Respiratory Diseases

Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases, are pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in air-breathing animals. They include conditions of the respiratory tract including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleurae, pleural cavity, the nerves and muscles of respiration. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, influenza, and pharyngitis to life-threatening diseases such as bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, tuberculosis, acute asthma, lung cancer,^[2] and severe acute respiratory syndromes, such as COVID-19.^[rx] Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause of the disease.

A

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
Air bronchogram
Alcoholic lung disease
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Alveolar capillary dysplasia
Alveolar lung disease
Antisynthetase syndrome
Asbestosis
Aspergilloma
Atelectotrauma
Atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumour

B

Baritosis
Biotrauma
Brown induration

C

Chalicosis
Childhood interstitial lung disease
Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
Cystic fibrosis

D

Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia

E

End stage pulmonary disease
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

F

Flock worker’s lung
Focal lung pneumatosis

G

Ghon’s complex
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Granulomatous–lymphocytic interstitial lung disease
Growth delay-hydrocephaly-lung hypoplasia syndrome

H

Hepatization of lungs
High-altitude pulmonary edema
Honeycombing

I

Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
Immersion pulmonary oedema
Interstitial lung disease

L

Averill A. Liebow
Litten’s sign (lung)
Lung abscess
Lung disease
Lung overexpansion injury
Lycoperdonosis
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

M

Mechanical power (medicine)

N

Negative-pressure pulmonary edema

O

Obstructive lung disease
Occupational lung disease

P

Pneumonia alba
Progressive massive fibrosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
Pulmonary aspiration
Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis
Pulmonary contusion
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary hematoma
Pulmonary hemorrhage
Pulmonary hyperplasia
Pulmonary laceration
Pulmonary oxygen toxicity
Pulmonary toxicity
Pulmonary venoocclusive disease
Pulmonary-renal syndrome

R

Respiratory bronchiolitis
Restrictive lung disease
Rheotrauma
Rheumatoid lung disease

S

Sarcoidosis
Subpulmonic effusion
Surfactant metabolism dysfunction
Swimming-induced pulmonary edema
Swyer–James syndrome

T

Transfusion-related acute lung injury
Tumor-like disorders of the lung pleura

V

Ventilation–perfusion mismatch
Ventilator-associated lung injury

Diseases of the respiratory system

Upper RT
(including URTIs,
common cold)

Head	sinuses Sinusitis nose Rhinitis Vasomotor rhinitis Atrophic rhinitis Hay fever Nasal polyp Rhinorrhea nasal septum Nasal septum deviation Nasal septum perforation Nasal septal hematoma tonsil Tonsillitis Adenoid hypertrophy Peritonsillar abscess
Neck	pharynx Pharyngitis Strep throat Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Retropharyngeal abscess larynx Croup Laryngomalacia Laryngeal cyst Laryngitis Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Laryngospasm vocal cords Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) Vocal fold nodule Vocal fold paresis Vocal cord dysfunction epiglottis Epiglottitis trachea Tracheitis Laryngotracheal stenosis

Lower RT/
lung disease
(including LRTIs)

Bronchial/
obstructive

acute: Acute bronchitis

chronic

COPD

Chronic bronchitis

Acute exacerbation of COPD)

Asthma (Status asthmaticus

AERD

Exercise-induced

Bronchiectasis

Cystic fibrosis

unspecified

Bronchitis

Bronchiolitis

Bronchiolitis obliterans

Diffuse panbronchiolitis

Interstitial/
restrictive
(fibrosis)

External agents/ occupational lung disease	Pneumoconiosis Aluminosis Asbestosis Baritosis Bauxite fibrosis Berylliosis Caplan’s syndrome Chalicosis Coalworker’s pneumoconiosis Siderosis Silicosis Talcosis Byssinosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Bagassosis Bird fancier’s lung Farmer’s lung Lycoperdonosis
Other	ARDS Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema Pulmonary edema Löffler’s syndrome/Eosinophilic pneumonia Respiratory hypersensitivity Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Hamman–Rich syndrome Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Sarcoidosis Vaping-associated pulmonary injury

Obstructive /
Restrictive

Pneumonia/
pneumonitis

By pathogen	Viral Bacterial Pneumococcal Klebsiella Atypical bacterial Mycoplasma Legionnaires’ disease Chlamydiae Fungal Pneumocystis Parasitic noninfectious Chemical/Mendelson’s syndrome Aspiration/Lipid
By vector/route	Community-acquired Healthcare-associated Hospital-acquired
By distribution	Broncho- Lobar
IIP	UIP DIP BOOP-COP NSIP RB

Other

Atelectasis
circulatory
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary embolism
Lung abscess

Pleural cavity/
mediastinum

Pleural disease	Pleuritis/pleurisy Pneumothorax/Hemopneumothorax Pleural effusion Hemothorax Hydrothorax Chylothorax Empyema/pyothorax Malignant Fibrothorax
Mediastinal disease	Mediastinitis Mediastinal emphysema

Other/general

Respiratory failure
Influenza
Common cold
SARS
COVID-19
Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

Conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease

Maternal factors
complicating pregnancy,
labour or delivery

placenta	Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
chorion/amnion	Chorioamnionitis
umbilical cord	Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery
presentation	Breech birth Asynclitism Shoulder presentation

Growth

Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age
Preterm birth / Postterm pregnancy
Intrauterine growth restriction

Birth trauma

scalp
- Cephalohematoma
- Chignon
- Caput succedaneum
- Subgaleal hemorrhage
Brachial plexus injury
- Erb’s palsy
- Klumpke paralysis

Affected systems

Respiratory	Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome Pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson–Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cardiovascular	Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation
Bleeding and hematologic disease	Vitamin K deficiency bleeding HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity
Gastrointestinal	Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis
Integument and thermoregulation	Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum
Nervous system	Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia
Musculoskeletal	Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia

Infections

Vertically transmitted infection
Neonatal infection
- rubella
- herpes simplex
- mycoplasma hominis
- ureaplasma urealyticum
Omphalitis
Neonatal sepsis
- Group B streptococcal infection
Neonatal conjunctivitis

Other

Miscarriage
Perinatal mortality
- Stillbirth
- Infant mortality
Neonatal withdrawal
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Respiratory physiology
Respiration	breath inhalation exhalation obligate nasal breathing respiratory rate respirometer pulmonary surfactant compliance elastic recoil hysteresivity airway resistance bronchial hyperresponsiveness constriction dilatation mechanical ventilation
Control	pons pneumotaxic center apneustic center medulla dorsal respiratory group ventral respiratory group chemoreceptors central peripheral pulmonary stretch receptors Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes	VC FRC Vt dead space CC PEF calculations respiratory minute volume FEV1/FVC ratio Lung function tests spirometry body plethysmography peak flow meter nitrogen washout
Circulation	pulmonary circulation hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction pulmonary shunt
Interactions	ventilation (V) Perfusion (Q) Ventilation/perfusion ratio V/Q scan zones of the lung gas exchange pulmonary gas pressures alveolar gas equation alveolar–arterial gradient hemoglobin oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation 2,3-BPG Bohr effect Haldane effect) carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) oxyhemoglobin respiratory quotient arterial blood gas diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency	high altitude death zone oxygen toxicity hypoxia

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Respiratory Diseases

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

Lymphangio-Adenitis

Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia

Congenital Respiratory-Biliary Fistula

Complete Atrioventricular Septal Defect (Complete AVSD)

Atrioventricular Canal–Type Ventricular Septal Defect

Coccidioidomycosis