Carbohydrate Deficient Glycoprotein Syndrome Type Ih (CDG-Ih)

Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type Ih is a rare, inherited metabolic disease. Today, doctors call it ALG8-congenital? disorder of glycosylation or ALG8-CDG. “Glycosylation” is a normal cell process where tiny sugar chains are attached to proteins so those proteins can fold, travel, and work properly. In ALG8-CDG, a gene called ALG8 does not work as it should. ALG8 makes an enzyme inside the endoplasmic reticulum that adds a glucose “sugar” during the early steps of N-linked glycosylation. When ALG8 is faulty, many proteins get the wrong sugar pattern or too little sugar. These poorly glycosylated proteins cannot function well, and many body systems are affected—especially the brain, muscles, gut, and liver. Symptoms often start around birth or in early infancy and can range from mild to severe. ALG8-CDG is inherited in an autosomal recessive way, which means a child is affected if they receive one non-working ALG8 gene from each parent. UniProt+2PMC+2

Other names

• ALG8-congenital? disorder of glycosylation

• ALG8-CDG

• CDG type Ih (older name)

• Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type Ih (historic term)

• Congenital? disorder of N-linked glycosylation due to ALG8
  These names all describe the same condition and reflect how medical language has changed over time. CDG Hub+1

Types

Doctors group CDG conditions by which part of the glycosylation pathway is affected. ALG8-CDG sits in the N-linked, “type I” group, which means the problem happens early, during assembly of the sugar tree on a lipid carrier before it is transferred to the new protein. Within ALG8-CDG itself, doctors sometimes describe three clinical patterns based on when and how symptoms show up:

1. Prenatal/very severe pattern – signs like generalized swelling? (hydrops), ascites, or severe edema? already before or just after birth.

2. Classic infantile multisystem pattern – low muscle tone, feeding problems, diarrhea? with protein loss, liver problems, swelling?, and bleeding issues in infancy.

3. Attenuated/childhood-onset pattern – milder growth and developmental issues, learning problems or autism traits, sometimes seizures, with fewer life-threatening organ problems.

This “pattern” language is only to help describe the range seen in published patients; it does not mean there are different genetic subtypes of ALG8-CDG. BioMed Central+2hssiem.org+2

Causes

Because ALG8-CDG is a genetic disease, the root cause is a harmful change in the ALG8 gene. The items below explain the different ways and consequences this single genetic cause leads to disease in the body.

1. Pathogenic ALG8 variants (mutations). Missense, nonsense, or splice changes in ALG8 reduce or abolish enzyme activity. PubMed

2. Autosomal recessive inheritance. A child is affected when both parents carry one faulty copy and both pass it on. preventiongenetics.com

3. Blocked early N-glycosylation step. ALG8 normally adds a glucose to the growing sugar tree; when it fails, downstream steps falter. UniProt

4. Misfolded proteins. Proteins that lack the right sugars cannot fold or move correctly inside cells. PMC

5. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and quality-control failure. Faulty glycosylation disrupts the calnexin/calreticulin “chaperone” system that proofs new proteins. PMC

6. Weak cell-surface receptors and transporters. Many membrane proteins need correct sugars for stability and signaling, so multiple organs are affected. PMC

7. Coagulation factor glycosylation defects. This contributes to easy bruising and bleeding problems. PMC

8. Albumin and other serum protein problems. Poor glycosylation plus gut protein loss lowers albumin, causing swelling? and ascites. BioMed Central

9. Protein-losing enteropathy. Leaky intestinal lymphatics or mucosa allow proteins to escape into the gut. PubMed

10. Liver dysfunction. Abnormal glycoproteins stress the liver and can raise liver enzymes or cause hepatomegaly. Orpha.net

11. Immune system imbalance. Glycosylation tunes immune signaling; defects can increase infections or infection?, or irritation, often causing pain?, swelling?, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation?. PMC

12. Neurologic vulnerability. Brain development and synapses rely on glycoproteins, so tone, seizures, and learning are affected. PMC

13. Cardiorespiratory tendon?. সহজ বাংলা: মাংসপেশি/টেনডনে টান।" data-rx-term="strain" data-rx-definition="A strain is injury to a muscle or tendon. সহজ বাংলা: মাংসপেশি/টেনডনে টান।">strain? from edema?. Low protein in the blood draws fluid into tissues and body cavities. BioMed Central

14. Feeding difficulty and malnutrition. Babies may have poor suck/swallow and chronic? diarrhea?, worsening growth. Orpha.net

15. platelet? count, which can increase bleeding risk. সহজ বাংলা: প্লাটিলেট কম।" data-rx-term="thrombocytopenia" data-rx-definition="Thrombocytopenia means low platelet count, which can increase bleeding risk. সহজ বাংলা: প্লাটিলেট কম।">Thrombocytopenia? and platelet function defects. Poorly glycosylated platelet? proteins can cause low counts or dysfunction. BioMed Central

16. Cataract formation (in a subset). Eye lens proteins may cloud when glycosylation is abnormal. This is unusually reported in ALG8-CDG. BioMed Central

17. Skeletal and connective-tissue changes. Some patients show foot deformities (e.g., pes equinovarus) or dysmorphism. BioMed Central

18. Autism spectrum traits or behavioral concerns in some children, reflecting neurodevelopmental impact. PMC

19. Epilepsy in part of the cohort. Faulty neuronal glycoproteins can lower seizure? thresholds. hssiem.org

20. Prematurity and prenatal complications. Some pregnancies show hydrops or preterm delivery due to severe systemic? protein loss. BioMed Central

Common symptoms and signs

1. Low muscle tone (hypotonia). Babies may feel “floppy” and struggle to hold their head up because muscles and nerves depend on well-glycosylated proteins. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

2. Feeding problems. Poor coordination, reflux, or fatigue? can make feeding slow or difficult. Orpha.net

3. Vomiting? and diarrhea?. The gut lining and lymphatic vessels are affected; stools can be frequent and watery. Orpha.net

4. Protein-losing enteropathy. Loss of proteins into the gut causes swelling?, low albumin, and sometimes ascites (fluid in the belly). PubMed

5. Hepatomegaly and abnormal liver tests. The liver may enlarge and enzymes may rise because it handles many glycoproteins. Orpha.net

6. Swelling? (edema?) or prenatal hydrops. Fluid leaks into tissues and cavities when blood proteins are low. BioMed Central

7. Bleeding or easy bruising. Clotting proteins need correct sugars; if not, nosebleeds, bruises, or prolonged bleeding can occur. PMC

8. Breathing problems. Fluid around the lungs or generalized weakness? can cause respiratory distress, especially in newborns. BioMed Central

9. Seizures (in some). Electrical brain activity can become abnormal due to faulty neuronal glycoproteins. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

10. Developmental delay or intellectual disability. Skills such as sitting, talking, and learning may come later than usual or remain limited. PMC

11. Autism spectrum features or behavioral concerns in a subset of children. PMC

12. Distinctive facial features and skeletal findings. Some children have retrognathia, low-set ears, or foot deformities like clubfoot. BioMed Central

13. Cataracts (rare but reported). The eye lens becomes cloudy, reducing vision if not treated. BioMed Central

14. Failure to thrive or poor growth. Energy loss from chronic? diarrhea?, poor intake, and high metabolic needs hinder weight gain. Orpha.net

15. General “multisystem” involvement. Because many proteins in many organs are glycosylated, several systems can be affected at once. Metabolic Support UK

Diagnostic tests

A) Physical examination (at the bedside)

1. Growth and nutrition check. Weight, length, and head size help show failure to thrive or chronic malnutrition.

2. Tone and reflex exam. A simple hands-on neuro exam can show low tone, weak reflexes, or developmental delay. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

3. Liver and spleen palpation. Doctors feel for enlarged liver (hepatomegaly) or spleen, common in CDG. Orpha.net

4. Edema assessment. Pressing on legs, feet, or abdomen checks for pitting edema or ascites from low albumin. BioMed Central

5. Dysmorphology and skeletal review. A head-to-toe look may reveal facial traits or foot deformities like pes equinovarus (clubfoot). BioMed Central

B) “Manual” bedside tests and simple screens

6. Developmental screening tools (e.g., milestone checklists). These quick structured checks flag delays early. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

7. Feeding and swallowing evaluation. Bedside observation helps decide if a formal swallow study or feeding plan is needed. Orpha.net

8. Bleeding risk screen (e.g., careful history, bruising count, gum/nose bleed check) to guide lab testing. PMC

C) Laboratory and pathological tests

9. Transferrin isoelectric focusing (TIEF). The classic screening test for CDG; it detects abnormal sugar patterns (“type I” profile) on transferrin. NCBI

10. Transferrin glycoform analysis by mass spectrometry. A more detailed, newer method that confirms and characterizes the pattern. PMC

11. Comprehensive metabolic panel and liver enzymes. Looks for hepatopathy and low albumin. Orpha.net

12. Coagulation studies (PT/INR, aPTT, fibrinogen; sometimes factor levels). Evaluate bleeding risk and guide treatment. PMC

13. Complete blood count and platelets. Screens for thrombocytopenia or anemia in sick infants. BioMed Central

14. Fecal alpha-1 antitrypsin or stool protein. Detects protein-losing enteropathy, a key feature in ALG8-CDG. PubMed

15. Genetic testing of ALG8. Gene panel, exome, or genome sequencing can confirm the diagnosis by finding two disease-causing variants. Prenatal testing is possible when the family variant is known. preventiongenetics.com+1

16. Fibroblast studies (specialized). Some centers analyze lipid-linked oligosaccharides (LLO) in cells to pinpoint the step that is blocked in glycosylation. PMC

D) Electrodiagnostic tests

17. EEG (electroencephalogram). Checks for seizure activity or background abnormalities if spells or seizures are suspected. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

18. Nerve conduction studies/EMG (when older or if neuropathy suspected). Evaluates peripheral nerve involvement reported in CDG. PubMed

E) Imaging and instrument-based studies

19. Abdominal ultrasound. Looks for hepatomegaly, ascites, or bowel wall/lymphatic changes that correlate with protein loss. Orpha.net

20. Echocardiogram and chest imaging (as needed). Checks for pericardial/pleural effusions or cardiomyopathy in symptomatic patients. Brain MRI can also be used if there are neurologic concerns. These tests tailor care and rule out other causes. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

Treatment overview

There is no disease-specific approved medicine for ALG8-CDG today. Management is supportive and preventive, tailored to each child, and led by a multidisciplinary team (metabolic/genetics, neurology, gastro-hepatology, nutrition, physical/occupational/speech therapy, ophthalmology, hematology). Importantly, mannose therapy helps a different CDG subtype (MPI-CDG) but does not correct ALG8-CDG; similarly, galactose helps PGM1-CDG, not ALG8-CDG. Current expert reviews emphasize individualized, symptom-directed care and careful monitoring. PMC+1

Non-pharmacological treatments (therapies & others)

1. High-calorie, high-protein nutrition plan: small frequent feeds; consider medium-chain triglycerides if fat absorption is poor. Aim: support growth, reduce catabolism. Mechanism: compensates for protein loss and malabsorption. PMC

2. Feeding therapy & safe-swallow strategies: texture modification, pacing; helps prevent aspiration and improves intake. Mechanism: behavioral/oral-motor training. PMC

3. Tube feeding (NG or gastrostomy) when needed: ensures reliable calories/medication delivery in severe feeding difficulty. Mechanism: bypasses unsafe or inefficient oral intake. PMC

4. Ascites/edema management with salt optimization & positioning: elevating legs, abdominal girth tracking. Mechanism: reduces fluid accumulation from low albumin. PMC

5. Physical therapy (PT): tone, strength, balance training; prevents contractures and supports motor milestones. Mechanism: neuroplasticity and musculoskeletal conditioning. PMC

6. Occupational therapy (OT): hand use, daily living skills, seating/orthotics. Mechanism: task-specific training and adaptive equipment. PMC

7. Speech & language therapy (including feeding): improves communication and oral-motor function. Mechanism: repetitive skill practice with compensatory techniques. PMC

8. Developmental/early-intervention programs: structured play-based therapies to enhance cognition and social skills. Mechanism: enriched environment and learning. PMC

9. Orthopedic care & bracing for clubfoot/contractures: serial casting, AFOs. Mechanism: progressive correction and support. BioMed Central

10. Vision care & low-vision supports: treat refractive errors; plan cataract surgery timing. Mechanism: optimize sensory input. BioMed Central

11. Seizure safety education for families: rescue plan, supervision during bathing/sleep. Mechanism: reduces injury risk. PMC

12. Vaccinations on schedule (consider liver status): protects against infections that worsen decompensation. Mechanism: adaptive immunity. PMC

13. Infection-prevention habits: hand hygiene, prompt fever evaluation. Mechanism: lowers triggers for metabolic stress. PMC

14. Genetic counseling for family planning: recurrence risk and carrier testing. Mechanism: informed reproductive choices. Orpha.net

15. Educational supports/IEP: accommodations for attention, motor, or visual challenges. Mechanism: access to curriculum. PMC

16. Social work & nutrition assistance programs: reduce caregiver burden, ensure supply of special formulas. Mechanism: improves adherence. PMC

17. Liver-friendly lifestyle: avoid unsupervised herbal supplements/alcohol in older patients. Mechanism: minimize hepatotoxic exposures. PMC

18. Coagulation-risk safety plan: dental care planning, protective gear for play. Mechanism: reduce bleeding/trauma risk. PMC

19. Palliative care involvement (any stage): symptom relief, goals-of-care alignment. Mechanism: improves quality of life. PMC

20. Patient-registry participation (e.g., FCDGC): access to expert centers and research updates. Mechanism: coordinated care & data sharing. Frontiers in Glycosylation

Drug treatments

Important safety note: exact dosages and timing must be individualized by a clinician based on age, weight, liver function, seizure type, and bleeding risk. In ALG8-CDG—where coagulation and liver can be fragile—self-dosing is unsafe. Below are commonly used drug options, their class/purpose/mechanism, and key side effects to watch for with your doctor.

1. Levetiracetam – antiepileptic; broad seizure control via synaptic vesicle protein 2A modulation. SE: irritability, somnolence. PMC

2. Valproate – antiepileptic; increases GABA; often avoided or used with extreme caution in liver disease. SE: hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia. PMC

3. Topiramate – antiepileptic; multiple mechanisms incl. Na⁺ channels/GABA; SE: appetite loss, acidosis, kidney stones. PMC

4. Clobazam – benzodiazepine adjunct for seizures; potentiates GABA; SE: sedation, tolerance. PMC

5. Baclofen – antispasticity; GABA-B agonist for tone/contractures; SE: sedation, hypotonia. PMC

6. Proton-pump inhibitor (e.g., omeprazole) – anti-reflux/gastritis; blocks acid pumps; SE: nutrient malabsorption, infections. PMC

7. H2 blocker (e.g., famotidine) – anti-reflux; histamine-2 blockade; SE: headache, rare cytopenias. PMC

8. Loperamide – antidiarrheal (with caution; avoid in infectious diarrhea); slows gut motility. SE: constipation, rare cardiac effects if misused. PMC

9. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) – fluid/electrolyte replacement; glucose-sodium co-transport to correct dehydration. SE: rare if used correctly. PMC

10. Albumin infusions – oncotic support for severe hypoalbuminemia/ascites; temporary protein replacement. SE: volume overload, reactions. PMC

11. Spironolactone – diuretic for ascites; aldosterone antagonism. SE: high potassium, breast tenderness. PMC

12. Furosemide – loop diuretic; promotes diuresis in edema; SE: electrolyte imbalance, dehydration. PMC

13. Vitamin K (phytonadione) – supports coagulation factor carboxylation when deficient; SE: rare anaphylactoid reactions with IV. PMC

14. Tranexamic acid – antifibrinolytic for mucosal bleeding (specialist guidance); SE: thrombosis risk (careful risk–benefit). PMC

15. Antithrombin concentrate / heparin (specialist-directed) – used only if pro-thrombotic profile is proven; SE: bleeding (heparin), allergy. PMC

16. Ursodeoxycholic acid – cholestasis aid; improves bile flow; SE: diarrhea, rash. PMC

17. Rifaximin – non-absorbed antibiotic for bacterial overgrowth or encephalopathy adjunct; SE: GI upset. PMC

18. Prokinetics (e.g., erythromycin low-dose) – gastric emptying aid; motilin agonism; SE: cramps, QT issues. PMC

19. Standard vaccines ± antiviral/antibacterial treatments as needed – to control intercurrent infections that worsen decompensation. SE: per-vaccine. PMC

20. Fat-soluble vitamin repletion (A, D, E) by prescription when low—medical supervision essential in liver disease. SE: toxicity if overdosed. PMC

Note on sugar supplements: Mannose therapy benefits MPI-CDG (CDG-Ib), galactose helps PGM1-CDG, and fucose helps SLC35C1-CDG; these do not treat ALG8-CDG. PMC+1

Dietary molecular supplements

Evidence for supplements specifically in ALG8-CDG is limited; use is targeted to correct proven deficiencies and support growth/liver function under medical care.

1. Vitamin K (correct low levels to support clotting). Mechanism: enables γ-carboxylation of clotting factors. PMC

2. Vitamin D (bone health, immune modulation) when deficient. Mechanism: nuclear receptor effects on calcium/bone. PMC

3. Vitamin A (vision/epithelium) if low—avoid excess in liver disease. Mechanism: retinoid signaling. PMC

4. Vitamin E (antioxidant) in fat-malabsorption. Mechanism: protects membranes from oxidative damage. PMC

5. Essential fatty acids (linoleic/α-linolenic) via formula/oils for growth and skin. Mechanism: membrane/n-6/n-3 pathways. PMC

6. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) for energy if fat absorption is poor. Mechanism: portal absorption bypasses lymph. PMC

7. Zinc (if deficient) to support growth, immunity, and gut integrity. Mechanism: cofactor for many enzymes. PMC

8. Carnitine in documented deficiency to support fatty-acid transport. Mechanism: shuttles long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. PMC

9. Selenium (if low) for antioxidant enzyme function (GPx). Mechanism: selenoprotein activity. PMC

10. Medical formulas tailored for protein/energy goals (dietitian-designed). Mechanism: meets targets despite feeding limits. PMC

Immunity-booster / regenerative / stem-cell” drugs

• There are no approved “immunity-booster,” regenerative, or stem-cell drugs for ALG8-CDG.

• Investigational ideas in the wider CDG field include gene replacement (AAV vectors), mRNA therapy, genome/base editing, small-molecule chaperones, and substrate bypass strategies, but no established dosing or proven benefit exists for ALG8-CDG as of September 2025. Families may consider clinical trials through expert networks. BioMed Central+1

Surgeries

1. Gastrostomy tube placement (± fundoplication): for unsafe or inadequate oral feeding; ensures nutrition/med delivery and reduces aspiration. PMC

2. Cataract extraction: when cataracts impair vision or amblyopia risk is high. BioMed Central

3. Clubfoot correction (Ponseti casting ± tendon release): to achieve plantigrade, braceable feet for mobility. BioMed Central

4. Hernia repair (umbilical/inguinal) if symptomatic or large from chronic ascites/weak fascia. PMC

5. Liver-directed procedures (rare; e.g., paracentesis for tense ascites; liver transplantation has been used in selected CDG subtypes with end-stage disease, but data in ALG8-CDG are limited and outcomes uncertain). PMC

Prevention

1. Stay on vaccination schedule; discuss additional protections if liver disease is significant. PMC

2. Plan for fevers/illness: early fluids, contact care team—illness can quickly worsen dehydration/coagulation issues. PMC

3. Avoid unsupervised herbal/supplement use and alcohol (older teens/adults) due to liver risk. PMC

4. Medication check for hepatotoxic or bleeding-risk drugs before use. PMC

5. Nutrition follow-ups every 1–3 months in infants/young children to prevent growth faltering. PMC

6. Dental care planning (coagulation considerations) and soft-bristle brushes to reduce gum bleeding. PMC

7. Safe mobility: helmets/adaptive seating to reduce head injury if seizures/ataxia present. PMC

8. Hand hygiene and infection control at home/school. PMC

9. Genetic counseling for future pregnancies, including carrier and prenatal testing options. Orpha.net

10. Enroll with expert centers/registries to receive updated guidance and research opportunities. Frontiers in Glycosylation

When to see a doctor urgently

• New or worsening seizures, poor arousal, or breathing trouble.

• Bloody stools, vomiting blood, large bruises, or nose/gum bleeding that won’t stop.

• Fast belly swelling, sudden weight gain, or painful abdominal distention.

• Fever, dehydration signs (very sleepy, dry mouth, low urine), or sudden drop in intake/urine.

• Yellow eyes/skin (jaundice) or very pale stools.
  These warning signs matter because liver function, clotting, and fluids can change quickly in CDG-Ih. PMC

What to eat and what to avoid

What to eat:

• High-calorie, high-protein meals in small, frequent portions; use prescribed formulas if recommended.

• Complex carbs (rice, oats, potatoes), lean proteins (eggs, fish, chicken, legumes), and healthy fats (oils, nut butters if safe).

• Oral rehydration solutions during illness or heat.

• Dietitian-guided vitamins/minerals when proven low (especially fat-soluble vitamins and zinc). PMC

What to avoid (unless your team says otherwise):

• Alcohol (in older patients) and unverified herbal supplements—liver risk.

• High-salt ultra-processed foods if you have troublesome edema/ascites.

• Raw/undercooked seafood (liver disease raises infection risk).

• Fasting or long gaps between feeds—triggers catabolism and worsens weakness. PMC

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

1) Is CDG-Ih the same as ALG8-CDG?
Yes. “CDG-Ih” and “ALG8-CDG” are the same condition; “Ih” identifies the step affected in the N-glycosylation pathway. Orpha.net

2) How common is it?
It is ultra-rare; only a small number of families are reported worldwide, with a spectrum from severe infant disease to milder cases. BioMed Central+1

3) What exactly is wrong in the cell?
The ALG8 enzyme fails to add the second glucose to the LLO; many proteins then lack proper glycans and misfold. NCBI+1

4) How is it inherited?
Autosomal recessive—both parents are typically healthy carriers; each pregnancy has a 25% chance to be affected. Orpha.net

5) What test proves it?
A CDG-type I transferrin pattern plus pathogenic variants in ALG8 on genetic testing confirms the diagnosis. PMC+1

6) Is there a cure?
No approved cure yet. Treatment is supportive and symptom-targeted, with close monitoring by specialists. PMC

7) Does mannose or galactose therapy help?
Not for ALG8-CDG. Those therapies help other CDG subtypes (MPI-CDG and PGM1-CDG). PMC+1

8) What is the outlook?
Highly variable. Early reports described severe infant disease, but newer data show expanded phenotypes with better survival in some. Early supportive care improves outcomes. PubMed+1

9) What specialists should be involved?
Genetics/metabolic, gastro-hepatology, neurology, nutrition, PT/OT/SLP, ophthalmology, hematology, social work, and palliative care as needed. PMC

10) Can children attend school?
Yes—with individualized education plans and therapies; many benefit from assistive devices and accommodations. PMC

11) Are there registries or research programs?
Yes—Frontiers in CDG Consortium (FCDGC) and other networks help families access experts and trials. Frontiers in Glycosylation

12) Will my child need surgery?
Some need g-tubes, orthopedic, or cataract surgery. Decisions are individualized; liver transplantation experience in ALG8-CDG is limited. BioMed Central+1

13) How are bleeding and clotting risks handled?
With regular coagulation tests and tailored plans (vitamin K, antifibrinolytics, or anticoagulation only when clearly indicated). Balance is key to avoid both bleeding and clots. PMC

14) What triggers should we watch?
Intercurrent infections, dehydration, and long fasting can unmask weakness, clotting problems, or liver stress. PMC

15) What’s new in treatment research?
CDG research is moving toward gene/mRNA therapies and small-molecule fixes, but no ALG8-specific therapy is ready for routine care yet. BioMed Central

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, geological location, weather and previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. Regular check-ups and awareness can help to manage and prevent complications associated with these diseases conditions. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. We always try to ensure that the content is regularly updated to reflect the latest medical research and treatment options. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

The article is written by Team RxHarun and reviewed by the Rx Editorial Board Members

Last Updated: September 12, 2025.