Giant Cell Arteritis

Last updated: February 8, 2026Reviewed date: February 8, 2026Reading time: 6 min read
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Medical guide Rx Autoimmune, Genetic and Rare Diseases (A - Z) Feb 8, 2026 23 reads
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Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is a disorder that causes inflammation of arteries of the scalp, neck, and arms. It narrows the arteries, which keeps blood from flowing well. Giant cell arteritis often occurs with another autoimmune disorder called polymyalgia rheumatica. Both are more common...

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Article Summary

Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is a disorder that causes inflammation of arteries of the scalp, neck, and arms. It narrows the arteries, which keeps blood from flowing well. Giant cell arteritis often occurs with another autoimmune disorder called polymyalgia rheumatica. Both are more common in women than in men and almost always affect people over the age of 50. Early symptoms of giant cell...

Key Takeaways

  • This article explains Causes of Giant Cell Arteritis: in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis: in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Diagnostic Tests for Giant Cell Arteritis: in simple medical language.
  • This article explains Treatment Options for Giant Cell Arteritis: in simple medical language.
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Definition

Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) is a disorder that causes infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation of arteries of the scalp, neck, and arms. It narrows the arteries, which keeps blood from flowing well. Giant cell arteritis often occurs with another autoimmune disorder called polymyalgia rheumatica. Both are more common in women than in men and almost always affect people over the age of 50. Early symptoms of giant cell arteritis resemble the flu: fatigue, loss of appetite, and fever. Other symptoms include headaches, pain and tenderness over the temples, double vision or visual loss, dizziness, problems with coordination and balance, as well as pain in your jaw and tongue.

Giant cell arteritis is an infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation of the lining of your arteries. Most often, it affects the arteries in your head, especially those in your temples. For this reason, giant cell arteritis is sometimes called temporal arteritis.

Giant cell arteritis frequently causes headaches, scalp pain when an area is touched or pressed. সহজ বাংলা: চাপ দিলে ব্যথা।" data-rx-term="tenderness" data-rx-definition="Tenderness means pain when an area is touched or pressed. সহজ বাংলা: চাপ দিলে ব্যথা।">tenderness, jaw pain and vision problems. Untreated, it can lead to blindness.

Prompt treatment with corticosteroid medications usually relieves symptoms of giant cell arteritis and might prevent loss of vision. You’ll likely begin to feel better within days of starting treatment. But even with treatment, relapses are common.[rx]

Types of Giant Cell Arteritis:

  1. Cranial Giant Cell Arteritis: This type primarily affects the arteries in the head, causing headaches and vision problems.
  2. Extracranial Giant Cell Arteritis: This form impacts arteries outside the head and neck, leading to pain and tenderness in the arms and shoulders.

Causes of Giant Cell Arteritis:

  1. Immune System Response: GCA is believed to result from an abnormal immune response, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy artery walls.
  2. Genetic Factors: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to develop GCA.
  3. Age: GCA is more common in people over the age of 50.
  4. Gender: Women are more likely to develop GCA than men.

Symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis:

  1. Headaches: Persistent, severe headaches are a hallmark symptom.
  2. Vision Changes: Blurred vision, double vision, or sudden vision loss.
  3. Scalp pain when an area is touched or pressed. সহজ বাংলা: চাপ দিলে ব্যথা।" data-rx-term="tenderness" data-rx-definition="Tenderness means pain when an area is touched or pressed. সহজ বাংলা: চাপ দিলে ব্যথা।">Tenderness: The scalp may feel sore to the touch.
  4. Jaw Pain: Pain in the jaw while chewing.
  5. Fatigue: Feeling tired and run down.
  6. Muscle Aches: Pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, and hips.
  7. Fever: Low-grade fever.
  8. Unintended Weight Loss: Losing weight without trying.
  9. Vision disturbances: Blurry vision or partial vision loss.
  10. Dizziness: Feeling lightheaded or dizzy.
  11. Temple Pain: Pain in the temples.
  12. Sore Throat: Throat discomfort.
  13. Depression: Feeling sad or down.

Diagnostic Tests for Giant Cell Arteritis:

  1. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Test: Measures infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation levels in the body, which are often elevated in GCA.
  2. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Test: Another test to assess infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation.
  3. Temporal Artery Biopsy: A small sample of the temporal artery is taken to check for infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।" data-rx-term="inflammation" data-rx-definition="Inflammation is the body’s response to injury, infection, or irritation, often causing pain, swelling, heat, or redness. সহজ বাংলা: শরীরের প্রদাহ; ব্যথা, ফোলা বা লালভাব হতে পারে।">inflammation.
  4. Doppler Ultrasound: Scans to assess blood flow in the arteries.
  5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Imaging to examine affected areas.
  6. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: X-ray-based imaging to view arteries.
  7. Blood Tests: To check for anemia and other abnormalities.
  8. Ophthalmic Examination: Assessing the eyes for vision issues.
  9. Physical Examination: To check for signs of GCA, such as scalp tenderness.

Treatment Options for Giant Cell Arteritis:

  1. Corticosteroids: Prednisone is the most common medication to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
  2. High-Dose Steroids: In severe cases, intravenous (IV) steroids may be required.
  3. Tapering Off Steroids: Reducing steroid dosage gradually once symptoms improve.
  4. Immunosuppressive Drugs: Methotrexate or other drugs may be used in combination with steroids.
  5. Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter pain relievers like acetaminophen or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  6. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements: To counteract potential side effects of long-term steroid use.
  7. Regular Follow-Up: Monitoring by healthcare professionals to adjust treatment as needed.
  8. Lifestyle Modifications: A balanced diet and regular exercise to maintain overall health.
  9. Eye Protection: Special glasses or eyewear to safeguard against vision issues.

Medications for Giant Cell Arteritis:

  1. Prednisone: A common corticosteroid medication to reduce inflammation.
  2. Methotrexate: An immunosuppressive drug that may be used alongside steroids.
  3. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen.
  4. Acetaminophen: Another over-the-counter pain reliever.
  5. Calcium Supplements: To prevent bone loss caused by steroids.
  6. Vitamin D Supplements: Often taken with calcium to maintain bone health.
  7. Bisphosphonates: Medications to strengthen bones and prevent fractures.
  8. Immunosuppressants: Drugs that suppress the immune system to reduce inflammation.

Conclusion:

Giant Cell Arteritis is a condition that primarily affects older individuals, causing headaches, vision problems, and other uncomfortable symptoms. It results from an abnormal immune response and is diagnosed through various tests like ESR, CRP, and biopsy. Treatment involves medications such as steroids and lifestyle adjustments to manage symptoms and improve overall health. If you suspect you have GCA, consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Understanding this condition is the first step towards managing it effectively.

 

Disclaimer: Each person’s journey is unique, treatment plan, life style, food habit, hormonal condition, immune system, chronic disease condition, previous medical  history is also unique. So always seek the best advice from a qualified medical professional or health care provider before trying any treatments to ensure to find out the best plan for you. This guide is for general information and educational purposes only. If you or someone are suffering from this disease condition bookmark this website or share with someone who might find it useful! Boost your knowledge and stay ahead in your health journey. Thank you for giving your valuable time to read the article.

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  2. Step 2

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