing primary cancers that can lead to Krukenberg tumors.

8. What is the prognosis for someone with a Krukenberg tumor?

The prognosis varies based on factors like the primary cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and overall health. Generally, Krukenberg tumors are aggressive and have a poorer prognosis compared to primary ovarian cancers.

9. Can Krukenberg tumors affect fertility?

Yes, since they involve the ovaries, treatment may impact fertility. Surgical removal of ovaries leads to infertility and menopause.

Yes, Krukenberg tumors are a subtype of metastatic ovarian cancer, distinct from primary ovarian cancers that originate within the ovaries.

11. How do Krukenberg tumors spread to the ovaries?

Cancer cells spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system from the primary tumor site to the ovaries.

12. What lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of Krukenberg tumors?

Maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco, limiting alcohol, regular exercise, and early cancer screenings can help reduce the risk.

13. Can men develop Krukenberg tumors?

No, Krukenberg tumors specifically refer to metastatic ovarian tumors, which occur in women.

14. What are the treatment options for advanced Krukenberg tumors?

Advanced treatments may include aggressive chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care to manage symptoms.

15. How does a Krukenberg tumor differ from other ovarian tumors?

Unlike primary ovarian tumors that start in the ovaries, Krukenberg tumors are metastatic, meaning they originate from cancers elsewhere in the body and spread to the ovaries.

Conclusion

Krukenberg tumors are rare but serious cancers that primarily affect the ovaries through metastasis from other parts of the body, most commonly the stomach. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options is crucial for early detection and effective management. If you experience any of the symptoms mentioned, it’s essential to consult a healthcare professional promptly. With advances in medical treatments and increased awareness, the prognosis for individuals with Krukenberg tumors can be improved through timely and comprehensive care.

 

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

 

 

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  • Avoid repeated painkiller use if you have kidney disease, stomach ulcer, uncontrolled blood pressure, or are taking blood thinners.

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Tests to discuss with doctor
  • Neurological examination for leg power, sensation, reflexes, and straight leg raise
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Care roadmap for: Krukenberg Tumors

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Go to emergency care if you notice:
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  • Breathing difficulty, chest pain, fainting, confusion, severe weakness, major injury, or severe dehydration
Doctor / service to discuss: Qualified healthcare provider; specialist depends on symptoms and examination.
  1. Step 1

    Check danger signs first

    If danger signs are present, seek emergency care and do not wait for online information.

  2. Step 2

    Record the symptom story

    Write when symptoms started, severity, medicines already taken, allergies, pregnancy status, and test results.

  3. Step 3

    Visit a qualified clinician

    A doctor, nurse, or qualified healthcare provider can examine you and decide which tests or treatment are needed.

  4. Step 4

    Do only useful tests

    Do tests after clinical assessment. Avoid unnecessary tests, random antibiotics, or repeated medicines without diagnosis.

  5. Step 5

    Follow up and return early if worse

    If symptoms worsen, new warning signs appear, or treatment is not helping, return for review quickly.

Rural patient practical tips
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  • Do not hide medicines already taken, even herbal or over-the-counter medicines.
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Frequently Asked Questions

Pathophysiology Understanding the pathophysiology of Krukenberg tumors helps in comprehending how these tumors develop and affect the body. Structure Krukenberg tumors are characterized by the presence of mucin-secreting signet-ring cells. These cells have a large vacuole that displaces the nucleus to the periphery, giving them a signet-ring appearance under the microscope. The tumors are typically solid and firm, often containing both fibrous and cystic (fluid-filled) components. Blood Supply The blood supply to Krukenberg tumors comes from the ovarian arteries, which branch off from the abdominal aorta. These tumors are highly vascular, meaning they have a rich blood supply, which facilitates their rapid growth and spread. Nerve Supply Nerve supply to the ovaries comes from the ovarian plexus, a network of nerves surrounding the ovarian arteries and veins. While Krukenberg tumors themselves are not typically nerve-rich, their growth can affect nearby nerves, potentially leading to pain or other neurological symptoms. Types of Krukenberg Tumors Krukenberg tumors can be classified based on their origin: Primary Krukenberg Tumor: Rarely, the tumor originates in the ovaries themselves. Secondary Krukenberg Tumor: More common, where the tumor spreads from another primary site, usually the stomach. Additionally, Krukenberg tumors can be bilateral or unilateral: Bilateral: Both ovaries are affected. Unilateral: Only one ovary is affected. Causes of Krukenberg Tumors Krukenberg tumors are metastatic, meaning they result from cancer spreading from another part of the body to the ovaries. Here are 20 potential causes: Stomach Cancer (Gastric Adenocarcinoma) Colorectal Cancer Breast Cancer Appendiceal Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Ovarian Cancer (Primary) Lung Cancer Esophageal Cancer Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Bladder Cancer Renal Cancer Prostate Cancer Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) Small Intestine Cancer Peritoneal Cancer Uterine Cancer Testicular Cancer Thyroid Cancer Lymphoma Leukemia Symptoms of Krukenberg Tumors Recognizing the symptoms of Krukenberg tumors can lead to earlier diagnosis and better treatment outcomes. Here are 20 common symptoms: Abdominal Pain Bloating or Abdominal Swelling Pelvic Pain Irregular Menstrual Periods Ascites (Fluid in the Abdomen) Weight Loss Loss of Appetite Nausea and Vomiting Fever Fatigue Back Pain Swelling in the Legs Pain During Intercourse Urinary Frequency or Urgency Constipation or Diarrhea Anemia (Fatigue, Weakness) Breast Changes (if primary cancer is breast) Hair Loss Night Sweats Swollen Lymph Nodes Diagnostic Tests Diagnosing Krukenberg tumors involves a combination of imaging studies, laboratory tests, and sometimes biopsy. Here are 20 diagnostic tests used: Pelvic Ultrasound Transvaginal Ultrasound Abdominal Ultrasound Computed Tomography (CT) Scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan Chest X-Ray Endoscopy (for stomach cancer) Colonoscopy (for colorectal cancer) Biopsy of Ovarian Tissue Blood Tests (Complete Blood Count) Tumor Marker Tests (e.g., CA-125, CEA) Laparoscopy Bone Scan (if metastasis suspected) PET-CT Scan Molecular Testing (Genetic Markers) Hormone Level Tests Urinalysis Electrolyte Panel Liver Function Tests Non-Pharmacological Treatments Treating Krukenberg tumors often involves a combination of medical and non-medical approaches. Here are 30 non-pharmacological treatments: Surgical Removal of Tumors Chemotherapy Radiation Therapy Hormone Therapy Targeted Therapy Immunotherapy Nutritional Support and Diet Planning Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Psychological Counseling Support Groups Pain Management Techniques (e.g., relaxation, meditation) Acupuncture Massage Therapy Yoga and Stretching Exercises Breathing Exercises Mindfulness Meditation Art and Music Therapy Aromatherapy Hypnotherapy Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Heat and Cold Therapy Assistive Devices (e.g., walkers, canes) Lifestyle Modifications (e.g., smoking cessation) Sleep Therapy Biofeedback Hydrotherapy Dietary Supplements (under supervision) Telemedicine Consultations Patient Education and Self-Care Training Medications for Krukenberg Tumors While non-pharmacological treatments play a significant role, medications are crucial in managing Krukenberg tumors. Here are 20 drugs commonly used: Cisplatin Carboplatin Paclitaxel Docetaxel Doxorubicin Cyclophosphamide Methotrexate 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) Bevacizumab Trastuzumab Rituximab Imatinib Erlotinib Gefitinib Tamoxifen Letrozole Anastrozole Fulvestrant Pembrolizumab Nivolumab Note: These medications are typically part of chemotherapy regimens or targeted therapies and should be prescribed and managed by an oncologist. Surgical Options Surgery is often a primary treatment for Krukenberg tumors, aiming to remove as much of the tumor as possible. Here are 10 surgical procedures: Bilateral Oophorectomy (Removal of Both Ovaries) Unilateral Oophorectomy (Removal of One Ovary) Hysterectomy (Removal of the Uterus) Appendectomy (Removal of the Appendix) Gastrectomy (Removal of Part or All of the Stomach) Colorectal Resection (Removal of Part of the Colon) Laparotomy (Open Abdominal Surgery) Laparoscopic Surgery (Minimally Invasive) Debulking Surgery (Reducing Tumor Size) Omentectomy (Removal of the Omentum) Prevention Strategies Preventing Krukenberg tumors involves addressing the primary cancers that typically spread to the ovaries. Here are 10 prevention tips: Regular Screenings for Stomach Cancer Early Detection and Treatment of Primary Cancers Healthy Diet Rich in Fruits and Vegetables Avoiding Tobacco Use Limiting Alcohol Consumption Maintaining a Healthy Weight Regular Physical Activity Vaccinations (e.g., Helicobacter pylori for stomach health) Genetic Counseling and Testing (if at risk) Awareness of Family History of Cancer When to See a Doctor Recognizing when to seek medical attention is crucial for early diagnosis and treatment. Consult a healthcare professional if you experience: Persistent Abdominal or Pelvic Pain Unexplained Abdominal Swelling or Bloating Irregular Menstrual Cycles Unintended Weight Loss Severe Fatigue Persistent Nausea or Vomiting Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits Unexplained Anemia Pain During Intercourse Unusual Breast Changes (if relevant) Persistent Fever Swollen Lymph Nodes Difficulty Eating or Digesting Food Night Sweats Shortness of Breath or Chest Pain Persistent Back Pain Swelling in Legs Unexplained Hair Loss Changes in Skin Appearance Persistent Headaches or Neurological Symptoms Early consultation can lead to timely diagnosis and better management of the condition. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. What exactly is a Krukenberg tumor?

A Krukenberg tumor is a type of cancer that spreads to the ovaries from another part of the body, most commonly the stomach. It involves malignant cells forming in the ovaries, often affecting both sides.

2. How common are Krukenberg tumors?

Krukenberg tumors are rare, accounting for about 1-2% of all ovarian tumors. They are more prevalent in women with a history of stomach cancer.

3. What are the main symptoms of a Krukenberg tumor?

Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, irregular menstrual cycles, unexplained weight loss, and pelvic discomfort.

4. How are Krukenberg tumors diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves imaging tests like ultrasound and CT scans, blood tests for tumor markers, and biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells.

5. Can Krukenberg tumors be treated successfully?

Treatment depends on the extent of the cancer and the primary source. Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. Early detection improves the chances of successful treatment.

6. What is the primary cause of Krukenberg tumors?

The primary cause is metastatic cancer spreading to the ovaries, most often from the stomach.

7. Are Krukenberg tumors hereditary?

They are generally not hereditary. However, having a family history of certain cancers may increase the risk of developing primary cancers that can lead to Krukenberg tumors.

8. What is the prognosis for someone with a Krukenberg tumor?

The prognosis varies based on factors like the primary cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and overall health. Generally, Krukenberg tumors are aggressive and have a poorer prognosis compared to primary ovarian cancers.

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    DefinitionCongenital? adrenal hyperplasia, often called CAH, is a group of genetic problems that affect the adrenal glands. These are two tiny glands that sit on top...

    March 5, 2026 • Rx Urology
  5. Cerebellar Ataxia Co-Occurrent with Ectodermal Dysplasia

    DefinitionCerebellar ataxia co-occurrent with ectodermal dysplasia, also called cerebellar ataxia-ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, is a very rare genetic condition where a person has both a brain balance...

    December 20, 2025 • Rx Urology
  6. C1q Nephropathy

    DefinitionC1q nephropathy is a rare kidney disease. It affects the filters of the kidney called glomeruli. In this disease, the body’s immune system leaves a protein...

    November 8, 2025 • Rx Urology
  7. Exstrophy of the Urinary Bladder Sequence

    DefinitionExstrophy of the urinary bladder sequence is a rare birth condition. It starts when a baby is growing in the womb. The lower belly wall does...

    October 28, 2025 • Rx Urology
  8. Bladder Exstrophy–Epispadias–Cloacal Exstrophy Complex (BEEC)

    DefinitionBladder exstrophy–epispadias–cloacal exstrophy complex (BEEC) is a group (a spectrum) of rare birth defects that affect the front wall of the belly and the lower urinary...

    October 28, 2025 • Rx Urology
  9. Bladder Exstrophy

    DefinitionBladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect. It happens when a baby’s lower tummy wall and the front wall of the bladder do not close before...

    October 28, 2025 • Rx Urology
  10. Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy (PAN)

    DefinitionPolyomavirus-associated nephropathy is kidney damage caused by reactivation of a common virus (usually BK polyomavirus) in people who receive a kidney transplant. Most adults were infected...

    October 28, 2025 • Rx Urology