Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome

Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome (BFCS) is a rare neurological condition caused by lesions affecting the facial colliculi—small elevations on the dorsal pons where the abducens nucleus (CN VI) and looping fibers of the facial nerve (CN VII) converge. When both sides are involved, patients experience complete peripheral facial paralysis bilaterally (weakness? of upper and lower face), horizontal conjugate gaze palsy (inability to move both eyes laterally or medially), sometimes with accompanying diplopia? and nystagmus. Etiologies include ischemic stroke?, demyelinating disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis?), viral? infections (e.g., HSV-1), tumors, and trauma?. Diagnosis? relies on clinical? exam—observing facial weakness and gaze palsy—and confirmation via brain MRI? showing dorsal pontine lesions webeye.ophth.uiowa.edupubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

This syndrome often manifests acutely and can be precipitated by various pathologies affecting the pontine tegmentum. Symptoms include inability to abduct either eye, inability to close eyes, drooping of both sides of the face, and associated brainstem signs. Because of its rarity and overlap with more common disorders such as Bell’s palsy? or one-and-a-half syndrome, bilateral facial colliculus syndrome can be misdiagnosed without thorough imaging and neurophysiological testing researchgate.net.

Types

1. Ischemic Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome
   Caused by bilateral pontine infarctions, typically from posterior circulation strokes involving the basilar artery? or its perforating branches. Patients experience sudden onset? of facial paralysis and gaze palsy often accompanied by other brainstem signs such as dysarthria or dysphagia? researchgate.net.

2. Hemorrhagic Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome
   Results from pontine hemorrhages, frequently secondary to hypertension? or vascular malformations. Hemorrhagic damage to the facial colliculi produces a more fluctuating course, sometimes with initial worsening followed by gradual stabilization researchgate.net.

3. Demyelinating Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome
   Seen in diseases like multiple sclerosis?, where bilateral demyelinating plaques form in the dorsal pontine tegmentum. Onset may be subacute? with relapsing–remitting features and responds variably to immunomodulatory therapies turkjpediatr.org.

4. Infectious Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome
   Caused by viral (e.g., herpes simplex) or bacterial? infections that involve the pontine tegmentum. These cases often include fever? and meningeal signs, and CSF studies may show pleocytosis or viral DNA turkjpediatr.org.

5. Neoplastic Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome
   Secondary to tumors—such as gliomas or metastases—eroding into the dorsal pons. Presentation is usually progressive, with accompanying signs of increased intracranial pressure? or other cranial nerve involvements researchgate.net.

6. Traumatic Bilateral Facial Colliculus Syndrome
   Occurs after head trauma causing brainstem contusion or diffuse axonal injury. Symptoms may emerge immediately or in a delayed fashion, sometimes alongside other traumatic sequelae? like coma or ataxia? webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

Causes

1. Pontine Infarction? – Thrombosis? or embolism in the basilar artery perforators leading to bilateral dorsal pontine ischemia researchgate.net.

2. Hypertensive Hemorrhage – Small vessel rupture in the pons due to chronic hypertension researchgate.net.

3. Multiple Sclerosis – Demyelinating plaques in the facial colliculus region, often relapsing–remitting in nature turkjpediatr.org.

4. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection – Viral invasion causing focal inflammation and necrosis of pontine tegmentum turkjpediatr.org.

5. Lyme Disease – Borrelia burgdorferi spread to central nervous system producing brainstem encephalitis pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

6. Neurosarcoidosis – Noncaseating granulomas infiltrating the dorsal pons researchgate.net.

7. Glioma – Primary brainstem gliomas compressing or infiltrating the facial colliculi researchgate.net.

8. Metastatic Tumors – Secondary deposits from lung or breast carcinoma researchgate.net.

9. Traumatic Brain Injury – Contusion or diffuse axonal injury in pons webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

10. Central Pontine Myelinolysis – Rapid correction of hyponatremia causing demyelination in central pons sciencedirect.com.

11. Pontine Abscess – Bacterial infection leading to localized pus collection in the pons turkjpediatr.org.

12. Cavernous Malformation – Vascular malformation prone to bleed in pontine tegmentum researchgate.net.

13. Pontine Stroke from Patent Foramen Ovale – Paradoxical emboli causing pontine infarcts researchgate.net.

14. Radiation Necrosis – Late effects of radiation therapy to posterior fossa researchgate.net.

15. Tuberculous Brainstem Involvement – Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing tuberculomas in pons turkjpediatr.org.

16. Vasculitis (e.g., Behçet’s) – Inflammatory vessel disease leading to pontine lesions researchgate.net.

17. Mitochondrial Disorders – Leigh’s disease causing pontine degeneration sciencedirect.com.

18. Lead Poisoning – Neurotoxic effects damaging brainstem nuclei sciencedirect.com.

19. Iatrogenic Injury – Complications from brainstem surgery or dialysis disequilibrium sciencedirect.com.

20. Lyme Neuroborreliosis – Spread of Borrelia to the dorsal pons pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Symptoms

1. Bilateral Peripheral Facial Paralysis – Complete weakness of both sides of facial muscles, affecting forehead and mouth movements webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

2. Complete Horizontal Gaze Palsy – Inability to move either eye horizontally to the left or right webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

3. Diplopia – Double vision due to disrupted coordination of lateral and medial rectus muscles radiopaedia.org.

4. Facial Drooping – Sagging of both sides of the face, including mouth and eyelids webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

5. Impaired Eyelid Closure – Difficulty or inability to close both eyes, risking corneal exposure webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

6. Hyperacusis – Increased sensitivity to sound due to stapedius muscle paralysis webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

7. Decreased Lacrimation – Reduced tear production from greater petrosal nerve involvement webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

8. Altered Taste – Loss of taste sensation on the anterior two-thirds of tongue webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

9. Dysarthria – Slurred speech from facial muscle weakness researchgate.net.

10. Dysphagia – Difficulty swallowing due to coordination deficits researchgate.net.

11. Nystagmus – Involuntary eye movements on attempted gaze radiopaedia.org.

12. Vertigo – Sensation of spinning from vestibular pathway involvement sciencedirect.com.

13. Ataxia – Limb or gait incoordination if adjacent cerebellar peduncle is involved sciencedirect.com.

14. Headache – Occipital or frontal pain from raised intracranial pressure researchgate.net.

15. Nausea/Vomiting – Brainstem or vestibular involvement sciencedirect.com.

16. Sensory Alterations – Numbness or tingling in face or limbs sciencedirect.com.

17. Cranial Nerve V Involvement – Facial pain or chewing difficulty if trigeminal root is affected researchgate.net.

18. Central Facial Weakness – Lower facial sparing of forehead muscles indicates corticobulbar tract involvement webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

19. Conjugate Gaze Deviation – Eyes fixated centrally, unable to achieve lateral positions radiopaedia.org.

20. Altered Consciousness – From widespread brainstem involvement in severe cases researchgate.net.

Diagnostic Tests

Physical Exam

1. Comprehensive Neurological Examination
   Assesses level of consciousness, cranial nerves, motor, sensory, and coordination to localize brainstem involvement sciencedirect.com.

2. Cranial Nerve Testing
   Detailed assessment of CN VI and VII through ocular movements and facial muscle activation webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

3. House–Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading
   Semi-quantitative scale (I–VI) to grade facial paralysis severity webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

4. Eye Movement Assessment
   Testing saccades, smooth pursuit, and vestibular–ocular reflex to evaluate abducens nucleus function radiopaedia.org.

5. Pupillary Reflex Testing
   Light and accommodation responses to assess parasympathetic pathways webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

6. Corneal Reflex
   Touch cornea to evaluate trigeminal afferent and facial efferent arc integrity webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

7. Gait and Coordination Tests
   Romberg and heel-to-toe walking for cerebellar signs sciencedirect.com.

8. Sensory Testing
   Pinprick, temperature, and vibration on face and limbs to detect sensory deficits sciencedirect.com.

Manual Tests

1. Blink Reflex
   Electrical stimulation of supraorbital nerve to evoke orbicularis oculi contraction, assessing facial nerve pathway ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

2. Schirmer’s Test
   Measures tear production to evaluate autonomic fibers of facial nerve webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

3. Head Impulse Test
   Rapid head turns to assess vestibulo-ocular reflex integrity sciencedirect.com.

4. Caloric Testing
   Warm and cold irrigation of ear canal to provoke nystagmus and test brainstem vestibular pathways sciencedirect.com.

5. Smooth Pursuit and Saccade Testing
   Tracking and rapid fixation shifts to detect brainstem or cerebellar dysfunction radiopaedia.org.

6. Facial Muscle Palpation
   Manual inspection for atrophy or fasciculations in facial muscles webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

7. Facial Tone Assessment
   Resistance to passive movement of facial muscles to gauge motor neuron involvement webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu.

8. Fundoscopic Examination
   Evaluation of optic disc and retinal vessels for increased intracranial pressure signs sciencedirect.com.

Lab and Pathological Tests

1. Complete Blood Count & Metabolic Panel
   Screens for infection, anemia, electrolytes disturbances (e.g., hyponatremia favoring CPM) sciencedirect.com.

2. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) & C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
   Markers of systemic inflammation in vasculitis or infection researchgate.net.

3. CSF Analysis
   Cell count, protein, glucose, oligoclonal bands for demyelination or infection turkjpediatr.org.

4. Viral PCR (HSV, VZV, CMV)
   Detection of viral DNA in CSF for infectious etiologies turkjpediatr.org.

5. Autoimmune Panel (ANA, ANCA, ACE Levels)
   Evaluates systemic autoimmune or sarcoidosis involvement researchgate.net.

6. Blood Cultures
   Identifies bacteremia in suspected brainstem abscess turkjpediatr.org.

7. Coagulation Profile
   PT, aPTT to detect coagulopathies predisposing to hemorrhage researchgate.net.

8. Thyroid Function & Vitamin B12 Levels
   Assesses metabolic causes of neuropathies sciencedirect.com.

Electrodiagnostic Tests

1. Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) of Facial Nerve
   Measures motor latency and amplitude of facial muscle responses ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

2. Needle Electromyography (EMG)
   Detects denervation potentials in facial muscles ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

3. Blink Reflex Study
   Latency of R1 and R2 responses to supraorbital stimulation ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

4. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs)
   Evaluates pontine and higher auditory pathways sciencedirect.com.

5. Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs)
   Tests integrity of optic pathways through pons sciencedirect.com.

6. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SSEPs)
   Assesses dorsal column–brainstem conduction sciencedirect.com.

7. Electrooculography (EOG)
   Records eye movement potentials to quantify gaze palsy radiopaedia.org.

8. Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs)
   Transcranial magnetic stimulation to evaluate corticobulbar tracts sciencedirect.com.

Imaging Tests

1. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with DWI and FLAIR
   Gold standard for detecting pontine infarcts or demyelinating plaques radiopaedia.org.

2. MRI with Contrast (Gadolinium)
   Highlights active inflammatory or neoplastic lesions in the pons researchgate.net.

3. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
   Rapid detection of hemorrhage in acute presentations researchgate.net.

4. CT Angiography (CTA)
   Visualizes basilar artery and perforators for vascular stenosis or occlusion researchgate.net.

5. MR Angiography (MRA)
   Noninvasive assessment of posterior circulation vessels researchgate.net.

6. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
   Differentiates tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis researchgate.net.

7. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound
   Monitors cerebral blood flow velocities in basilar artery sciencedirect.com.

8. High-Resolution Vessel Wall MRI
   Detects inflammation in vasculitis involving pontine perforators researchgate.net.

Non-Pharmacological Treatments

 Physiotherapy & Electrotherapy

1. Neuromuscular Re-education
   • Description: Guided facial exercises focusing on symmetry and muscle reactivation.
   • Purpose: Restore voluntary control of facial muscles.
   • Mechanism: Repetitive stimulation promotes cortical reorganization and muscle strengthening.

2. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
   • Description: Surface electrodes deliver low-level pulses to facial muscles.
   • Purpose: Prevent atrophy, improve muscle tone.
   • Mechanism: Elicits muscle contractions via motor nerve depolarization.

3. Mirror Therapy
   • Description: Patient performs movements on the unaffected side while watching a mirror reflection.
   • Purpose: Retrain brain to perceive movement in the paralyzed side.
   • Mechanism: Visual feedback induces mirror neuron activation and cortical plasticity.

4. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
   • Description: Mild electrical currents applied near the lesion area.
   • Purpose: Alleviate neuropathic pain, enhance local blood flow.
   • Mechanism: Gates pain signals in the dorsal horn and releases endorphins.

5. Biofeedback
   • Description: Electromyographic feedback shows muscle activity on a screen.
   • Purpose: Teach precise muscle activation.
   • Mechanism: Visual/auditory cues reinforce correct muscle firing patterns.

6. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
   • Description: Cold laser applied to facial nerve pathways.
   • Purpose: Reduce inflammation, accelerate nerve healing.
   • Mechanism: Photobiomodulation increases ATP production and modulates cytokines.

7. Ultrasound Therapy
   • Description: Therapeutic ultrasound penetration to soft tissue.
   • Purpose: Improve circulation, reduce edema.
   • Mechanism: Mechanical vibration increases tissue permeability and blood flow.

8. Heat & Cryotherapy
   • Description: Alternating warm packs and cold compresses.
   • Purpose: Manage pain and swelling.
   • Mechanism: Heat vasodilates; cold vasoconstricts, modulating inflammatory mediators.

9. Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
   • Description: Therapist-guided diagonal movement patterns.
   • Purpose: Enhance synergy between facial muscles.
   • Mechanism: Proprioceptive input augments motor neuron excitability.

10. Cranial Nerve Mobilization
    • Description: Gentle manual traction of cranial bones.
    • Purpose: Improve nerve gliding and reduce compression.
    • Mechanism: Mechanical mobilization restores normal nerve biomechanics.

Exercise Therapies

1. Facial Yoga
   Gentle stretching and resistance exercises for facial muscles to improve tone and mobility.

2. Core Stability & Posture Training
   Strengthening trunk and neck muscles to support optimal cranial nerve function.

3. Ocular Tracking Exercises
   Smooth pursuit and saccades to rehabilitate gaze control.

4. Breathing & Relaxation
   Diaphragmatic breathing reduces stress-induced muscle tension.

5. Balance & Gait Training
   Ensures central vestibular integration and overall coordination.

6. Resistance Band Jaw Exercises
   Supports masticatory and lower-face muscle groups.

7. Neuromotor Coordination Drills
   Rapid alternating movements to retrain pontine circuitry.

Mind-Body Therapies

1. Guided Imagery
   Mental rehearsal of facial movements to promote cortical activation.

2. Progressive Muscle Relaxation
   Sequential tensing/releasing of muscle groups to decrease hypertonicity.

3. Mindfulness Meditation
   Reduces anxiety around symptoms and fosters neuroplasticity.

4. Yoga Nidra
   Deep-relaxation practice enhancing autonomic balance and nerve recovery.

Educational Self-Management

1. Symptom Diary
   Track facial movement, pain, and triggers to guide therapy.

2. Home Exercise Program (HEP)
   Customized daily facial and ocular exercises with video guides.

3. Nutritional Counseling
   Emphasis on anti-inflammatory foods (e.g., omega-3–rich fish) to support nerve health.

4. Patient Education Workshops
   Group sessions covering condition overview, coping strategies, and expectation management.

Evidence-Based Drugs

Note: Medication targets underlying etiology (e.g., stroke, demyelination, infection) as well as symptomatic relief.

1. Aspirin (75–325 mg once daily)
   • Class: Antiplatelet agent
   • Time: Morning, with food
   • Side Effects: Gastrointestinal bleeding, dyspepsia.
   • Use: Prevent recurrent ischemic stroke in vascular BFCS pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

2. Clopidogrel (75 mg once daily)
   • Class: P2Y₁₂ inhibitor
   • Time: Morning
   • Side Effects: Bruising, diarrhea.
   • Use: Alternative antiplatelet for secondary stroke prevention.

3. Atorvastatin (20–40 mg at bedtime)
   • Class: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
   • Time: Evening
   • Side Effects: Myalgia, hepatic enzyme elevation.
   • Use: Stabilizes atherosclerotic plaques.

4. Intravenous Acyclovir (10 mg/kg IV every 8 h for 10–14 days)
   • Class: Antiviral
   • Time: Every 8 h
   • Side Effects: Nephrotoxicity, headache.
   • Use: HSV-1–related BFCS turkjpediatr.org.

5. Methylprednisolone (1 g IV daily × 3–5 days)
   • Class: Corticosteroid
   • Time: Morning
   • Side Effects: Hyperglycemia, insomnia.
   • Use: Acute demyelinating BFCS (e.g., MS flare).

6. Interferon-β-1a (30 µg IM weekly)
   • Class: Disease-modifying therapy (DMT)
   • Time: Weekly
   • Side Effects: Flu-like symptoms.
   • Use: Prevent MS-related pontine lesions.

7. Natalizumab (300 mg IV q4 weeks)
   • Class: Monoclonal antibody
   • Time: Every 4 weeks
   • Side Effects: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy risk.
   • Use: Highly active relapsing MS.

8. Warfarin (Target INR 2.0–3.0)
   • Class: Vitamin K antagonist
   • Time: Evening dosing, daily INR monitoring.
   • Side Effects: Bleeding risk.
   • Use: Cardioembolic stroke prevention (e.g., PFO closure candidates).

9. Dabigatran (150 mg twice daily)
   • Class: Direct thrombin inhibitor
   • Time: Morning & evening
   • Side Effects: Dyspepsia.
   • Use: Non-valvular atrial fibrillation–related stroke prevention.

Dietary Molecular Supplements

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA 2 g daily)
   • Functional: Anti-inflammatory
   • Mechanism: Modulates eicosanoid synthesis to protect neuronal membranes.

2. Vitamin D₃ (2,000 IU daily)
   • Functional: Immune regulation
   • Mechanism: Enhances macrophage and T-cell function, reduces demyelination.

3. Curcumin (500 mg twice daily)
   • Functional: Antioxidant
   • Mechanism: Inhibits NF-κB to reduce proinflammatory cytokines.

4. Alpha-Lipoic Acid (600 mg daily)
   • Functional: Neuroprotective
   • Mechanism: Scavenges free radicals, regenerates glutathione.

5. Magnesium (300 mg daily)
   • Functional: Neuro-stabilizer
   • Mechanism: Regulates NMDA receptors, reduces excitotoxicity.

Disease-Modifying & Regenerative Drugs

1. Zoledronic Acid (5 mg IV once yearly)
   • Functional: Bisphosphonate
   • Mechanism: Inhibits osteoclasts—useful if bony compression plays a role.

2. Hyaluronic Acid Injections (2 mL per session)
   • Functional: Viscosupplementation
   • Mechanism: Improves joint lubrication in temporomandibular involvement.

3. Platelet-Rich Plasma (Autologous PRP, single 5 mL injection)
   • Functional: Regenerative
   • Mechanism: Delivers growth factors to promote nerve healing.

4. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Infusion (1×10⁶ cells/kg IV)
   • Functional: Stem cell therapy
   • Mechanism: Homing to lesion sites, immunomodulation, remyelination.

Surgical Options

1. Microvascular Decompression (MVD)
   • Procedure: Relocate offending vessel from facial nerve root.
   • Benefits: Relieves pulsatile compression, improves facial function.

2. Pontine Lesion Resection
   • Procedure: Microsurgical excision of tumor/demyelinated plaque.
   • Benefits: Removes mass effect, restores nerve integrity.

3. PFO Closure (Transcatheter Device)
   • Procedure: Seal patent foramen ovale to prevent paradoxical emboli.
   • Benefits: Reduces recurrent stroke risk.

4. Nerve Grafting (Facial Nerve)
   • Procedure: Autologous graft between healthy nerve and distal stump.
   • Benefits: Restores muscle innervation over months.

Prevention Strategies

1. Blood Pressure Control: Maintain < 130/80 mm Hg.

2. Lipid Management: LDL < 70 mg/dL with statins.

3. Glycemic Control: A1c < 7% in diabetics.

4. Antithrombotic Therapy: As indicated for atrial fibrillation or PFO.

5. Smoking Cessation

6. Moderate Alcohol Intake

7. Regular Exercise (150 min/week aerobic)

8. Healthy Diet (DASH/Mediterranean)

9. Vaccination (e.g., HSV prophylaxis in at-risk)

10. Stress Management

 When to See a Doctor

• Sudden facial weakness or inability to move eyes laterally/medially.

• New diplopia, severe headache, vomiting, or altered consciousness.

• Progressive symptoms despite therapy.

• Signs of infection (fever, rash near face).

• Worsening balance or swallowing difficulties.

What to Do & What to Avoid

Do:

1. Perform daily home-exercise program.

2. Use eye patches or lubricating drops for corneal protection.

3. Maintain good nutrition and hydration.

4. Follow medication schedule strictly.

5. Keep follow-up MRI appointments.

Avoid:

1. Sleeping on the paralyzed side without eye protection.

2. Skipping physical therapy sessions.

3. Excessive salt, sugars, and processed foods.

4. Smoking or second-hand smoke.

5. High-impact sports that risk head trauma.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What causes BFCS?
   Vascular events, demyelination, infections, tumors, or trauma to the facial colliculus.

2. Is BFCS reversible?
   Recovery depends on cause and early treatment; many regain partial to full function.

3. How is BFCS diagnosed?
   Clinical exam plus brain MRI showing pontine lesions.

4. Can physical therapy help?
   Yes—targeted facial and ocular exercises promote nerve recovery.

5. Are steroids beneficial?
   In demyelinating cases, high-dose steroids speed remission.

6. Do antivirals work?
   Yes in HSV-related BFCS (e.g., IV acyclovir for 10–14 days).

7. How long is recovery?
   Weeks to months—early rehab improves outcomes.

8. Can BFCS recur?
   Underlying risk factors (e.g., vascular risk) can lead to recurrence.

9. What eye care is needed?
   Artificial tears, eye patches, and eyelid taping to prevent corneal damage.

10. When is surgery needed?
    For mass lesions, vascular decompression, or PFO closure when embolic.

11. Are supplements helpful?
    Some (omega-3, vitamin D) support nerve health but don’t replace therapy.

12. Is BFCS genetic?
    Rarely; most cases are acquired.

13. What lifestyle changes help?
    Diet, exercise, BP control, and smoking cessation.

14. Can I drive?
    Only once vision and eye movements are stable and per local regulations.

15. Where can I find support?
    Stroke and MS foundations, patient advocacy groups, and rehab centers.

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: June 30, 2025.