Chikungunya Virus Disease or Disorder

Other names of chikungunya virus disease
Types of chikungunya virus disease
Causes and risk factors of chikungunya virus disease
Symptoms and signs of chikungunya virus disease
Diagnostic tests for chikungunya virus disease
Non-pharmacological treatments for chikungunya (therapies and other supports)
Drug treatments for chikungunya
Dietary molecular supplements (supportive, not a cure)
Immunity booste and regenerative or stem-cell-related drugs
Surgical options related to chikungunya complications
Prevention of chikungunya
When to see a doctor urgently
What to eat and what to avoid
Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

Chikungunya Virus Disease or Disorder is caused by the chikungunya virus. This virus is an RNA virus in the alphavirus group of the Togaviridae family. It spreads to people through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These are the same mosquitoes that spread dengue and Zika. The illness usually starts suddenly with high fever and very strong joint pain. Many people feel so much joint pain that they bend over when they walk. Most people get better, but joint pain can stay for months or even years in some patients.World Health Organization+2World Health Organization+2

Chikungunya can cause large outbreaks. When the virus enters a new place with many Aedes mosquitoes and people who have never had the infection before, many people can become sick in a short time. Outbreaks have happened in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas. Travel by infected people and climate conditions that favour mosquitoes help the virus spread to new areas.People.com+4World Health Organization+4ECDC+4

Other names of chikungunya virus disease

Doctors and health workers may use different names for this illness. “Chikungunya fever” is a common name. It means fever due to chikungunya virus. Some people say “CHIKV infection,” which is short for chikungunya virus infection. Others may simply say “chikungunya disease.” Older papers may use the term “chikungunya virus fever” or “epidemic polyarthralgia,” because many people in an outbreak have joint pain at the same time.

The word “chikungunya” comes from the Kimakonde language in East Africa. It means “to become bent” or “that which bends up.” This name was chosen because people with severe joint pain often walk in a bent or stooped way due to pain and stiffness.World Health Organization+2World Health Organization+2

Types of chikungunya virus disease

Doctors sometimes talk about types or phases of chikungunya based on how long symptoms last and how severe they are. This is not about different virus species, but about how the illness behaves in the body.

One type is acute chikungunya. This is the first phase, usually the first 1–2 weeks. People have sudden fever, strong joint pain, muscle pain, headache, and rash. Many people feel very sick in this time.

Another type is sub-acute chikungunya. This phase can last from about 3 weeks to 3 months after infection. In this phase, fever improves, but joint pain, stiffness, and tiredness may continue. Swelling of joints can come and go.

A third type is chronic chikungunya arthritis. In some people, joint pain and swelling last for more than 3 months and sometimes for many years. This long-lasting arthritis can look similar to rheumatoid arthritis or other chronic joint diseases.The Open Rheumatology Journal+2www.elsevier.com+2

Some doctors also talk about typical and atypical chikungunya. Typical disease has fever and joint pain as the main symptoms. Atypical disease may include problems in the brain, heart, eyes, kidneys, or other organs, especially in newborn babies, older adults, and people with other serious illnesses.

Causes and risk factors of chikungunya virus disease

The main cause of chikungunya disease is infection with chikungunya virus. But there are many related factors that help the virus reach and infect a person. Below, each point is explained in simple words.

Bite from an infected Aedes mosquito
The direct cause is the bite of a mosquito that carries the chikungunya virus. When this mosquito bites a person to take blood, the virus goes from the mosquito’s saliva into the person’s blood.
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes around homes
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes like to live near people, inside houses and in yards. They bite during the day. If many of these mosquitoes live near homes, the chance of chikungunya infection becomes higher.
Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in outdoor areas
Aedes albopictus, also called the Asian tiger mosquito, often lives outdoors in gardens and forests. It can also spread chikungunya. In areas where this mosquito is common, people who stay outside are at higher risk.
Standing water where mosquitoes breed
Aedes mosquitoes lay eggs in small containers with clean standing water, such as buckets, pots, old tyres, and water storage tanks. If these water collections are not removed or covered, more mosquitoes are born and the risk of chikungunya grows.
Living in or near outbreak areas
People who live in cities, towns, or villages where chikungunya outbreaks are going on have a higher chance of infection. When many people are sick, more mosquitoes become infected and spread the virus.
Travelling to areas with chikungunya
Travellers who visit countries or regions with active chikungunya transmission can get infected and then bring the virus back to their home country. This can also start new outbreaks where mosquitoes and warm weather are present.
Warm and humid climate
A warm and humid climate helps Aedes mosquitoes live longer and reproduce faster. This means more mosquitoes and more chances for the virus to spread.
Poor mosquito control measures
When communities do not have regular mosquito control, such as spraying, cleaning of drains, and proper waste management, mosquito numbers can increase. This raises the risk of chikungunya and other mosquito-borne diseases.
Lack of personal protection from mosquitoes
Not using mosquito repellents, not wearing long sleeves and long pants, and not using window screens or bed nets during the day can make it easier for mosquitoes to bite and transmit the virus.
Crowded housing conditions
When many people live close together in crowded homes or neighbourhoods, a single infected mosquito can bite several people. This makes outbreaks grow quickly.
Urbanisation and poor waste management
Rapid growth of cities without good water and waste systems often leads to many small water containers and trash. These create perfect breeding places for Aedes mosquitoes.
Climate change and changing weather patterns
Warmer temperatures and changes in rainfall can expand the range of Aedes mosquitoes into new areas. This means chikungunya can appear in places where it was not seen before, including some temperate regions.
Pregnancy near the time of infection (vertical transmission risk)
If a pregnant woman is infected just before giving birth, the virus can sometimes pass to the baby around the time of delivery. The baby can then develop serious chikungunya infection.
Blood transfusion from an infected donor (rare)
In theory, chikungunya virus can spread through blood transfusion if blood is collected from a person who has the virus in their blood but has not yet shown symptoms. This is believed to be rare, and screening and safety measures are used to reduce this risk.
Weak immune system
People with weak immune systems, such as those on strong immune-suppressing medicines or with serious diseases, may have more trouble fighting the virus once infected. This may not increase infection risk very much, but it can worsen the outcome.
Older age
Older adults, especially those over 65 years, are more likely to suffer severe illness, long-lasting joint pain, or complications if they get chikungunya. Age does not cause the virus, but it raises the risk of serious disease.
Chronic health conditions
People with high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, or kidney disease may have more severe chikungunya. Their bodies may struggle more with high fever, inflammation, and joint pain.
Lack of awareness and education
If people do not know how chikungunya spreads, they may not take steps to remove standing water or protect themselves from mosquito bites. This lack of knowledge can indirectly lead to more infections.
Delayed public health response
If health systems do not detect outbreaks early or do not respond quickly with mosquito control and community education, the virus can move faster through the community.
Limited use or access to vaccines in high-risk groups
A vaccine for chikungunya is available in some countries for certain travellers and high-risk people, but it is not widely used everywhere and is not suitable for all ages. Where vaccines are not available, or where some high-risk groups cannot safely receive them, the population remains fully dependent on mosquito control and personal protection.

Symptoms and signs of chikungunya virus disease

Sudden high fever
Most people with chikungunya develop a sudden high fever. The fever often starts quickly over one day. It may be around 39–40°C. The fever usually lasts a few days but can make the person feel very weak and ill.Pan American Health Organization+3CDC+3CDC+3
Severe joint pain (arthralgia)
Very strong joint pain is the main symptom of chikungunya. The pain often affects both sides of the body and many joints at the same time, such as wrists, fingers, ankles, and knees. The pain can be so bad that the person has trouble standing or walking.
Joint swelling and stiffness
The joints may become swollen, warm, and stiff. People may find it hard to move their hands, wrists, or ankles. Stiffness can be worst in the morning or after rest.
Muscle pain (myalgia)
Many people feel deep muscle aches in their arms, legs, back, and shoulders. This muscle pain often happens together with joint pain and makes movement more difficult.
Headache
Headache is a common symptom. It may be felt in the front of the head or all over. The headache often comes with fever and can be strong enough to disturb sleep or normal activities.
Skin rash
A red, spotty rash can appear on the chest, back, face, arms, or legs. Sometimes the rash is itchy. It usually appears a few days after fever starts and may last for several days.
Extreme tiredness (fatigue)
People with chikungunya often feel very tired and weak. This tiredness can continue even after the fever goes away. It may last for weeks or months in some people.
Nausea and vomiting
Some patients feel sick to their stomach, with nausea or vomiting. This can make it hard to eat and drink and can lead to dehydration if fluid intake is low.
Loss of appetite
Many people do not feel like eating when they have chikungunya. This loss of appetite together with fever and vomiting can cause weight loss and weakness during the illness.
Red or painful eyes
The eyes may become red, watery, or painful. Some people may have sensitivity to light. This can be due to inflammation in the eye or the tissues around the eye.
Back pain
Pain in the lower back or the whole back is common. It may be due to both muscle and joint inflammation. Back pain can make standing or sitting for long periods uncomfortable.
Chills and feeling very cold
At the beginning of the fever, people may feel shaking chills and feel very cold, even though their body temperature is high. This can be frightening but is part of the fever response.
Swollen lymph nodes
Some people may notice small, painful lumps in the neck, under the jaw, in the armpits, or in the groin. These are swollen lymph nodes and show that the immune system is active.
Difficulty walking because of pain
Severe pain and swelling in the ankles, knees, and feet can make walking very hard. People may need help to stand or may walk slowly with a bent posture due to pain.
Long-lasting joint pain and mood changes
In some people, joint pain and stiffness do not go away after the first weeks. They may last months or even years. Long-lasting pain can disturb sleep and daily activities and can also lead to sadness, low mood, or anxiety.

Diagnostic tests for chikungunya virus disease

Doctors use several tests to diagnose chikungunya and to check for complications. These tests can be grouped into physical exam tests, simple manual tests, laboratory and pathological tests, electrodiagnostic tests, and imaging tests.

Physical exam tests

General physical examination
The doctor first looks at the whole body. They check temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate. They look for rash, dehydration, and signs of severe illness. This general check helps the doctor decide how serious the disease is and whether hospital care is needed.
Joint inspection and palpation
The doctor looks closely at the joints of the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, and feet. They gently press on the joints to see if they are tender, warm, or swollen. This helps them judge how much inflammation is in each joint.
Skin and mucous membrane examination
The doctor examines the skin for rashes, colour changes, or small bleeding spots. They also look at the eyes, mouth, and tongue. These findings can help distinguish chikungunya from other infections like dengue, measles, or COVID-19.
Neurological examination
In some patients, especially those with confusion, seizures, or severe headache, the doctor checks the nervous system. They test reflexes, strength, sensation, and coordination. This helps find rare but serious brain or nerve complications.
Heart and lung examination
The doctor listens to the heart and lungs with a stethoscope. They look for signs of fluid in the lungs, heart inflammation, or other organ problems that can occur in severe or atypical chikungunya cases.

Manual tests (bedside functional tests)

Range-of-motion testing of joints
The doctor gently moves each joint through its normal range of movement. They note where pain starts and whether movement is limited. This simple manual test helps measure how much the joints are affected and guides pain management and physiotherapy.
Grip strength testing
The doctor may ask the patient to squeeze their fingers or a simple device. Weak grip can show how much hand joints and muscles are affected by pain and inflammation.
Gait (walking) assessment
The doctor watches the patient walk across the room if possible. They look for limping, bending, or unsteady movement. This simple test shows how the disease affects daily activities and balance.
Spine and posture assessment
The doctor observes the patient’s posture when sitting and standing. A bent or stooped posture due to joint pain is a classic feature of chikungunya. This helps confirm the pattern of disease.
Functional tests for daily activities
The doctor may ask if the patient can dress, bathe, cook, or work. Sometimes they ask the patient to perform simple tasks like standing from a chair without using their hands. These simple tests show how disabling the pain is and help plan rehabilitation.

Laboratory and pathological tests

Complete blood count (CBC)
A CBC measures red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. In chikungunya, white blood cells may be low or normal, and platelets are usually not as low as in dengue. This test helps distinguish chikungunya from dengue and other infections and checks for anaemia or other blood problems.CDC+2CDC+2
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP)
ESR and CRP are blood tests that measure inflammation in the body. In chikungunya, these markers can be high, especially in people with strong joint inflammation or chronic arthritis. They help the doctor see how active the inflammation is.
RT-PCR test for chikungunya virus
Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a molecular test that looks for chikungunya virus RNA in the blood. It works best in the first week of illness, when the virus level is high. A positive RT-PCR confirms the infection.Public Health Ontario+4PMC+4CDC+4
IgM ELISA for chikungunya
This blood test detects IgM antibodies against chikungunya virus. These antibodies usually appear after the first few days of illness and stay for several weeks to months. A positive IgM test, together with typical symptoms, supports a recent chikungunya infection.
IgG antibody testing and paired samples
IgG antibodies appear later and can last for years. By testing IgG antibodies in two blood samples taken weeks apart, doctors can see if there is a rise in IgG levels. A rising IgG suggests a recent or current infection. This is useful when RT-PCR is negative and IgM results are unclear.
Dengue and Zika tests (for differential diagnosis)
Because Aedes mosquitoes also spread dengue and Zika, doctors often test for these viruses too. Dengue NS1 antigen tests and dengue IgM/IgG tests, as well as Zika tests where needed, help distinguish chikungunya from these other illnesses.
Liver and kidney function tests
Blood tests for liver enzymes and kidney function are sometimes done to check whether chikungunya or its complications are affecting these organs. Abnormal results may suggest a more severe or complicated illness.
Joint fluid analysis (synovial fluid study)
In patients with very swollen joints, a doctor may remove a small amount of fluid from a joint with a needle. The fluid is examined for cells, crystals, and infection. This helps tell chikungunya-related arthritis apart from other joint diseases like gout or septic arthritis.

Electrodiagnostic tests

Nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG)
In rare cases, chikungunya may cause nerve damage or muscle inflammation. If a patient has numbness, weakness, or unusual pain, doctors may use nerve conduction studies and EMG. These tests measure how well nerves and muscles work and can show patterns of nerve or muscle injury.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart. In patients with chest pain, shortness of breath, or risk of heart involvement, an ECG can help detect heart rhythm problems or other heart issues that may be linked to severe or atypical chikungunya.

Imaging tests

X-ray of joints
Simple X-rays are sometimes used to look at painful joints, especially in people with long-lasting symptoms. X-rays show bone shape and joint space. In early chikungunya, they may be normal, but in chronic arthritis they may show changes similar to other inflammatory joint diseases.
Ultrasound of joints and soft tissues
Ultrasound uses sound waves to look at joints and the tissues around them. In chikungunya arthritis, ultrasound can show joint effusion (fluid), synovitis (inflamed joint lining), and tendon problems. It is useful to monitor inflammation without radiation.The Open Rheumatology Journal+4PMC+4PLOS+4
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of joints or spine
MRI gives very detailed images of joints, bones, and soft tissues. In chronic chikungunya arthritis, MRI can show bone marrow oedema, cartilage damage, and severe joint inflammation. Whole-body MRI has been used in research to study widespread musculoskeletal inflammation in chronic chikungunya.
Chest X-ray
In patients with cough, breathing trouble, or suspected lung or heart complications, a chest X-ray may be done. It can show fluid in the lungs, heart enlargement, or other chest problems.
Abdominal ultrasound
In some severe or unusual cases, abdominal ultrasound may be done to look for enlarged liver, spleen, or fluid in the abdomen. This helps rule out other causes of fever and pain and can detect complications.
Echocardiography (heart ultrasound)
If doctors are worried about heart function, they may use echocardiography. This is an ultrasound of the heart that shows heart pumping strength, valve function, and fluid around the heart. It helps in managing rare heart complications of chikungunya.

Non-pharmacological treatments for chikungunya (therapies and other supports)

There is no specific medicine that kills the chikungunya virus. Treatment mainly means helping the body rest, heal, and controlling pain and fever.CDC+2World Health Organization+2
Always talk with a doctor before trying any new treatment, especially if you are young, pregnant, or have other health problems.

Bed rest and energy saving
Rest is one of the most important “treatments” for chikungunya. When you stay in bed or sit quietly, your body can use more energy to fight the infection instead of using it for movement or activity. Rest reduces stress on your heart, muscles, and painful joints. This can help lower tiredness, headaches, and joint pain. Try to avoid school, work, heavy exercise, and long travel until the fever is gone and the pain is much better.
Good fluid intake (oral rehydration)
Fever and poor appetite can lead to dehydration. Drinking small sips of clean water, oral rehydration solution, homemade salted rice water, thin soups, and fresh fruit juices (not too sugary) helps replace lost fluids and salts. Proper hydration supports blood circulation, kidney function, and temperature control, and it can reduce headaches and dizziness. If someone cannot drink or is vomiting a lot, they must see a doctor urgently because they may need fluids in a vein.
Cool sponging and light clothing
When body temperature is high, gentle sponging with lukewarm or slightly cool water and wearing light, loose cotton clothes can help reduce fever. This physical cooling does not treat the virus, but it makes the person more comfortable, prevents overheating, and can slightly lower temperature without using more medicine. Avoid ice-cold baths, which can cause shivering and discomfort.
Joint rest with gentle movement
Very painful joints need short periods of rest, using pillows or cushions for support. However, keeping the joints completely still for many days can cause stiffness. Gentle, slow bending and straightening exercises several times a day, within pain limits, help keep the joints flexible and reduce long-term stiffness. This balance between rest and light movement protects the joints and muscles.
Physiotherapy and guided exercises (sub-acute/chronic phase)
If joint pain and stiffness continue for weeks or months, a physiotherapist can teach special exercises to improve muscle strength, joint range of motion, and posture. These exercises are carefully chosen to avoid overloading painful joints. The goal is to help the person return to normal walking, sitting, and working. Physiotherapy also teaches safe ways to lift, stand, and move so that daily activities cause less pain.
Heat therapy for chronic joint pain
In the later phase, when fever is gone but joint pain continues, warm packs, warm showers, or warm water soaks can relax muscles, improve blood flow, and ease stiffness and pain. Heat therapy must be gentle and not too hot to avoid burns. It is not used during high fever, but it is often helpful in the chronic pain phase that some chikungunya patients experience.
Assistive devices (braces, canes, ergonomic tools)
Simple devices like soft wrist braces, knee supports, or a walking stick can reduce pressure on painful joints. Using chairs with arm rests, raised toilet seats, and supportive shoes can also protect the joints. These tools do not cure the illness, but they help people stay independent and reduce pain during daily activities.
Sleep hygiene and rest schedule
Pain can disturb sleep, and poor sleep makes pain feel worse. A regular sleep routine, a quiet dark room, avoiding screens just before bed, and not drinking caffeine late in the day can improve sleep quality. Better sleep helps the immune system, mood, and pain control. Short daytime naps are fine, but very long naps may affect night sleep.
Psychological and emotional support
Long-lasting pain and tiredness can make people feel frustrated, sad, or anxious. Talking with family, friends, or a counselor can reduce emotional stress. Group support (even online) with other people who had chikungunya can help a person feel understood and less alone. Lower stress can also reduce muscle tension and improve pain perception.
Education and self-management planning
Learning about how chikungunya spreads, typical disease phases, and warning signs makes the illness less frightening. Understanding that joint pain can last for weeks or months, but often slowly improves, helps people plan work, school, and home tasks. Education encourages safe use of medicines, early medical review if symptoms are severe, and strong mosquito-bite protection to avoid spreading the virus to others.World Health Organization+1
Household mosquito control
During the first week of illness, the virus is in the blood, and mosquitoes that bite the patient can carry it to others. Using bed nets, window screens, fans, insecticide sprays, and covering water containers reduces mosquito numbers and helps break the chain of transmission. This is a “treatment for the community,” because it protects family members and neighbors from getting sick.World Health Organization+1
Balanced nutrition (supportive, not curative)
Soft, easy-to-digest foods such as rice, dal, vegetables, fruits, yogurt, and soups provide calories, protein, vitamins, and minerals. Good nutrition supports the immune system, wound repair, and overall strength. Eating small frequent meals is often easier than large meals when appetite is low. There is no special “chikungunya diet,” but avoiding junk food and having balanced meals supports recovery.healthytravel.ch
Occupational therapy for daily activities
For people with long-lasting joint problems, an occupational therapist can show how to change the way they dress, cook, write, or use a phone to reduce strain. Simple changes, like using both hands to lift objects or sitting on a chair while doing tasks, can make life easier and pain lower.
Graded activity and pacing
After the acute phase, suddenly returning to full-strength work or sports can worsen pain. Graded activity means slowly increasing walking distance, household tasks, or exercise time in small steps. Pacing means doing a little, then resting, and avoiding over-activity on “good days” that might cause a pain flare the next day.
Mind-body techniques (relaxation, breathing, meditation)
Deep breathing, relaxing muscles step by step, or simple mindfulness practice can help calm the nervous system. When the brain is less stressed, it often interprets pain signals as less severe. These techniques do not replace medical care, but they are safe tools to add to the total pain-management plan.
Cold packs for joint swelling (acute phase)
In the early phase, when joints are hot, red, and swollen, gentle cold packs wrapped in a cloth for short periods may decrease swelling and numb pain. Cold therapy must not be applied directly on skin or for too long, to avoid skin damage.
Avoiding alcohol and smoking
Alcohol can worsen dehydration and interact with pain medicines. Smoking harms blood circulation and may slow healing. Avoiding these substances supports overall health and reduces the chance of medicine side effects.
Protecting eyes and skin
Some people may have rash or eye symptoms. Using mild, unscented skin care, avoiding harsh soaps, and protecting eyes from bright sunlight (with sunglasses or a cap) can increase comfort. Any serious eye pain or vision change needs quick medical review.
Community vector control programs
Public health teams may spray insecticides, clean stagnant water, and run awareness campaigns. These community actions do not treat one patient directly, but they reduce new infections and outbreak size.Pan American Health Organization+1
Safe home monitoring and record keeping
Families can keep a simple record of daily temperature, pain level, urine output, and medicines taken. This helps the doctor see how the illness is changing and pick up warning signs early. Writing down questions for the next clinic visit improves communication with health professionals.

Drug treatments for chikungunya

Important safety note (especially for you as a teenager):
There is no specific antiviral drug that cures chikungunya.CDC+2World Health Organization+2
Most medicines are only for fever, pain, and complications and must be chosen and dosed by a doctor. Never start, stop, or change doses of medicines on your own.PMC+2Vector Borne Disease Control+2

For each drug I will talk about its general role, not give exact doses, because dosing depends on age, weight, and other illnesses.

Paracetamol / Acetaminophen (oral)
Drug class: Analgesic and antipyretic.
Purpose & mechanism: First-line medicine to reduce fever and mild to moderate pain in chikungunya. It acts mainly in the brain to lower the “temperature set-point” and to reduce the feeling of pain. It is preferred early in illness, especially in areas where dengue also occurs, because it does not increase bleeding risk like some NSAIDs.World Health Organization+1
Side effects: In recommended doses it is usually safe, but overdose can seriously damage the liver. People with liver disease or heavy alcohol use need special care.
Ibuprofen (oral, only after dengue is ruled out)
Drug class: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
Purpose & mechanism: Used under medical supervision to relieve persistent joint pain and inflammation after the doctor is confident that dengue is not present. Ibuprofen blocks cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (COX), reducing prostaglandins that cause pain, fever, and swelling.CDC+2CDC+2
Side effects: Can irritate the stomach, affect kidneys, and increase bleeding risk, especially in people with ulcers, kidney disease, or those taking blood thinners.
Naproxen (oral, selected patients)
Drug class: NSAID.
Purpose & mechanism: Sometimes used for moderate to severe joint pain and swelling that continues after the acute phase. It gives longer pain relief per dose than some other NSAIDs by blocking COX enzymes for a longer time, which may help people with chronic chikungunya-related arthritis.
Side effects: Similar to other NSAIDs—stomach upset, ulcer risk, kidney strain, and bleeding risk—so it must be prescribed and monitored.
Diclofenac (oral or topical gel)
Drug class: NSAID.
Purpose & mechanism: Oral diclofenac can relieve strong joint pain, while topical gel provides local pain relief with less effect on the whole body. It decreases inflammatory chemicals in the joints, helping people who have severe swelling and cannot move comfortably.
Side effects: Stomach and kidney problems with oral forms; skin irritation with gels. Use only as directed by a doctor.
Tramadol (oral)
Drug class: Weak opioid analgesic.
Purpose & mechanism: For some patients with very severe pain that does not respond to paracetamol and NSAIDs, doctors may prescribe tramadol for a short time. It changes how the brain senses pain by acting on opioid receptors and certain neurotransmitters.MinistryOfHealthMV+1
Side effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, constipation, and risk of dependence or overdose. It must be used carefully and is not a first-line medicine.
Short course of oral corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone)
Drug class: Glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory.
Purpose & mechanism: In the sub-acute or chronic phase, some people develop very strong inflammatory arthritis that does not settle with NSAIDs. Guidelines allow a short, carefully supervised course of oral steroids to quickly reduce inflammation by suppressing immune activity in the joints.Vector Borne Disease Control+1
Side effects: Increased blood sugar, mood changes, stomach upset, bone loss, and infection risk, especially with long use. Must only be used under specialist advice and then tapered.
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs – e.g., Methotrexate)
Drug class: DMARD / immunomodulator.
Purpose & mechanism: A small number of people develop chronic arthritis after chikungunya that behaves like rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology specialists may use drugs like methotrexate to calm down the overactive immune response in the joints and prevent long-term damage.Vector Borne Disease Control+1
Side effects: Liver, blood, and lung problems; needs regular blood tests and strict medical monitoring.
Hydroxychloroquine
Drug class: Antimalarial and immunomodulator.
Purpose & mechanism: Sometimes used as a DMARD in chikungunya-related inflammatory arthritis. It modulates immune cell activity and may help reduce joint pain and swelling over time.Vector Borne Disease Control+1
Side effects: Eye toxicity with long-term high doses, skin reactions, stomach upset; requires eye checks and medical supervision.
Topical anti-inflammatory creams and gels
Drug class: Topical NSAIDs or combination pain-relief agents.
Purpose & mechanism: These are rubbed onto painful joints to give local relief with lower risk of whole-body side effects. The medicines are absorbed through the skin and reduce inflammatory substances in the tissues under the application site.
Side effects: Local rash or irritation in some people.
Antihistamines (for rash and itching)
Drug class: H1-antihistamines.
Purpose & mechanism: Some chikungunya patients have itchy rashes. Antihistamines block histamine receptors in the skin, reducing itching and discomfort. Better sleep from less itching also helps recovery.Epidemiology Unit+1
Side effects: Drowsiness (with older drugs), dry mouth, sometimes dizziness.

Other medicines may be used in selected patients (for example, proton-pump inhibitors to protect the stomach while on NSAIDs, anti-nausea drugs, or medicines for other co-existing illnesses), but these are not specific chikungunya drugs and must be individually prescribed.

Dietary molecular supplements (supportive, not a cure)

Supplements can sometimes support normal body functions during and after chikungunya, but they cannot replace balanced food or medical treatment. Evidence is more general (immune and bone health) rather than chikungunya-specific.

Vitamin C supplement
Vitamin C supports the immune system and helps in collagen formation, which is important for skin and joint tissues. In chikungunya, a vitamin C supplement may help the body handle oxidative stress caused by infection. It works as an antioxidant, neutralizing harmful free radicals. Too much can cause stomach upset, so any supplement should stay within recommended daily limits and be discussed with a doctor.
Vitamin D supplement
Vitamin D helps regulate immune responses and is essential for bone and muscle health. Low vitamin D is common in many populations and can increase muscle weakness and bone pain. A doctor-guided dose may support recovery from long-lasting joint pain after chikungunya by improving muscle strength and bone health, although it does not directly fight the virus.
Calcium with Vitamin D
For patients with long-term steroid use or limited movement, calcium plus vitamin D can help protect bones from thinning. Calcium supports bone structure, while vitamin D improves calcium absorption from the gut. This combination aims to prevent osteoporosis and fractures in people who develop chronic joint problems and reduced mobility.
Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil)
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) have anti-inflammatory effects. They can be taken as capsules or through oily fish in the diet. Omega-3s reduce production of some inflammatory chemicals in the body and may gently support joint comfort over time. They can also benefit heart health. People on blood-thinning medicines should talk with a doctor before using high doses.
B-complex vitamins
B vitamins (such as B1, B6, and B12) support nerve function and energy metabolism. In people with fatigue and tingling sensations, B-complex supplements may help overall energy and nerve health. They work as co-factors in many enzyme reactions in the body. Balanced food often gives enough, but a doctor might suggest extra in some cases.
Zinc supplement
Zinc is important for immune cell function and wound healing. During infections, body demand for zinc can rise. A moderate zinc supplement can support normal immune responses and tissue repair. Very high doses can cause nausea and interfere with copper absorption, so medical guidance is important.
Probiotics
Probiotic supplements (beneficial bacteria) may help maintain a healthy gut microbiome, especially when appetite is poor or other medicines upset the stomach. A healthy gut microbiome supports immune balance and nutrient absorption. Evidence is still developing, but probiotics are generally safe for many people.
Turmeric (Curcumin) supplement
Curcumin, the active part of turmeric, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in studies. As a supplement or as turmeric in food, it may help mild joint discomfort. It works by influencing inflammatory signaling pathways. However, high doses can affect the liver or interact with other medicines, so it should be used carefully.
Collagen or gelatin-based supplements
Collagen peptides are sometimes used to support joint cartilage and connective tissue. They supply amino acids that the body uses to repair and maintain joint structures. In chronic chikungunya arthritis, they may play a small supportive role alongside medical treatment, though evidence is not specific to this virus.
Magnesium supplement
Magnesium is involved in muscle relaxation and nerve function. Low magnesium can cause muscle cramps and fatigue. Correcting deficiency through diet or supplements may lessen muscle cramps and improve sleep. Very high doses can cause diarrhea or affect the heart, so professional advice is needed.

Immunity booste and regenerative or stem-cell-related drugs

Right now, there are no FDA-approved stem cell drugs or special “immunity booster” medicines specifically for chikungunya virus disease.Medscape+1
Research is ongoing on:

Monoclonal antibodies targeting chikungunya virus.
Experimental antiviral molecules in clinical trials.
Mesenchymal stem cell therapies for severe viral-related inflammation (not standard care).

These approaches try to either neutralize the virus or repair damaged tissues by changing immune responses or regenerating cells. But they are experimental, used only in research settings, and can have serious unknown risks. For a young person, the safest plan is standard supportive care in a hospital or clinic, not untested “immune booster injections” or unregulated stem-cell clinics.

Surgical options related to chikungunya complications

Chikungunya almost never needs surgery by itself. Surgery is only considered for rare serious complications after many months or years:

Joint replacement surgery
If chronic chikungunya-related arthritis severely destroys a major joint (such as the hip or knee) and the person cannot walk or care for themselves, orthopedic surgeons may replace the damaged joint with an artificial one. The procedure removes worn-out joint surfaces and inserts a metal-plastic implant to restore movement and reduce pain.
Tendon release or repair surgery
Long-lasting inflammation around tendons can sometimes cause tight bands or tears. Surgery can loosen or repair these tendons to restore movement, for example in wrists or ankles. The aim is to relieve nerve pressure and improve function when conservative therapy fails.
Carpal tunnel or nerve decompression surgery
If swelling from arthritis compresses nerves (such as in the wrist), surgeons may perform a decompression procedure to free the nerve. This can reduce numbness, tingling, and weakness in the affected hand.
Eye surgeries for severe ocular complications
Very rarely, chikungunya can affect the eyes, causing uveitis or other serious problems. If scarring threatens sight, eye specialists may consider surgeries such as cataract removal or vitrectomy to preserve vision.
Orthopedic corrective surgeries for deformities
In extreme chronic cases, some joints may become deformed. Corrective bone or joint surgery can realign the limb, improve walking, and reduce pain. This is usually a last option after all medical treatments have failed.

Prevention of chikungunya

Because there is no specific cure, prevention is very important.World Health Organization+2CDC+2

Avoid mosquito bites (especially during the day) using repellents on exposed skin.
Wear long-sleeved shirts, long trousers, socks, and shoes in high-risk areas.
Use bed nets and window/door screens to keep mosquitoes out of rooms.
Remove standing water from containers, tyres, pots, and drains around homes.
Cover water storage containers with tight lids.
Support community mosquito-control campaigns and follow local health advice.
If you have chikungunya, avoid mosquito bites for the first week to stop spreading the virus.CDC+1
Follow up-to-date guidance on chikungunya vaccines from health authorities, because vaccine recommendations and approvals can change.CDC+1
Use air-conditioning or fans when possible; moving air makes it harder for mosquitoes to land.
Check travel advisories for chikungunya before visiting affected countries.San Francisco Chronicle+1

When to see a doctor urgently

You (or your family) should contact a doctor or go to an emergency service immediately if:

Fever is very high or lasts more than a few days.CDC+1
There is severe, spreading joint swelling or redness.
You feel very short of breath, have chest pain, or trouble breathing.
You cannot drink or pass urine normally, or you feel extremely weak.
There is confusion, seizures, or unusual behaviour.
There is bleeding from the nose, gums, vomit, stool, or very many bruises.
The patient is pregnant, a very young baby, an older adult, or has chronic heart, kidney, or immune problems.
Pain remains strong for many weeks or months and makes daily life very hard.

Always involve a parent or guardian in health decisions if you are under 18.

What to eat and what to avoid

Eat: plenty of water, oral rehydration drinks, thin soups, and homemade broths to stay hydrated.
Eat: soft carbohydrates like rice, khichuri, boiled potatoes, bread, or porridge that are gentle on the stomach.
Eat: fruits such as bananas, oranges, papaya, and apples for vitamins and energy.
Eat: protein foods like lentils, beans, eggs, yogurt, and small portions of fish or lean meat to support tissue repair.
Eat: healthy fats in small amounts from nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils to provide energy.
Avoid: alcohol and energy drinks, which worsen dehydration and can stress the liver.
Avoid: very spicy, oily, deep-fried fast foods that may upset the stomach.
Avoid: very salty snacks and instant noodles that can worsen swelling and blood pressure.
Avoid: large heavy meals; use small frequent meals if you feel nauseated.
Avoid: unclean water or food from unsafe street vendors to reduce the risk of other infections (like diarrhea) on top of chikungunya.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

Is chikungunya virus disease deadly?
Most people survive, but they can feel extremely sick and in great pain. Death is uncommon and usually happens in newborns, older adults, or people with serious other diseases. Early medical care and good hydration greatly reduce the risk of severe outcomes.World Health Organization+1
How long does chikungunya last?
Fever often lasts about a week, but joint pain and tiredness can last weeks or even months in some people. Many patients slowly improve with time, rest, and proper care.
Can I get chikungunya more than once?
Most evidence suggests that infection gives long-lasting immunity to the same virus strain, so second infections are thought to be rare. However, research is still ongoing.World Health Organization+1
Is there any medicine that kills the virus?
At present, there is no approved antiviral drug that specifically kills chikungunya virus. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing complications.CDC+2CDC+2
Is there a vaccine for chikungunya?
Some vaccines have been developed and studied, but their approval and availability differ by country, and safety reviews are ongoing. Guidance changes over time, so you must follow the most recent advice from your local health authority or WHO/CDC.U.S. Food and Drug Administration+2CDC+2
Can children and teenagers get chikungunya?
Yes. Children and teenagers can be infected and can develop high fever and joint pain. They need careful medical assessment because some medicines, such as aspirin and certain NSAIDs, are not safe for them in some situations.
Is chikungunya contagious from person to person like flu?
It is not spread by coughing or usual touch. People get chikungunya mainly from mosquito bites. Mosquitoes become infected by biting a sick person and then spread it to others.ECDC+1
How is chikungunya different from dengue?
Both cause fever and can share some symptoms, but chikungunya often causes stronger joint pain and stiffness, while dengue is more associated with severe bleeding and shock. Doctors use blood tests to tell them apart because treatment choices for pain control are different.
Can chikungunya cause long-term problems?
Yes, some people develop chronic joint pain and stiffness that can last months or years and may look like rheumatoid arthritis. They may need rheumatology care and long-term medicines.PMC+1
Is it safe to use herbal or traditional medicines?
Some herbal remedies may help mild symptoms, but others can damage the liver or kidneys or interact with modern medicines. Always discuss any herbal product with a qualified doctor or pharmacist before using it.
Can I go to school or work when I have chikungunya?
During the acute phase with fever and strong pain, you should rest at home and avoid mosquito exposure. When fever has gone and energy is returning, you can slowly return to school or work by starting with shorter days and light activities.
Will all my joints return to normal?
Many people fully recover, but some have ongoing pain or stiffness in certain joints. Early physiotherapy, good pain control, and follow-up with a doctor improve the chances of a good outcome.
Can pregnant women with chikungunya have problems?
Infection near the time of delivery may sometimes pass the virus to the baby, and severe disease can be dangerous for both mother and child. Pregnant women with fever or suspected chikungunya need urgent obstetric and infectious-disease care.CDC+1
What if I already have another illness like diabetes or heart disease?
People with chronic illnesses have a higher risk of severe chikungunya. They must contact a doctor early, watch blood sugar and blood pressure closely, and never change regular medicines without medical advice.
Can I take painkillers on my own if I think I have chikungunya?
No. Because dengue and other illnesses can look similar, some medicines (especially NSAIDs and aspirin) may be dangerous until dengue is ruled out. Always see a doctor first, especially as a teenager, and let your parents or guardians help manage your medicines.World Health Organization+

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: December 31, 2025.

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