Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia means a benign (non-cancer) growth of true breast gland tissue in a boy or a man. It happens when the balance between estrogen (which stimulates breast tissue) and androgens like ...
Rx Endocrinology, Enzymes and Hormonal Diseases (A – Z)
Familial Hyperestrogenism
Familial hyperestrogenism is a rare inherited condition where the body makes too much estrogen, even when it should not. The main reason is that an enzyme called aromatase works too much. Aromatase ...
Aromatase Excess Syndrome (AES)
Aromatase Excess Syndrome (AEXS) is a rare, usually autosomal-dominant genetic condition where the body makes too much aromatase—the enzyme that turns androgens (male-type hormones) into estrogens ...
Gonadal Dysgenesis (Turner Syndrome)
Turner syndrome (TS) is a genetic condition that only affects people who are born with a female body. It happens when all or part of one X chromosome is missing in body cells. This can be full loss ...
Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH)
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a lifelong condition present from birth in which the brain does not make, release, or properly signal with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). ...
Estrogen Insensitivity Syndrome (EIS)
Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS) is a very rare genetic condition where the body makes estrogen, but the body’s cells cannot “hear” estrogen’s message because the estrogen receptor—mainly a ...
Congenital Estrogen Deficiency
Congenital estrogen deficiency means a person is born with a problem that keeps the body from making enough estrogen or from responding to estrogen normally. Estrogen is the hormone that helps the ...
Testicular Feminization Syndrome
Testicular feminization syndrome, now called androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), is a genetic condition that affects body sex development before birth and during puberty. The person has one X and ...
Morris Syndrome
Morris syndrome is the old name for Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS), also called testicular feminization. A person with CAIS has the chromosomes 46,XY (typically associated with ...
Goldberg–Maxwell Syndrome
Goldberg–Maxwell syndrome is an old name from a 1958 BMJ report describing three siblings with a disorder of sex development. Today, this same entity is understood as androgen insensitivity syndrome ...
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome is a genetic condition where a person with one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY) makes typical amounts of male hormones (androgens) but the body’s cells cannot “hear” ...
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Androgen resistance syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition where the body’s cells cannot “hear” or respond fully to male-type hormones called androgens (like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, ...
Types of Aldosteronism
Aldosteronism means your body makes too much aldosterone, a salt-controlling hormone from the adrenal glands (small glands that sit on top of each kidney). Aldosterone tells the kidneys to hold on to ...
Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder is a body-clock (circadian) condition. In this disorder, the person’s internal clock runs earlier than normal. Because of this, sleepiness arrives very early in the ...
Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid Eye Disease (also called Graves’ orbitopathy or thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy) is an autoimmune condition where the body’s defense system mistakenly attacks the tissues around the eyes. ...
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) is a group of inherited (passed down in families) conditions that make certain hormone-producing glands grow abnormally. “Multiple” means more than one gland can be ...
Pituitary Macroadenoma
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized “master gland” that sits in a bony pocket called the sella turcica at the base of the brain, just behind the bridge of the nose. When a benign (non-cancerous) tumor ...
Lymph Node Caseous Granulomas
Lymph node caseous granulomas can be a confusing and concerning condition for many people. But fear not! In this article, we'll break down everything you need to know about this condition in simple, ...
Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion is a condition that occurs when the body overheats due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and inadequate fluid intake. It is essential to recognize the signs and symptoms ...
Classic Galactosemia
Classic Galactosemia is a rare genetic disorder that affects how the body processes galactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. In this article, we'll provide simplified explanations for ...
