Disease A-Z Library
ABCC8-Related Congenital Hyperinsulinism
ABCC8-related congenital hyperinsulinism is a genetic condition where the pancreas makes too much insulin even when blood sugar is low. The extra insulin pushes sugar from...
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Rx Endocrinology, Enzymes and Hormonal Diseases (A – Z)
Hormones and enzymes are distinct biological substances with different functions: hormones are chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate various bodily processes by traveling through the bloodstream, while enzymes are protein catalysts produced by glands to speed up specific chemical reactions, often working at their site of production or within a duct system. The term “endocrine enzymes” is a misnomer; enzymes are catalysts, and hormones are chemical messengers, although some endocrine glands, like the pancreas, also produce exocrine enzymes for digestion in addition to endocrine hormones like insulin and glucagon.
Hormones / enzymes / endocrine system
Sex hormone
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormones
Glucagon
Cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Insulin
Parathyroid hormone
Testosterone
Calcitonin
Triiodothyronine
Leptin
Somatostatin
Vasopressin
Aldosterone
Growth hormone–releasing hormone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Cholecystokinin
Oxytocin
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Erythropoietin
Melatonin
Ghrelin
Estradiol
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Secretin
Pancreatic polypeptide
Thyroxine
150 articlesUpdated medical education library
Diseases A-Z
A
- ABCC8-Related Congenital Hyperinsulinism
- Acanthosis Nigricans
- Acral Acanthosis Nigricans
- Acral Acanthotic Anomaly
- Acral Dry Gangrene
- Acromegaly
- Adrenal Adenoma
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Adrenal Insufficiency – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
- AIRE Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy
- Alopecia-nail dystrophy-ophthalmic complications-thyroid dysfunction syndrome
- Amyloid-Producing Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- ANOTHER Syndrome
- APECED (Autoimmune-Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal-Dystrophy)
- Aromatase Excess Syndrome (AES)
- Arrhenoblastoma
- Aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) Deficiency
- Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU)
- Ataxia–Diabetes–Goiter–Gonadal Insufficiency Syndrome
- Athyreosis
- Athyroidal Hypothyroidism with Spiky Hair and Cleft Palate
- Autoimmune Addison’s Disease
- Autoimmune Polyendocrine (Polyglandular) Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2)
- Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 (APS-1)
- Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 3 (APS-3)
- Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED)
- Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy from AIRE Mutation
- Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Type 2 (APS-2)
- Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Type 3 (APS-3)
- Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2 (APS-2)
- Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 3 (APS-3)
- Autoimmune Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
- Autosomal Dominant Hyperinsulinism due to Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) Deficiency
- Autosomal Dominant Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency Type II (IGHD-II)
- Autosomal Dominant Isolated Somatotropin (Growth Hormone) Deficiency (IGHD Type II)
- Autosomal Dominant Pituitary Dwarfism due to Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency (IGHD, Type II)
- Autosomal Recessive Hyperinsulinism Due to Sulfonylurea Receptor-1 (SUR1) Deficiency
- Autosomal Recessive Hyperinsulinism Due to SUR1 (ABCC8) Deficiency
- Autosomal-Recessive Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia From Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) Deficiency
C
- Central Diabetes Insipidus
- Cerebellar ataxia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
- Cerebellar Ataxia–Hypogonadism Syndrome
- Choreoathetosis and Congenital Hypothyroidism with Pulmonary Dysfunction
- Choreoathetosis with Congenital Hypothyroidism and Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NKX2-1)
- Chronic Upper Facial Erythematous Edema
- Classic Galactosemia
- Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency (CPHD)
- Complement Deficiency
- Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)
- Congenital Central Hypothyroidism
- Congenital Estrogen Deficiency
- Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH)
- Cranial Diabetes Insipidus
- Cretinism
- Cushing’s Syndrome
D
E
- Endocrine Sipple Syndrome
- Endocrine Wagenmann-Froboese Syndrome
- Endocrinopathy
- Enteropathy-Respiratory Tract Infection Syndrome
- Estrogen Hormone – Types, Indications, Contraindications
- Estrogen Insensitivity Syndrome (EIS)
- Estrogen Pills – Uses, Indications, Contraindications
- Excess Ovarian Androgen Release Syndrome
- Excessive Serotonin Secretion
F
G
H
- HAIR-AN Syndrome
- Heat Exhaustion
- Hereditary Prepubertal Gynecomastia
- Hormonal Tumor
- Hormone Secretion – Anatomy, Types, Functions
- Hormones – Types, Functions, Clinical Feature, Significance
- Hyaluronidase 2 Deficiency
- Hyperandrogenism–insulin resistance–acanthosis nigricans syndrome
- Hyperprolactinemic SAHA (Sudden and Acute Hyperprolactinemia with Associated Symptoms)
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypogenitalism
- Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Hypoparathyroidism–Addison Disease–Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Syndrome
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hypothyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypothyroidism and Cleft Palate Syndrome
L
M
- Mechanisms of Hormone Action – All About You Can Know
- Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Morris Syndrome
- Mucosal Neuromata with Endocrine Tumors
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 3
- Multiple Mucosal Neuroma Syndrome
- Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies (MPHD)
- Myxedema
P
- Pancreas – Anatomy, Types, Structure, Functions
- Panhypopituitarism
- Persistent Adrenarche Syndrome
- Pheochromocytoma
- Pituitary Diabetes Insipidus
- Pituitary Macroadenoma
- Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
- Polyendocrinopathy
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
- Progressive Cerebellar Ataxia with Hypogonadism
- Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA)
- PTC Syndrome
S
T
- T-cell and B-cell Dysfunction
- Testicular Feminization Syndrome
- Thyroid Acropachy
- Thyroid Eye Disease
- Thyroid Hormone – Types, Functions, Clinical Significance
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Deficiency
- Thyrotropin Deficiency
- Transverse Tessier Number 7 Facial Cleft
- Types of Aldosteronism
- Types of Endocrinological Diseases and Disorders
- Types of Hyperparathyroidism
Featured articles
Disease A-Z Library
Acanthosis Nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans Type II is a skin condition that can affect people of all ages. In this article, we will break down what it is, what...
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Acral Acanthosis Nigricans
Acral acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition that affects the appearance and texture of the skin, particularly in the acral areas, which include the hands and...
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Acral Acanthotic Anomaly
Acral Acanthotic Anomaly (AAA) is a rare skin condition that can affect individuals of all ages. While it may sound complex, we’ll break down the key...
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Acral Dry Gangrene
Acral dry gangrene is a serious medical condition characterized by the death of tissue in the extremities, such as fingers and toes, due to reduced blood...
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Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that affects people when their bodies produce too much growth hormone. This article aims to explain acromegaly in plain English,...
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Adrenal Adenoma
Adrenal adenoma, a small non-cancerous tumor found on the adrenal gland, can sometimes lead to various health issues. In this article, we’ll provide a clear and...
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Adrenal Insufficiency
Adrenal Insufficiency, also known as SAHA Syndrome, is a medical condition that affects the adrenal glands, small organs located on top of your kidneys. These glands...
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Adrenal Insufficiency – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
Adrenal insufficiency is a disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands don’t make enough of certain hormones. The adrenal glands are located just above the kidneys. Adrenal...
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Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder is a body-clock (circadian) condition. In this disorder, the person’s internal clock runs earlier than normal. Because of this, sleepiness arrives very...
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AIRE Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy
AIRE autoimmune polyendocrinopathy—the classic disorder caused by changes (variants) in the AIRE gene and widely known as Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED) or Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome type...
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Alopecia-nail dystrophy-ophthalmic complications-thyroid dysfunction syndrome
Alopecia-nail dystrophy-ophthalmic complications-thyroid dysfunction syndrome is a complex medical condition with a long name, but we’re here to break it down for you in simple terms....
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Disease A-Z Library
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia means a benign (non-cancer) growth of true breast gland tissue in a boy or a man. It happens when the balance between estrogen (which stimulates...
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Familial Hyperestrogenism
Familial hyperestrogenism is a rare inherited condition where the body makes too much estrogen, even when it should not. The main reason is that an enzyme...
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Aromatase Excess Syndrome (AES)
Aromatase Excess Syndrome (AEXS) is a rare, usually autosomal-dominant genetic condition where the body makes too much aromatase—the enzyme that turns androgens (male-type hormones) into estrogens...
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Gonadal Dysgenesis (Turner Syndrome)
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition that only affects people who are born with a female body. It happens when all or part of one...
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Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH)
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a lifelong condition present from birth in which the brain does not make, release, or properly signal with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)....
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Estrogen Insensitivity Syndrome (EIS)
Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS) is a very rare genetic condition where the body makes estrogen, but the body’s cells cannot “hear” estrogen’s message because the estrogen...
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Congenital Estrogen Deficiency
Congenital estrogen deficiency means a person is born with a problem that keeps the body from making enough estrogen or from responding to estrogen normally. Estrogen...
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Testicular Feminization Syndrome
Testicular feminization syndrome, now called androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), is a genetic condition that affects body sex development before birth and during puberty. The person has...
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Morris Syndrome
Morris syndrome is the old name for Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS), also called testicular feminization. A person with CAIS has the chromosomes 46,XY (typically associated...
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Goldberg–Maxwell Syndrome
Goldberg–Maxwell syndrome is an old name from a 1958 BMJ report describing three siblings with a disorder of sex development. Today, this same entity is understood...
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome is a genetic condition where a person with one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY) makes typical amounts of male hormones (androgens) but...
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen resistance syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition where the body’s cells cannot “hear” or respond fully to male-type hormones called androgens (like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone,...
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Types of Aldosteronism
Aldosteronism means your body makes too much aldosterone, a salt-controlling hormone from the adrenal glands (small glands that sit on top of each kidney). Aldosterone tells...
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Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder is a body-clock (circadian) condition. In this disorder, the person’s internal clock runs earlier than normal. Because of this, sleepiness arrives very...
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Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid Eye Disease (also called Graves’ orbitopathy or thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy) is an autoimmune condition where the body’s defense system mistakenly attacks the tissues around the eyes....
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) is a group of inherited (passed down in families) conditions that make certain hormone-producing glands grow abnormally. “Multiple” means more than one...
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Pituitary Macroadenoma
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized “master gland” that sits in a bony pocket called the sella turcica at the base of the brain, just behind...
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Lymph Node Caseous Granulomas
Lymph node caseous granulomas can be a confusing and concerning condition for many people. But fear not! In this article, we’ll break down everything you need...
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Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is a condition that occurs when the body overheats due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and inadequate fluid intake. It is essential to...
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Classic Galactosemia
Classic Galactosemia is a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body processes galactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. In this article, we’ll...
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